Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2009, History

This study examines world history education in the United States from the late 19th century through 2002 by investigating the historical interplay between three mechanisms of curricular control: scholarship, curriculum recommendations, and textbook publishing. Research for this study has relied on unconventional source classification, with historical monographs which defined key developments in world history scholarship and textbooks being examined as primary sources. More typical materials, such as secondary sources analyzing philosophical educational battles, the history of educational movements, historiography, and the development of new ideologies from have been incorporated as well. Since educational policy began trending towards increasing levels of standardization with the implementation of compulsory education in the late 1800s, policymakers have been grappling with what to teach students about the wider world. Early scholarship focused on the history of Western Civilization, as did curriculum recommendations and world history textbooks crafted by professional historians of the period. Amidst the chaos of two World Wars, economic depression, the collapse of the global imperial system, and the advent of the Cold War traditional accounts of the unimpeachable progress of the Western tradition began to ring hollow with some historians. New scholarship in the second half of the twentieth century refocused world history, shifting away from the cyclical rise and fall of civilizations model which emphasized the separate traditions of various societies and towards a narrative of increasing interconnectedness. While this view has come to dominate present day historical world history research it has not yet replaced the older Western Civilization model in the education system. Curriculum recommendations continue to be undermined by partisans committed to a model based on century old scholarship which has been abandoned by the field itself and textbooks illustrate an u (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Tiffany Trimmer PhD (Advisor); Scott Martin PhD (Committee Member); Nancy Patterson PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; Education History; History; Social Studies Education; Teaching

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2023, East Asian Studies

This thesis discusses the role of the gold standard in Japan's shift to militarism in the 1930s. Since its adoption in Japan in 1897, the gold standard and the price stability inherent in it had advantaged Japanese creditors and helped them finance Japan's empire in Asia. At home, however, the gold standard generated deflation and prevented the Bank of Japan from responding to economic turmoil with interest rate decreases. Japan's ill-advised return to gold in January 1930—amidst a recession—caused the nationalist and fiscally expansionist Rikken Seiyukai party to gain the upper hand in public opinion over the liberal internationalist and fiscally conservative Rikken Minseito party. This economic miscalculation was a major—perhaps the major—reason for the overwhelming loss of the liberal internationalists in the 1932 elections, setting Japan on its path to militarism. The paper begins with an outline of the history of money in Japan prior to 1897, using Japanese-language materials from the Japanese Currency Museum in Tokyo. Next, it provides a theoretical description of the gold standard and its variants and follows the history of the gold standard in Japan from its adoption in 1897 through 1932. It ends with an analysis of the interaction between the economic situation in the late 1920s and early 1930s and the shift to militarism in Japanese politics at that time.

Committee: Ian Sheldon (Advisor); Christopher Reed (Committee Member); Hajime Miyazaki (Committee Member) Subjects: Asian Studies; Economic History

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 0, History

My dissertation, “Squaring the Hexagon: Alsace, Algeria and French National Belonging, 1830-1962,” challenges the traditional boundaries between French and African history. I investigate the connections between Alsace and Algeria, two places where the French state struggled to establish sovereignty over inhabitants who spoke, lived, and worshipped in decidedly distinct ways from the rest of France. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, French politicians, government officials, and military commanders viewed their missions of making Alsace and Algeria French — and turning Alsatians and Algerians into Frenchmen — in markedly similar terms, often adapting policies from one region to the other. This entangled history of Alsace and Algeria complicates our understanding of the nature of colonies and regions, revealing the deep connections between empire-building and nation-building.

Committee: Alice Conklin (Advisor); David Steigerwald (Committee Member); Robin Judd (Committee Member) Subjects: European History; History

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2019, Slavic and East European Studies

Music has always played an important role during war, both societally and practically – from drums to keep the soldiers marching together, to trumpets announcing the arrival of friends or foes, to the first war where nations had the ability to electronically transmit music. Though music had long been used as propaganda, due to developments in radio broadcasting World War II was the first war in which music was easily distributed on the air to millions. Music can bring us together, it can give rise to any emotion, or it can be the vehicle for ideologies that can encourage or subdue the masses. During WWII, American and Soviet composers, singers, soldiers, and common people all wrote songs about life, love, battle, leaving or being left, and about crushing a common foe. In both countries, these songs were written by people who wished to inspire the masses with their patriotism. The use of music to convey patriotic messages reveals interesting differences between the ideologies of the USA and the USSR, but it also reveals a multitude of similarities in content and context. In my paper, I explore the history behind the songs in question, their musical attributes and how these attributes are typically interpreted, and how the American and Soviet concepts of patriotism were remarkably similar in the war to end all wars, as reflected in some of the most popular American and Soviet war songs.

Committee: Alexander Burry PhD (Advisor); Daniel Collins PhD (Committee Member); Danielle Fosler-Lussier PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Music; Slavic Studies

Bachelor of Arts, Wittenberg University, 2023, History

As time moves forward, events from the past become blurred in memory. People remember, honor, and learn from history. On September 11, 2001, the United States lost 2,983 civilian lives in a terrorist attack by al Qaeda. Since 2001, the United States government has made many decisions aimed at protecting those on United States soil. To commemorate the lives lost and to prevent an act of terror in the future, historians evaluate how to remember and learn from the events that occurred on September 11. Learning from the past prepares people for the future. To educate future generations, middle and high school teachers must provide students with valuable lesson plans about September 11. In the middle school and high school classrooms around the country, the process and content used to teach the terrorist attacks of September 11 has evolved over the past twenty years, from relying mostly on personal accounts to include academic articles, textbooks, online resources, and other materials to help students understand how and why September 11 happened the way it did.

Committee: Molly Wood (Advisor); Thomas Taylor (Committee Member); Amy McGuffey (Committee Member) Subjects: Education; History; Middle School Education; Political Science; Secondary Education; Social Studies Education

MA, Kent State University, 2023, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of History

American women in the 1800s lived in a social structure designed to reinforce traditional womanhood. This was emphasized and visualized by the restrictive popular fashions for women, characterized by long skirts and restrictive undergarments. Women's fashions began to change as mass production and consumption became paramount to American womanhood at the turn of the century. However, it would not be until the events of World War I where women's fashions transformed to what we would recognize today as modern. As American women mobilized in both civilian and military roles, they adopted working uniforms that were more practical, economical, and safe than popular fashions at the time. Postwar, women's modern fashions embraced the shortened hems and boxy, or boyish, cuts that increased the physical mobility of women. This gave ammunition to social critics who worried about the “masculinization” of American women as they adopted these new styles that mimicked men's fashions, with straight lines and short haircuts like the “bob”. These critics voiced fears about the collapse of traditional womanhood, and in extension, the collapse of American society. Combining historical and material culture analyses, this thesis aims to complicate the view of scholars that the 1920s was a largely stagnant period for the equality of women. Viewing this turbulent and tension filled period of American history through the lens of fashion complicates this understanding and shows how American women created spaces for resistance in their everyday lives.

Committee: Kenneth Bindas (Advisor) Subjects: American History; American Studies; Gender; Gender Studies; History; Modern History; Museum Studies; Womens Studies

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2020, History

My dissertation examines the role of women doctors in the creation and extension of development initiatives in India from 1919-1970. I argue that women doctors became crucial to debates around development, progress, and modernity in twentieth century India. From the nineteenth century, British rule in India was justified by a rhetoric of Europeans bringing social and economic progress to the colony. These goals for the progress of the nation continued into the twentieth century, accompanied by increasing centralization of power, knowledge, and developmental initiatives. My work adds to the scholarship on state power in developing nations like India by focusing on the role of everyday practitioners who were instrumental in the implementation of initiatives aimed at national progress. By centering the activities of women doctors, my dissertation reveals the daily negotiations which underlay the implementation of policies aimed at national progress, as access to healthcare for all Indians was seen as an important indicator of modernity. In this way, my work also brings to light the gendered nature of these daily negotiations in public healthcare, and implementation of state policy more broadly. Based on the assumption that Indian women (fettered by purdah restrictions) would refuse to consult male doctors, women were singled out as having the most difficulty in accessing healthcare. The state concluded that the only solution was to increase the number of women doctors. As improving the health and quality of life of a massive population became inextricably linked with reducing the vast numbers of people, women doctors were tasked with disseminating information about birth control to women and encouraging them to use contraception. Using a combination of archival research and oral history data, my project examines the processes of bureaucratization involved in the expansion of the development-driven state in India.

Committee: Mytheli Sreenivas PhD (Advisor); Birgitte Soland PhD (Committee Member); Thomas McDow PhD (Committee Member); Wendy Singer PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Education History; Gender; Gender Studies; Health Care; History; Modern History; South Asian Studies; Womens Studies; World History

Master of Arts in History, Youngstown State University, 2020, Department of Humanities

In this thesis the researcher discusses the implementation of force multipliers in the Prussian and German military. Originating with the wars of Frederick the Great and the geographical position of Prussia, force multipliers were key to the defense of the small state. As time continued, this tactic would become a mainstay for the Prussian military in the wars for German unification. Finally, they would be carried through to a grim conclusion with the Second World War and the belief that this tactic would easily make up for Germany's shortcomings in material and manpower. Key discussions of this thesis are the origins, implementation and reliance on this tactic through the time periods discusses. Figures in German military history, such as Frederick the Great, Clausewitz, and Helmuth Von Moltke, and their philosophies relating to the tactic are examined. As well as the implementation of force multiplication through technological and political evolutions and their effect on the Prussian and German militaries in the conflicts discussed.

Committee: David Simonelli PhD (Advisor); Brian Bonhomme PhD (Committee Member); Kyle Starkey PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Armed Forces; History; Military History; Military Studies; Modern History; World History

PHD, Kent State University, 2018, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of History

To explore how and why marriage rates in the United States reached record-breaking heights during World War II, Romanticizing Patriarchy uses cultural and social history methodologies to argue that films, magazines, servicemen, and women, romanticized patriarchy in wartime America. To do this, American culture and individuals deemphasized patriarchal power in marriage and instead emphasized the loving and supportive characteristics of marital unions. This idealized perception of patriarchal marriage served as a powerful tool that preserved short and long term national stability by alleviating wartime problems and postwar concerns. In this sense, marriage promised to (1) create national unity through family formation by providing an emotional link across the home front and warfronts, (2) promote marital monogamy, and thereby lessen the threat venereal disease posed to American fighting forces while legitimately reproducing the national citizenry, and (3) preserve husbandly authority and female subordination even as wartime challenged normative gender roles. In other words, the World War II concept of romantic patriarchy solidified war marriage as a form of social control, which preserved the power and privileges of white men during the war and into the postwar era. Much of the historical literature accepts that the Cold War triggered what many Americans thought was a golden age of marriage in the 1950s. During this time, scholars suggest that a culture of conformity and strict gender roles created domestic tension and planted the seeds for the Women's Liberation Movement. This dissertation, however, shows that romantic patriarchy encouraged skyrocketing marriage rates during World War II and provided the foundation for the mythical family ideal of the 1950s. My work also reveals how wartime Americans thwarted women's independence and egalitarian relationships by romanticizing the normative gender roles that the war prevented them from practicing. These idealiza (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Elizabeth Smith-Pryor PhD (Advisor); Kevin Adams PhD (Committee Member); Kenneth Bindas PhD (Committee Member); Lesley Gordon PhD (Committee Member); Molly Merryman PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; American Studies; Families and Family Life; Gender; Gender Studies; History; Literature; Mass Communications; Mass Media; Military History; Military Studies; Sociology; Womens Studies; World History

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2018, History

The following analyzes the development of the transatlantic copper market at a time when copper was a key ingredient of the second Industrial Revolution (1870-1930). Its findings suggest that international metal trading companies (in conjunction with the London Metal Exchange) functioned to effectively check oligopolistic efforts by large copper producers during an era when other producer industries like oil and steel came to be defined by such competition. Time and time again, dominant producers of copper (e.g., Anaconda, ASARCO, and Rio Tinto) sought ways to manipulate supply and prices to their advantage, and time and time again, nimble trading firms – most notable among them Metallgesellschaft – were well positioned to undermine such anticompetitive efforts, and profit in the process. More than just a capitalist game of cat and mouse, the producer v. trader struggle over profits and copper supply is a novel insight as it explains why cartels and monopoly-minded firms struggle to achieve super-normal profits when subjected to the competitive dynamics of futures markets. While the intense competition emanating outward from the London Metal Exchange defined the state of the copper trade through 1914, economic nationalist policies and increased vertical integration in the industry allowed American producer's to wrestle control of the trade from the international dealers, which ultimately fed concerns of mineral insecurity among European nations by the 1930s.

Committee: David Hammack Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Kenneth Ledford Ph.D. (Committee Member); John Flores Ph.D. (Committee Member); David Clingingsmith Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Economic History; Entrepreneurship; History

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2017, History

When Cowboys Come Home explores changing notions of manhood in post-World War II America. It does so through a series of intellectual biographies about veterans of World War II who became writers after the war ended. Combining cultural history, biography, histories of sexuality, and masculinity studies, I look at how cultural understandings of male roles during wartime influenced returning veterans and American post-war society in general. This dissertation shows how veterans' experiences in wartime caused them to discard masculine ideals such as competition and physical prowess, and replace them with concepts such as authenticity and male camaraderie. Furthermore, through the close male experiences these veterans had, I complicate our understanding of male intimacy by queering the experiences of veterans in post-war America. In the individual chapters of this dissertation, I examine the lives of individual veterans. Through diaries, letters, and fiction, I show how writers such as James Jones (From Here to Eternity), Stewart Stern (Rebel Without A Cause), and Edward Field (Stand Up, Friend, With Me) defined manhood in relation to what many veterans perceived as an alienating, conformist society of the 1950s. While Jones created a Writer's Colony for men to separate themselves from what he perceived as an effeminate American civilization, Stern used Freudian theory to imagine that manhood required adjusting to adult responsibilities of family life. At the same time, Stern tried to make these domestic ideals consistent with the romantic same-sex love he felt during the war. Meanwhile, Edward Field demonstrates the ways in which gay veterans of the war took advantage of the male intimacy they experienced during wartime and fashioned it into an alternative model for manhood. By examining these veterans alongside the larger cultural and intellectual context of post-war America, we gain an understanding of how complicated ideas of manhood were in American society, and u (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: David Steigerwald (Advisor); Daniel Rivers (Committee Member); Judy Wu (Committee Member) Subjects: Gender Studies; History

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2017, English (Arts and Sciences)

Only relatively recently has paid nursing come to be viewed as a respectable profession for women. Early-nineteenth-century literature describes hired nurses as low-class, slovenly women who smoked, drank, and abused their patients. Middle-class British society feared that hired nurses were low-class, ignorant, unsympathetic, unfeminine, and too independent from men. Beyond Nightingale examines how literature from the early nineteenth century through the early twentieth century helped alleviate these fears and altered the public perception of nursing by presenting paid nurses as middle-class women who were sympathetic, selfless, and subservient to doctors. Many authors suggested that nursing ability was not dependent upon natural femininity or personal character, but relied on training and experience. By altering the public's perception of paid nursing, literary portrayals of nursing facilitated its transformation from an extension of the feminine, domestic sphere into an efficient medical profession for women. Beyond Nightingale examines works by Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, William Thackeray, and L. T. Meade, among others, to challenge the prevailing myth that Florence Nightingale single-handedly reformed nursing in the mid-1850s. Using World War I propaganda, periodicals, novels, and memoirs, Benham also explores how the desire for efficiency was encouraged and contested in literary portrayals of nursing from 1900 – 1918. Great War nursing literature emphasized efficiency as the most important objective in nursing care. As a result, sympathy was increasingly devalued because it hindered the efficiency of the medical machine. This tension between sympathetic and efficient care has not been resolved, but continues to plague the medical profession today. Beyond Nightingale considers not only traditional literary works, but also a variety of non-literary archival sources including nursing manuals, sanitary pamphlets, women's periodicals, and Voluntary Aid Deta (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Joseph McLaughlin (Advisor); Carey Snyder (Committee Member); Nicole Reynolds (Committee Member); Albert Rouzie (Committee Member); Jacqueline Wolf (Other) Subjects: British and Irish Literature; Gender Studies; History; Literature; Medicine; Nursing; Public Health; Sanitation; Womens Studies

BA, Oberlin College, 2016, History

In 1960, during a resurgence of anti-Semitism, the Munich government initiated a program to invite Jewish former residents of Munich (who left during the 1930s and early 1940s due to the Nazis) back to their hometown for two-week visits. This program offered the participants a chance to reminisce about their childhoods, reconnect with their heritage, and visit their former communities. For the government, this program provided a crucial connection between the old prewar Munich and the new Munich of the 1960s, between Munich as the birthplace of National Socialism and Munich as a newly rebuilt city, ready to move forward from the Holocaust. This thesis relies primarily on correspondence between program participants and the Munich government from the Munich City Archive, oral interviews with individuals involved with the program, and secondary sources about postwar Munich and historical memory.

Committee: Annemarie Sammartino (Advisor) Subjects: European History; European Studies; Foreign Language; Germanic Literature; History; Holocaust Studies; Judaic Studies; Language; Modern History; Modern Language; Religion; Religious History

Master of Arts, Miami University, 2015, History

My exhibit is fundamentally different than a scholarly paper because I have created a physical learning environment where a wider audience actively moves and intellectually engages with the material. My primary concern is to address historical gaps and educate and engage an audience and answer their potential questions. The exhibit's audience requires a different set of questions and choices I have to resolve than if I were writing an essay. At its core my project is a dialogic exhibit whose narrative builds around the memories of the people who lived it. It places the real memories in direct conversation with secondary historical research and a general audience. As a result, its argument and evidence depends upon the participation of individuals who are willing to share their memories and loan their private possessions. Based on my research, I argue that World War II war propaganda subconsciously influenced American children to take personal action and join the national war effort. The values and ideas reinforced by a steady stream of propaganda became central to American children's moral perspective because the war came at an essential time in their development.

Committee: Helen Sheumaker (Advisor); Allan Winkler (Committee Member); Norris Stephen (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; History

Master of Arts (MA), Wright State University, 2007, History

Merjanski, Kiril Valtchev. M.A., Department of History, Wright State University, 2007. The Secret Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of 1904 and the Russian Policy in the Balkans before the Bosnian Crisis. The two Serbian-Bulgarian treaties, concluded simultaneously in 1904, and known in the literature under the common name of “The Secret-Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of 1904” are the specific topic of this thesis. These treaties between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Principality of Bulgaria contained political, military and economic provisions aimed not only against the Ottoman Empire (a common rival of both countries), but also against Austria-Hungary. A significant feature of these treaties was their obvious pro-Russian orientation, shaped in provisions like unification of the telegraphic systems of both countries with that of Russia as well as the requirement for Russian arbitration between Bulgaria and Serbia if they were not able to reach agreement about the partition of the European possessions of the Ottoman Empire by themselves. Considering all this, with some of their provisions the Serbian-Bulgarian Treaties of 1904 resembled in many ways the Treaty of 1912 between the above-mentioned Balkan countries, which became the backbone of the creation of the Balkan League. The creation of the latter, on the other hand, was a significant step toward the breakdown of equilibrium in Eastern Europe, eventually leading to the outbreak of the First Balkan War, with its well known larger consequences. Seen in this light, the significance of the Serbian-Bulgarian Treaties of 1904 could be defined also as evidence that the Russian policy of creating alliances between the small Balkan Slav States, aimed not only against the Ottoman Empire, but also against Austria- Hungary, and, in this way, “encircling” the latter, could be dated from before the Bosnian Crisis (1908), as opposed to the prevailing attitude in the existing literature, that the Bosnian Crisis itself (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Edgar Melton (Advisor) Subjects: History, European

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2005, History

In the opening decades of the Cold War, West Germans faced a terrifying geo-strategic dilemma. Located on the frontlines of the Cold War between nuclear-armed superpowers, they were forced to consider how best to protect their nascent democracy from the possibility of a devastating war fought with weapons of mass destruction. For Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and the right-of-center coalition that governed West Germany in the 1950s and 1960s, the answer to the country's dilemma was threefold. Close rapprochement with the West and a strong national military were combined with civil defense—protecting the country's civilian population and its societal and cultural institutions from the worst effects of a future war through a tripartite strategy of mass evacuation, protective shelters, and post-attack rescue and recovery units. This chronologically and topically-organized dissertation examines the origins, evolution, and demise of the West German civil defense program during the Cold War's opening decades. In doing so it presents three major arguments. First, as a result of unique historical and cultural influences West Germany's early-Cold War civil defense program exhibited remarkable conceptual continuity with its Weimar and National Socialist predecessors. Second, the program's political failure in the mid-1960s was due in large part to the inability of West German civil defense planners to make a clean break with the past. Finally, the Federal Republic's early-Cold War civil defense experience provides a new understanding of the process by which West Germans individually and collectively worked to create a new national identity in the post-1945 world. Specifically, in rejecting the highly-centralized program proposed by civil defense proponents West Germans individually and collectively rejected the sacrifice of their democracy called for by Adenauer and his allies. In doing so, the dissertation concludes, West Germans made a momentous decision about the fundamental (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Alan Beyerchen (Advisor) Subjects: History, European

Master of Arts (MA), Ohio University, 2008, History (Arts and Sciences)

The campaign to abolish the trans-Atlantic slave trade during the period from 1770-1807 was simultaneously pursued by abolitionists on both sides of the Atlantic. This thesis traces the roots of the relationship between Anglo-American abolitionists from prior to the American Revolution until the abolition of the trade by both Britain and America in 1807. During this span of nearly forty years the movement morphed from a small campaign focused on influencing a few influential members of government, into a massive crusade that harnessed the weight of public opinion in an attempt to force Parliament and Congress to bring an end to the slave trade. By examining the writing of leading abolitionists of the period the shared strategies between the British and American movements becomes clear.

Committee: Mariana Dantas PhD (Advisor); Robert Ingram PhD (Committee Member); Brian Schoen PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; European History; History

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2024, History

The origins of modern coalition warfare trace back to the Mediterranean theater of World War II. It was there on the treacherous battlefields of North Africa and Sicily where Anglo-American forces learned to harmonize joint and combined forces under a modular and largely experimental integrated theater headquarters for the very first time. Overcoming significant setbacks between 1942 and 1943, the Allies laid the foundations of a resoundingly effective military organization—a multinational coalition built around the distinctly modern principles of unity of command, combined and joint operations, partner integration as well as robust liaison, logistics, and administrative support. These synergistic elements constituted nothing less than an embryonic Allied victory formula, a theater-level template they would export wholesale to great effect in northwestern Europe and whose legacy lives on in western alliances and battlefield coalitions to this day.

Committee: Peter Mansoor (Advisor); Geoffrey Parker (Committee Member); Bruno Cabanes (Committee Member); David Steigerwald (Committee Member) Subjects: History

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2023, History

John M. Sant was a World War II bomber co-pilot who was shot down over German-occupied Czechoslovakia in 1944. He and the other eight surviving crew members were captured and sent to Stalag Luft I, a German prison camp near the Baltic Sea. Sant spent the next ten months in captivity, keeping a logistical journal of his daily life in the camp. With this journal, along with primary documents, copies of declassified military paperwork, and a typed account of Sant's narrative located in the Skinner Personal Archive as a chronological framework, this thesis constructs a biographical narrative of Sant's life and wartime experiences. Sant's journal provided an indirect glimpse into his inner thoughts. His entries reflect a fear of being overlooked, both during captivity and following release. Sant found solace in escapism through literature and reminisced about home life, emphasizing the importance of morale and interpersonal connections among the POWs. Elements of optimism infuse the passages he chose to copy down, showing his enduring belief in the strength of the Allied forces. The journal also served as a covert way to challenge the authority of the main camp authorities. Sant's hopefulness played a crucial role in maintaining his emotional well-being, a theme more prominent in his post-war writings. The arrival of new prisoners, while disheartening, meant access to more current information. Sant's diary entries not only reflect his emotional state regarding his fellow POWs but also his reaction to news like General Patton's progress in Europe, offering him temporary relief from worries about America's military effectiveness. His aspirations for post-war life served as a comfort and a way to look forward to a future beyond the uncertainty of war. The journal also played a key role in asserting Sant's sense of self-determination under the strict confines of his POW status. While it contained no information unknown to his captors, it provided him with a sense of con (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Randolph Roth (Committee Member); David Staley (Advisor) Subjects: American History; Armed Forces; History; Military History; Military Studies; Modern History

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2023, History

This dissertation seeks to unearth the inherent complexity of relations among evangelical missionaries, their filial churches, Catholics, and secular actors in the context of Protestantism's precipitous rise in Brazil between the 1910s and 1960s. It argues that American Protestant missionaries proved to be crucial agents of cultural change who successfully imparted to their Brazilian believers facets of their anti-Communist, paternalistic, and intermittently apolitical ideologies over the course of several systems of government, including two dictatorships. Crucially, this dissertation situates missionaries as intersectional, transnational, and non-state actors within the larger framework of U.S.-Brazilian religiopolitics, cultural transfusion, and the construction of gender, economic, and racial norms. Although far from passive recipients of American evangelical ideas, Brazil's newly-converted Protestants embraced U.S. missionaries' thought to a considerable extent, thereby cementing the incisive cultural change that American missionaries had sought to foster in Brazil. In doing so, Brazilian church workers and leaders refashioned U.S. norms of evangelicalism while also increasingly advocating for the nationalization (indigenization) of evangelical denominations. Basing itself on four case studies of U.S.-founded or influenced evangelical churches, this dissertation unravels the many contradictions and complications inherent to U.S. missionary work in Brazil. These factors include Brazilian evangelicals' wavering between apoliticism and political activism, a vying for influence with the Catholic Church, the legacy of Jim Crow and its consequences to mission work in Brazil, as well as a series of intra-church disputes that ultimately resulted in the nationalization (indigenization) of each church. At the core of the evangelical experience between the 1910s and 1960s stood an identitarian quest to gain legitimacy among Brazil's secular and religious authoritie (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Peter Hahn (Committee Chair); James N. Green (Other); Jennifer Eaglin (Committee Member); Joseph Parrott (Committee Member) Subjects: Comparative; History; International Relations; Latin American History; Religious History; World History