BA, Oberlin College, 2016, Computer Science

Prize-collecting Steiner tree is a network design problem in which a utility provider located at some position in a graph attempts to construct a network (subtree) of maximum profit based on the value of the vertices in the graph and the costs of the edges. I consider three network formation games where the players represent competing providers attempting to build networks in the same market. These games seek to preserve the key feature of Prize-Collecting Steiner tree, namely that players must each build a subtree that attempts to include customers who are of high value or are easy to reach. I analyze the price of anarchy and price of stability of each of these games.

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2015, Civil Engineering

Construction projects are always expected to be delayed, but the likelihood of a delay varies between projects because of the particular circumstances and schedule for that project. It is usually left to the scheduler to estimate these future circumstances of the project when preparing the schedule and determining the duration of the project. However, the schedule of the Critical Path Method (CPM) does not indicate the factors that are assumed to participate in determining the likelihood for delay. These deterministic durations, apart from the relationship between the activities, are the dominant contributor to the critical path in the CPM calculation. Risk management focuses on the processes that are considered critical, although delay may emerge from non-critical paths. In this study, a new fuzzy model is proposed to provide a subjective assessment of the likelihood of delay for activities in different periods. Using this model, the scheduler's assessment of the likelihood of delay for each activity can be combined to determine the likelihood of a project delay. This process is done utilizing fuzzy logic and fault-tree analysis and is then combined with the CPM schedule of the project. The result is a fuzzy fault-tree that shows the potential delay of the project and its contributing paths. Applying this method on a sample project, the results show that risk of delay comes not only from critical paths but also from non-critical paths. Consequently, the CPM schedule duration can be reevaluated such that the project can be rescheduled to account for the new findings and, at the very least, the risk of delay can be accounted for.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2023, Biostatistics

Microbiome analysis explores the intricate interactions among microbes, hosts, and the environment. The unique features of microbiome data, including compositionality, high-dimensionality, over-dispersion, sparsity, and phylogenetic tree structure, present great challenges that require careful consideration in statistical inference. Our work focuses on two themes: detecting associations between microbial composition and an outcome of interest and identifying influential factors on the human microbiome. Two methods are proposed to tackle these themes. For association testing problem, two types of approaches exists in literature: the OTU-level tests that assess the association between each operational taxonomic unit (OTU) and the outcome, and the community-level tests that examine the microbial community all together. Our first method, MiAF, tests an omnibus association between a microbial community and an outcome, balancing OTU-level flexibility with community-level relevance. We combined p-values of OTU-level tests to contruct a community-level test which has considerable statistical power under different microbial profiles. The second project proposes a penalized Dirichlet-tree multinomial mixed-effects regression to select relevant covariates that shape microbiome in longitudinal studies. Splines are used to depict possibly non-linear effect of covariates, especially the trajectory of taxon abundance over time. Our simulation studies demonstrate its potential to capture different underlying association patterns and its robustness under model misspecification. Its application to an infant gut microbiome longitudinal dataset yields consistent results with existing literature.

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2021, Plant Biology (Arts and Sciences)

Anthropogenic climate change will require all species to adapt in place to changing conditions or track climate shifts into new range boundaries. The paleo-ecological record suggests that despite the long generation times and sessile life forms of trees, tree species have migrated in response to previous climate change by expanding from refugia or shifting their entire range. In eastern North America, trees appear to be failing to track current climate changes poleward. I used the United States Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data and Little Range boundaries for nine eastern tree species to investigate the influence of disturbance and the species' dispersal mechanism on the establishment of seedlings both within and beyond the species' range. Major findings include that establishment rates increase in response to harvest application within FIA plots but not in response to recorded natural disturbances. Additionally, bird- dispersed species colonize new plots outside their Little Range more than mammal- dispersed or wind-dispersed tree species.

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2021, Industrial and Systems Engineering (Engineering and Technology)

This thesis will investigate how personal, perceived, and external factors affect safety procedure compliance of a high-risk industry composed of lone workers. This experiment tests factors that influence non-compliance from literature of other high-risk industries composed primarily of lone workers. The factors were tested using a survey distributed to field workers in the tree care industry of a single company. Calculating correlations using most commonly an Order Chi-Squared Analysis Independence analysis, Pearson's, Spearman's, and Kendall Tau's Correlation tests. Resulting correlations then aided in developing a relationship diagram to illustrate how factors influence safety compliance in relation to other factors that influence safety procedure compliance. Second, this study questions the shared perspectives of safety procedure compliance in the tree care industry among lone workers. Responses to these questions then enable for developing a road map for management on steps to improve safety procedures. This development of key approaches is to improve the safety compliance of a high-risk organization through effective leadership of lone workers in an attempt to keep lone workers in the tree care industry safe.

Bachelor of Science, Wittenberg University, 2020, Biology

In the Huron-Manistee National Forest, standing dead trees (snags) have great ecological value because they have cavities, which provide critical habitat for many animals. Snags are created in red pine timber plantations to simulate the number of snags typically found in naturally growing forests. This study compares the value of snags created by topping in 2011 to snags created during a prescribed burn in 2010. Creating snags via topping appears to be worth the investment as wildlife appears to use topped snags as much as snags created in a prescribed burn (topped = 49 cavities; burned = 59 cavities). GIS/GPS was used to locate and mark snag clumps. Height, DBH, decay class (1-5), and cavity presence was recorded for each clump (group of snags) and compared between and across snag creation type. The burned snags were planted in 1936 or 1938 and the topped snags were planted in 1936 or 1965 but the average DBH of each was similar (burned x = 10.8in; topped x = 10.5in). The presence of cavities below 20ft was compared between burned and topped snags. The average height for burned snags was 42.5ft and topped snags were cut at 20ft, but cavities appeared to be located near the tops of snags regardless of their height. The majority of cavities (83.7%) in topped snags were in decay classes one (59.2%) and two (24.5%). In burned snags, the majority of cavities (87.0%) were in decay classes one (22.2%), two (35.2%) and three (29.6%) with decay classes two and three containing the majority of the cavities (64.8%). Below 20ft, topped snags had a greater percentage of cavities (14.9%) than burned snags (6.7%), although there was a greater percentage of cavities in burned snags overall (burned = 22.7%). In the future, studies will also compare snags created during the Meridian wildfire of 2010.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2021, Plant Biology (Arts and Sciences)

Carbon-mediated hydraulic failure is the current leading hypothesis for natural tree mortality. However, the physiological mechanisms of this process vary among species and environment. The way in which a tree responds to drought is defined as its hydraulic behavior, which is described using the isohydric/anisohydric continuum. Theoretically, diffuse-porous and ring-porous trees should fall at opposite ends of this continuum due to their contrasting xylem anatomy and associated carbon requirements. While previous studies have documented this trend, the relationship between wood type and hydraulic behavior is still unresolved, particularly in temperate forests. The overall goal of my research was to describe hydraulic behavior in ring- and diffuse-porous species in a temperate, deciduous forest. I included small and mature trees to understand the influence of size class on hydraulic behavior. My results indicate a distinct dichotomy between isohydric, diffuse-porous Acer saccharum and anisohydric, ring-porous Carya ovata; however, other species exemplify a spectrum of hydraulic behaviors, falling along a gradient between wood types. This pattern was consistent among size classes, validating comparisons of hydraulic behavior between small saplings and mature trees. Overall, this work provides new insights into the physiological mechanisms responsible for carbon-water trade-offs in ring- and diffuse-porous trees in temperate forests.

Master of Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2020, EECS - Computer and Information Sciences

The Binary game tree model is perhaps the simplest model that computes Boolean functions: it charges only for reading an input variable. We proposed a theoretical binary game tree evaluation analysis process with Yao's principle and randomized complexity. Based on the concept of reluctant input, we studied the power of randomness in this model with both directional and non-directional algorithm. We made a comparison of their lower bounds. These results are obtained via general and efficient methods for computing lower bounds on the probabilistic complexity and based on a particular type of uniform binary decision tree, which we call it nor-tree, and it is an equivalent transformation of AND/OR tree. As a result of the study, we finally build up a methodology for evaluating binary game trees and proving its lower bound. To test its versatility, we also apply this analysis process to two different types of binary game tree: Fibonacci tree and skew-F tree. Both two have a more complicated structure for game tree evaluation. The results show that this process could also be used for getting other types of game trees lower bound.

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2019, Geography

The goal of this research is to develop a new proxy record sensitive to water availability in the tropical Andes, where climate change threatens glacial reserves of water stored as ice. As such, this study constitutes the first investigation into the radial growth of the newly described tropical tree species, Polylepis Rodolfo-vasquezii. In the dry season of 2017, a sample set of cores were extracted from a P. rodolfo-vasquezii montane forest in the Cordillera Huaytapallana in the central Peruvian Andes. Standard dendrochronological techniques were applied to the samples to produce a 77 year-long annually resolved chronology, from 1940 to 2016. Correlation analysis between tree ring widths and station data as well as regional anomalies and reveal that P. rodolfo-vasquezii is sensitive to wet season precipitation and discharge from the nearby Shullcas River. The strongest relationship with the tree rings was late wet season discharge. Based on these correlations, the first-ever monthly and seasonal discharge reconstructions were produced for the Shullcas River. The calibration-verification statistics for each model indicate that there are varying degrees of predictive skill in the reconstructions produced. The optimal reconstruction was for the average of April-May discharge. This work provides evidence that Polylepis rodolfo-vasquezii is a useful species for dendrochronological research and highlights its relationship to moisture in the Cordillera Huaytapallana.

Master of Science (MS), Wright State University, 2018, Biological Sciences

Edge and isolated plant populations provide information about the resilience and the most basic resource needs of a species. Plant demography examines changes in population size and structure over time. An isolated, disjunct eastern hemlock population in Clifton Gorge State Nature Preserve, Yellow Springs, Ohio consists of two distinct subpopulations each with different environmental characteristics, reproductive capacities, and health ratings. Both subpopulations at Clifton Gorge were found to exhibit significant decreases in average annual ring width through time. Linear regression modeling determined that average annual growing season precipitation and temperature were the strongest predictors of these growth trends. A comparative hemlock population at Cantwell Cliffs, Rockbridge, Ohio within the contiguous range of the species displayed environmental characteristics more typical of hemlock-dominated stands and slight increases in average annual ring width through time, suggesting that the contiguous site is more favorable for eastern hemlock performance.

Doctor of Philosophy in Regulatory Biology, Cleveland State University, 2017, College of Sciences and Health Professions

Disturbance regimes, i.e. frequent fires, historically maintained oak barrens until European settlement patterns, and eventually, Smoky the Bear and the fire suppression campaign of the U.S. Forest Service snuffed out the periodic flames. In the absence of a disturbance regime, ground layer floral composition at many historical oak sand barrens will change predominantly because of a buildup of leaf litter and shading of the soils. Termed mesophication, this process of ecological succession will drive Black Oak Sand Barrens to an alternate steady state. A survey conducted on Singer Lake Bog in Green, Ohio, demonstrated that succession shifted the community to red maple-black cherry woodlands more typical of a dry southern forest. In an attempt to revive disturbance, three restoration techniques were applied at ten degraded northeast Ohio oak barrens to contrast their effectiveness in restoring black oak sand barren flora. The three restoration treatments were select canopy tree reduction favoring 5% to 30% tree canopy cover, forest floor leaf litter removal, and prescribed fire. Vegetation responses to manipulations were monitored prior to and following treatment applications, and were compared against both baseline data from before-treatment surveys and paired control sites adjacent treated areas. Imposing disturbance successfully increased species diversity and abundance above that found across Singer Lake Bog compared to sampling made prior to and adjacent to treated areas. Select canopy tree removal exhibited the largest floral responses from targeted barrens species, i.e. graminoids. A forest floor invertebrate family (Carabidea: Coleoptera) was measured for species richness and abundance pre and post treatment, where a noticeable shift occurred away from woodland obligate ground beetles toward open grassland species. Replicating oak barren structure, prior to replicating disturbance processes, is the first step in the ecological restoration of these systems.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2015, Horticulture and Crop Science

Greening the highways is a series of mass out-plantings, studying long-term survival and growth of transplanted deciduous trees in urban highway right-of-way (ROW) environments in relation to species, site and production techniques. This alternative landscape often appears underutilized and stressful; however, may contain valuable space for building the urban forest and desired green infrastructure, which is often limited within built urban contexts. The research conducted is the first of its kind in North America, and is located in Ontario, Canada, and Ohio, United States. Studies conducted in Ohio looked at survival rates of Acer rubrum (Acer), Betula jacquemontii (Betula), Celtis occidentalis (Celtis), and Syringa reticulata (Syringa) and caliper and height growth of Celtis and Syringa. Ohio studies focused on understanding selected biological, chemical and physical soil property differences occurring between two sites and survival and growth in relation to two production techniques and physical soil properties. Production techniques included the addition of a hydrophilic polymer, Geohumus® at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% by container volume, and three growing environments; outside on a gravel pad, and in a flat and a peak retractable roof greenhouse (RRG). In Ontario at four ROW sites (Sites 1, 2, 5, and 6) species and site differences were evaluated for survival of nine species; Acer xfreemanii `Autumn Blaze' (AFA), Acer pseudoplatanus (AP), Betula lenta (BL), Betula papyrifera (BP), Celtis occidentalis (CO), Gingko biloba (GB), Gleditsia triacanthos (GT), Quercus coccinea (QC), and Quercus robur (QRO), and caliper and height growth for four species; CO, GT, QC, and QRO. In Ohio, site 2 had 32.9% greater mean predicted probability of survival (PPS) than site 1, and Celtis and Syringa having higher PPS compared with Acer and Betula. Production environment did affect height growth prior to installation into the ROW; however, not after. Syringa caliper was pos (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2013, Plant Biology (Arts and Sciences)

Since the mid-1990s, the use of prescribed fire and thinning as part of an integrated forest management strategy has increased dramatically across the United States, spurring numerous studies into how these treatments influence forest ecosystems. However, despite a burgeoning literature on this topic the response of residual trees has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the effects of prescribed fire and thinning on residual tree growth and carbon sequestration and their underlying mechanisms were examined to better understand the impacts of the treatments on forest ecosystems. The study involved tree-ring analysis of 348 trees (= 25 cm DBH) obtained from 80 0.1-ha permanent plots in two sites, each with four experimental units (control, thin-only, burn-only and thin+burn). Treatments were applied in 2000/2001. Trees were selected from five common overstory species or taxa in the study area—white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Q. prinus), black oak (Q. velutina), hickories (Carya spp.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). In addition to elucidating the long-term (1991-2010) variability of tree growth in relation to the treatments, the study examined the modulating effects of tree age, size, competition, and soil moisture gradient. Furthermore, the variability of carbon isotope ratios (delta13C) of white oak was assessed to gain more insight into the physiological response of trees to the treatments. Key findings of the study include: (1) treatments caused considerable increase in tree growth, though the mechanical thinning treatments were more effective than the prescribed fire treatment at eliciting growth changes; (2) tree growth exhibited a strong temporal trend characterized by a sharp increase in BAI during the first 5-year post-treatment period with a slight attenuation thereafter; (3) competition was the most important determinant of residual tree growth, exhibiting the greatest effect in the thin-only stands; (4) variations in topogra (open full item for complete abstract)

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2012, Engineering and Applied Science: Mechanical Engineering

As the quality of human life on earth is getting better and better, we are also experiencing a constant threat of energy deficiency for the future. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels will eventually deplete and that is why renewable energy sources are attracting a lot of attention despite involving higher initial capital cost. An increased efficiency in renewable energy production can play a vital role in soothing the initial entry barrier and encouraging investment in renewable energy. Though wind turbine is the traditional way of harnessing wind energy, this might not be the most efficient device for the purpose. Naturally evolved structures like tree leaves are constantly subjected to wind loads and studying their dynamics may lead us to develop better structures to replace traditional wind turbines. In this thesis work, techniques were developed to create finite element models of a tree leaf which enables us to study the mechanics and dynamics of leaf-life structures. Tree leaves were scanned to gather the surface data of leaf blade. Then two consistent methods were developed to regenerate the vernation structure on the scanned blade surface. Various constraining methods were explored to find the best way to constrain the blade's motion to the veins' motion. Finally, the effects of presence of vein structure and variation of elastic modulus of veins on mode shapes and natural frequencies were studied using the FEA software Abaqus.

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2010, Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology

Development of methods for estimating species trees from multilocus data is a current challenge in evolutionary biology. We propose a method for estimating the species tree topology and branch lengths using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). The method takes as data a sample of observed gene tree topologies without branch lengths, and then iterates through the following sequence of steps: First, a randomly selected species tree is used to compute the distribution of gene trees topologies. This distribution is then compared to the observed gene topology frequencies, and if the fit between the observed and the predicted distribution is close enough, the proposed species tree is retained. Repeating this many times leads to a collection of retained species trees that are then used to form the estimate of the overall species tree. We test the performance of the method, which we call ST-ABC, using both simulated and empirical data. The simulation study examines both symmetric and asymmetric species trees over a range of branch lengths and sample sizes. The results from the simulation study show that the model performs very well, giving accurate estimates for both the topology and the branch lengths across the conditions studied, and that a sample size of 25 loci appears to be adequate for the method. Further, we apply the method to two empirical cases: a 4-taxon data set for primates and a 7-taxon data set for yeast. In both cases, we find that estimates obtained with ST-ABC agree with previous studies. Thus, our method is able to deal with complex data in a timely and efficient way. In addition, the method does not require sequence data, but rather uses the observed distribution of gene topologies. Therefore, this method provides a nice alternative to other currently available methods for species tree estimation.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2006, Statistics

The desire to infer the evolutionary history of a group of species should be more viable now that a considerable amount of multilocus molecular data is available. However, the current molecular phylogenetic paradigm still reconstructs gene trees to represent the species tree. Further, commonly used methods to combine data, such as the concatenation method, the consensus tree method, or the gene tree parsimony method may be biased. In this dissertation, I propose a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the phylogeny of a group of species using multiple estimated gene tree distributions such as those that arise in a Bayesian analysis of DNA sequence data. The model employs substitution models used in traditional phylogenetics, but also uses coalescent theory to explain genealogical signals from species trees to gene trees and from gene trees to sequence data, thereby forming a complete stochastic model to simultaneously estimate gene trees, species trees, ancestral population sizes, and species divergence times. The proposed model is founded on the assumption that gene trees, even of unlinked loci, are correlated due to being derived from a single species tree and therefore should be estimated jointly. The method is applied to three multilocus data sets of DNA sequences. The estimates of the species tree topology and divergence times appear to be robust to the prior of the population size, whereas the estimates of effective population sizes are sensitive to the prior used in the analysis. These analyses also suggest that the model is superior to the concatenation method in fitting these data sets and thus provides a more realistic assessment of the variability in the distribution of species trees that may have produced the molecular information at hand. Future improvements of our model and algorithm should include consideration of other factors that can cause discordance of gene trees and species trees, such as horizontal transfer or gene duplication.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2006, Electrical Engineering

The distributed effects on the one-finger FET (lateral distributed effects) are analyzed and analytical solutions are obtained. A 4-port network model is reported for the 6-terminal device in the limit of small device width. Negative gate, drain and source feedback impedances are observed in the 4-port network. Two boundary conditions are considered resulting in two distributed 2-port equivalent circuits. For transistors with large periphery, distributed effects along gate and drain rails are analyzed. An analytical solution is presented in the small length approximation, including both distributed effects along the rails and device width. The distributed effects due to the rails become dominant as the finger number is increased. The parasitic network of an AlGaN/GaN FET is studied using Momentum. A Momentum simulation block for AlGaN/GaN HFETs is defined. To extract the lateral impedances, Momentum simulations are fitted using the 4-port network model. The parasitics caused by the air-bridges are obtained and the effect on the device performance is examined. The scalability of the device is examined. The Agere Electro-thermal Transistor (AET) model is modified to fit the AlGaN/GaN HFET. The DC-IV model is extracted from measured pulsed-IV for a 2-finger 150μm AlGaN/GaN. The small signal model is extracted to obtain operating frequencies of 11.7GHz and 48.2GHz. A center-fed transistor and an edge-fed transistor are investigated to implement the 11.7GHz and 48.2GHz AlGaN/GaN HFET devices. More signal distributed effects due to the rails appears in the edge-fed devices over the center-fed devices and in the high frequency devices over the low frequency devices. For a 10dB gain, the optimal devices with the maximum peripheries are obtained for each devices and their P1dB's and PAE's are compared. Several layouts -corporate tree, tapered edge, lateral corporate tree (LC), LC with bypasses (LCB)- are designed to improve the center-fed and edge-fed layouts. The methodo (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Science (MS), Wright State University, 2024, Biological Sciences

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is an invasive pest that significantly impacts olive trees (Olea europaea). This study aimed to assess the role of abiotic stress factors such as drought and salinity in influencing plant defenses and resistance to EAB, while also examining cultivar variation in resistance. The study specifically aimed to address: (1) What effects do varying degrees of abiotic stress (drought, salinity) have on olive trees' antioxidant and peroxidase activity in olive tree? (2) Do distinct olive cultivars exhibit varying levels of resistance to EAB under various stressors? We used a controlled experimental design with two stress treatments (drought and salinity) and 20 olive cultivars to conduct the bioassay. Growth metrics (height and stem diameter), peroxidase activity, and antioxidant activity were measured, while EAB survival and performance were assessed by monitoring larval feeding and growth. Results indicated no significant differences in antioxidant activity between treatments, although low salinity slightly enhanced antioxidant responses. Peroxidase activity was highest under high salinity, and growth responses varied by treatment and cultivar, with Leccino showing the highest antioxidant activity. EAB larvae performed best under drought conditions but exhibited poor survival on certain cultivars. These findings suggest that abiotic stress influences both plant defense mechanisms and pest resistance, with cultivar-specific responses to stress and pest pressure.

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2024, Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services: Educational Studies

Experience with nature has positive benefits on human well-being. Recent studies have demonstrated its significance in enhancing children's learning and development. Accordingly, this article-based dissertation advocates for the benefits of greening schools to improve students' academic performance. It seeks to understand how the tree cover surrounding schools is associated with third-grade students' performance in reading, science, and math. Prior research on this topic found inconsistencies regarding the possible effect of greenspace, suggesting its varying effect across subjects, socioeconomic backgrounds, regional characteristics, and study samples. In addition, prior studies generally controlled for only a few school characteristics and failed to adequately address the comparability of schools with varying levels of greenspace. Many studies used school-aggregated outcomes, leading to uncertainty regarding the effect on individual students. This dissertation contributes to the existing research by examining the tree cover effect on third-grade students' academic performance. Employing a secondary analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-11and the 2013 National Land Cover Database Tree Canopy Cover, this dissertation investigates the average effect of tree cover across a nationally representative sample using linear mixed models. Findings support the beneficial effect of tree cover on students' performance, with further analyses suggesting that these associations vary across subjects and school locations. These findings are informative to city planners, policymakers, educators, researchers, and nature advocates.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2024, Plant Biology (Arts and Sciences)

This dissertation enhances a forest gap model (ForClim) by incorporating seed production and seedling establishment processes, addressing a critical gap in understanding forest regeneration under climate change. The regeneration of forests in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) is a key driver of biodiversity, shaping species composition and ecosystem structure, and climate change is expected to significantly alter these processes, leading to shifts in both biodiversity and timber productivity. Simulations in this study revealed that seedling survival plays a more critical role than seed production in determining future species composition, particularly as climate variability increases. Resilient species like Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus ponderosa may sustain or increase their dominance, while species such as Abies grandis and Tsuga mertensiana face declines due to reduced seedling survival. Additionally, current forest management practices may need adjustment, with "no management" maximizing harvest volume for Coastal Douglas fir, while Mountain Douglas fir may experience reduced yields under future extreme climate scenarios. These findings highlight the importance of integrating regeneration processes into forest models to predict forest biodiversity and timber industry outcomes.