Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2020, Social Work

Older adults have been largely excluded from practice, research, policies and education on sexual violence (SV) prevention. Thus, guided by a Critical Feminist Gerontological Framework, integrated within the Social Ecological Model, the central aim of this dissertation is to offer an in-depth understanding of perceptions of SV, chiefly in later life, and how age, gender, SV experience, or work with elders or SV victims may impact perceptions, barriers and solutions to prevention. This three-manuscript dissertation begins with an introductory chapter on SV in later life, followed by a systematic scoping review and thematic analysis, or thematic synthesis, of research on perceptions SV in later life, barriers to prevention and how they can be addressed. Results from the scoping review informed the second phase of this mixed methods dissertation study on perceptions of SV in later life, comprised of a factorial vignette survey gathered through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTURK), where participants were randomized to one of five vignettes, involving the five kinds of SV identified in later life research, where the age of the victim was randomized to 21, 51 or 81 years. After reading the vignettes, participants were asked 20 Likert-scale and categorical questions, on perceived seriousness, culpability, reportability and knowledge of SV, examined in a regression analysis, and 27 open text questions, on knowledge and perceptions of SV, including in later life, explored using a qualitative thematic analysis. Seven overarching themes were identified in the thematic synthesis, of 18 scholarly articles, regarding (a) needs for knowledge and awareness, (b) research, (c) policy development, (d) influences of agism and sexism, (e) SV being a taboo involving limited support, (f) sociocultural differences, and (g) confusion about the nature of SV as well as how it is defined. Further, 567 survey responses were analyzed to assess how age, gender, work industry and victimiz (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Arts, University of Toledo, 2016, Geography

It is suspected that corn and soybean production in the Maumee Watershed has contributed to nutrient loading into Lake Erie, therefore affecting the frequency and duration of toxic algae (Dolan 1993), (Michalak, et al. 2012). Accurate crop type estimation is important in order to determine the potential impact on the lake and assess methods to reduce excess nutrient loading. Increasingly, the National Agricultural Statistics Survey (NASS) Crop Data Layer (CDL) is being used as a primary input for agricultural research and crop estimation modeling therefore assessing the accuracy of the CDL is imperative. This study aims to validate the CDL, assess accuracy differences on multiple spatial scales and to examine the efficiencies of using the CDL for future research in the region. Results of CDL validation using in situ field observations from 2011 and 2012 indicate an overall accuracy of at 94% and 92% respectively and khat accuracy of 90% (2011) and 86% (2012). Crop specific accuracy for corn, soy and wheat also resulted in considerably high user accuracy values, with slight differences between years. Accuracy measures vary by region and by year however in each circumstance analyzed, the differences were not significant. Of these measureable difference, it was shown that the 2012 comparison contained a higher degree of difference and this may be attributed to drought in the region for this year. It is concluded that NASS's CDL is an effective and efficient product for agricultural research.

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2014, Antioch Seattle: Clinical Psychology

This qualitative, theoretical review and analysis of extant literature explored the sociocultural influences effecting conceptualization of childhood sexual behavior problems. Themes emerged from analysis of peer-reviewed journals that illustrated the complex, multidimensional, and ecological factors influencing child sexual development and problematic sexual behavior. These included major themes of Child Sexuality: Ecological Context, Developmental Context, Complex Trauma, and Ecological Interventions. Specific factors associated with childhood sexual behavior problems included trauma, domestic violence, sexual and physical abuse, psychological and emotional distress, impaired attachment, and the effects of diverse ecological systems such as the family, parents, and sociocultural influences of the greater community. Analysis culminated with an enhanced conceptualization of childhood sexual behavior named Ecological Developmental View. This conceptual model, integrated within the framework of ecological theory, evolved into an innovative approach of clinical assessment for childhood sexual behaviors applicable in outpatient clinical settings. The model, Integrated Developmental Ecological Assessment Approach (IDEAA), recognized the significance of the developing child influenced within the ecological contexts of the child, family, social, and community environments. The IDEAA model intends to help professionals and adults to address concerns related to childhood sexual behavior from an ecological perspective that will enhance and benefit outcomes for children, parents, families, and communities. The electronic version of this dissertation is at OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/etd

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2014, Communication Studies (Communication)

In order to better understand ways in which globalization influences intercultural communication, this study examines ways in which foreign English teachers in Japan and Japanese co-workers manage privacy. Using Petronio's (2002) communication privacy management theory, as well as thematic (Lindlof & Taylor, 2002) and cultural discourse analysis (Carbaugh, 2005, 2007), this study analyzed interview transcripts from 77 participants (39 English language teachers, and 38 Japanese co-workers) regarding ways in which (a) privacy is conceptualized and managed, (b) cultural premises guide such negotiations, and (c) larger structures enable and constrain privacy management between foreign English teachers and Japanese co-workers. English language teachers (ELTs) defined privacy as a multi-dimensional construct encompassing personal information, space, and actions. ELTs perceived their privacy boundaries to be breeched when asked about one's: (a) space and place, (b)bodies, (c) sexuality, and (d) dating/romantic relationships. ELTs employed the following management strategies: (a) withdrawal, (b) cognitive restructuring, (c) independent control, (d) lying, (e) omission, (f) avoidance, and (g) gaijin smashing. Japanese co-workers defined privacy as information that should be hidden and managed such information by: (a) drawing clear boundaries by not talking or changing contexts, and (b) being pre-emptive by demarcating privacy boundaries early on within a relationship. In terms of cultural premises, ELTs revealed: (a) they should not be constructed as a "free space" for privacy inquisition by Japanese co-workers, (b) they expected voluntary reciprocity in (egalitarian) workplace relationships, and (c) they expected coworkers to be co-owners who would not share private disclosures. Japanese co-workers revealed: (a) privacy inquisitions are acts of kindness/caring, (b) time matters for privacy disclosure in Japan, (c) age matters for privacy disclosure in Japan, and (d) (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Science, Miami University, 2012, Family and Child Studies

In this family impact analysis, nine Program Coordinators of the Adult Demonstration Programs sponsored by the Second Chance Act of 2007 were interviewed to explore the impact of the Bill on families of recently incarcerated individuals. Participants were interviewed using open-ended questions focusing on the services provided for families in order to gauge the impact of the Second Chance Act funding on families. A deductive semantic analytical approach was utilized, as collected data were reviewed for salient themes relevant to the selected four family impact questions. The results of the study suggest that although family reunification is not an explicit or top priority (compared to employment and housing assistance) for most of the participating programs, the programs do make a significant - although indirect - impact on families, and program coordinators recognize the importance of family service expansion. Policy recommendations, study limitations, and avenues for the further research are discussed.

Master of Music (MM), Bowling Green State University, 2011, Music Theory

Puccini's Suor Angelica is a work that has received minimal attention from music theorists and analysts. James Hepokoski has proposed a rotational structure based on four of the work's forty-nine themes, though it covers only one third of the opera. Michele Girardi and Andrew Davis have made note of some motivic relationships but in an unsystematic way. Harmonic planing is a major feature of Suor Angelica yet it has not been given any specific analytical attention. This thesis expands these previous analyses by providing a detailed thematic time-line that includes all of the opera's themes, by showing that many of these themes can be unified through a three-note motive, and by exploring the types of planing Puccini used most often and the contexts in which he used them. The resulting thematic time-line shows that only fourteen of the opera's forty-nine themes are ever repeated and that James Hepokoski's rotational analysis explains only a small portion of the entire work's thematic structure, leaving thirty-five themes unaccounted for. The motivic analysis demonstrates a relationship between many of the opera's themes and demonstrates that the opening and ending of the opera have a particularly strong motivic connection, though themes including a recurring three-note motive are shown to occur consistently throughout the opera. Themes containing the motive are then proven to occur consistently throughout the opera when its appearances are placed against the thematic time-line. Finally, a survey of all passages involving planing, identifying their location, the type of planing and the type of chords used, reveals that planing is likewise a consistent feature of Suor Angelica.

Doctor of Philosophy, Miami University, 2024, Educational Leadership

This dissertation investigates the impact of digitalization on teachers' perceptions of their professional subjectivity and relationships within K-12 education in the United States. Assuming schools are political and ideological spaces, this project explores how digitalization informs teachers' identities, agency, and pedagogical values through a narrative inquiry approach. I conducted semi-structured interviews with eight teachers from five high schools in the Midwest, utilizing narratives analysis to examine their personal and professional stories. These interviews provided insights into how teachers navigate the tensions between digitalization's promises, impacts, and realities. By analyzing the narratives, I uncovered underlying values of relational democratic aims and ethics in education. Grounded in two central questions: how have teacher identity, subjectivity, and agency been challenged and uniquely developed within the digitalization of education and how teachers perceive its potential for fostering participatory agency – I utilize critical pragmatism and narrative analysis to highlight the tensions between the promise of digitalization and its practical realities that structure subjectivities. Teacher participants expressed frustration over students' struggles with technology, revealing a disconnect between the anticipated benefits and actual implementation. This project contributes to the literature by addressing the ethical implications of digitalization, arguing that while it has the potential to enhance educational practices, it often perpetuates ideologies that prioritize convenience and efficiency over relational values. Ultimately, this research advocates for more critical inquiry into digitalization, emphasizing the need for educational stakeholders to embrace the complexity and ambiguity to foster environments that uphold democratic educational values and relational ethics

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2024, Antioch Seattle: Clinical Psychology

Although the co-occurrence rate of intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse and neglect (CAN) is about 40% (Appel and Holden, 1998; Herrenkohl et al., 2008), little research currently exists on integrated treatment for these concerns. Furthermore, no known published studies investigate child protective services (CPS) workers' perspectives on such treatment. The present study explores the perspectives of CPS workers on treatment for co-occurring IPV and CAN, specifically focusing on Multisystemic Therapy for Intimate Partner Violence (MST-IPV). A total of 18 Connecticut CPS workers participated in semi-structured interviews. Seven participants had experience working with MST-IPV treatment providers, while 11 participants had no experience with MST-IPV. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis, resulting in five main themes: “Complexity of IPV Cases,” “Recommending What's Available Rather Than What's Best,” “Varied Treatment Effectiveness,” “Importance of Digging Deep,” and “Above and Beyond.” The findings of this study highlight CPS worker satisfaction with MST-IPV and underscore the importance of developing, researching, and funding treatments for co-occurring IPV and CAN.

Specialist in Education (Ed.S.), University of Dayton, 2024, School Psychology

School psychology continues to experience professional shortages in the face of increased need. Burnout and other sources of job turnover have been researched; however, there are limited studies on the specific factors influencing retention. The present study investigated sources of job satisfaction among experienced school psychologists. Seven school psychologists with at least 10 years of experience in the state of Ohio were interviewed regarding their reasons for remaining in their roles. Interview transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis to identify themes across participant experiences. Results indicated both intrinsic and extrinsic sources of job satisfaction in the field of school psychology. Common themes across participants included the value of meaningful work, professional autonomy, supportive work environments, and positive staff relationships. This study provides insight regarding drivers of motivation for school psychologists to remain in the field long-term, which contains implications for improving the current shortage of these professionals in the state of Ohio. Educational agencies seeking to retain professionals should foster supportive environments, clear roles, professional development, and work-life balance.

Doctor of Organization Development & Change (D.O.D.C.), Bowling Green State University, 2024, Organization Development

This qualitative study employed a socio-technical framework as a lens to investigate the banking experiences of low-income and higher-income individuals, shedding light on the nuances of their interactions with traditional banks. Using comparative deductive thematic analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 participants, equally divided between low-income and higher-income groups. The study revealed disparities in banking experiences, with low-income community members facing less favorable outcomes in specific areas. The findings have significant practical implications for enhancing community relations, refining banking operations, and improving financial education, particularly in low-income communities. This research lays the groundwork for future studies to explore bank employees' perspectives and expand on the current findings, ultimately contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between individuals and banking institutions. By illuminating the lived experiences of diverse community members, this study informs strategies for more inclusive and equitable banking products and services

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2024, Antioch Seattle: Counselor Education & Supervision

The purpose of this study is to understand how mental health counselors in private practice conceptualize, approach, and manage productivity, including key strategies and best practices employed through a qualitative study of lived experience. Inclusion criteria for participant eligibility included being a licensed counselor with a degree from a CACREP-accredited counseling program, working primarily in a private practice setting, and with primarily adult clients. Nineteen participants (N = 19) met these criteria and were included in the study. A thematic analysis was utilized by a team of researchers, which resulted in seven primary themes. The primary themes relate to the meaning of productivity in private counseling practice, thoughts and feelings about productivity, process of productivity, goals and values for productivity, productivity challenges and barriers, resource management, and best practices related to productivity. Ultimately, given the diversity of counselor thoughts, feelings, and perspectives on productivity unearthed in the study—ranging from antipathy to struggle to beneficial embrace, as well as the seeming discomfort of talking about the phenomen —it is recommended dedicated attention, fresh discussion, and further research on the topic be pursued.

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2024, Antioch Seattle: Counselor Education & Supervision

This study examines the lived experience of the perinatal population to understand how they can be supported from the lens of different ecological systems and what counselors can do to better serve people with uteruses during their perinatal experience. Furthermore, this study aims to utilize an inclusive framework for capturing the perinatal experience of people with uteruses and to explore barriers and facilitators to care through an ecological systems framework. Fifteen participants who have experienced infertility, conception, pregnancy, miscarriage, childbirth, stillbirth, and postpartum were recruited through various means throughout the United States. Thematic analysis was used, with semi-structured interviews and photovoice, to gather and analyze participant narratives through oral and visual means in two phases. The first phase resulted in eight themes: (1) social and cultural influences, (2) navigating transitions and changes, (3) support networks and resources, (4) discrimination and stigma, (5) advocacy and empowerment, (6) mental health and well-being, (7) interactions with medical systems, and (8) impact of systems and policies. The themes identified in phase two were: (1) meaning making, (2) the emotional impact of perinatal experiences, (3) navigating roles and identities, (4) pressure and expectations, (5) advocacy and empowerment, (6) social support and community, (7) prevalence of infertility and miscarriage, and (8) challenges in healthcare. Implications of this study indicate a need for collaborative, interdisciplinary communication among providers interacting with the perinatal population and perinatal mental health competency training. This dissertation is available in open access at AURA (https://aura.antioch.edu) and OhioLINK ETD Center (https://etd.ohiolink.edu).

MFIS, Kent State University, 2024, College of the Arts / School of Fashion

Fashion brands play a crucial role in shaping consumer perceptions in an industry dominated by advertisements. This study investigates the profound influence of diversity in fashion ads on the attitudes, perceptions, and brand affinities of underrepresented consumers, specifically focusing on college-aged Black and Latina females. This study draws on existing literature; encompassing consumer demand for representation, body diversity, ethnic diversity, self-congruity (Sirgy, 1985a), and the Minority stress theory (Meyer, 2003), to uncover connections between diverse representation and consumer behavior. By utilizing a qualitative approach, this research engages participants in an exploration of three sets of fashion advertisements, with the opportunity to answer open-ended prompts. Through thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), the study aims to determine which factors shape consumer attitudes, perceptions, and brand affinities. Altogether, it was found that diverse advertising is a determining factor of positive brand affinity. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform marketers and brands about the relationship between diversity representation and consumer behavior, fostering more inclusive advertising strategies. As the fashion industry learns to integrate evolving societal norms, this research contributes insights that may continue to redefine conventional beauty standards and empower consumers in choosing which brands to support.

Doctor of Education , University of Dayton, 2024, Educational Administration

This dissertation delves into the intricate dynamics of school mergers within the Blue Grass Independent Public School system (BIPS), offering a nuanced understanding of their repercussions on teacher experiences. Led by principal researcher Sean Bohannon, this study meticulously examines the impact of experienced leadership, intentional identity-building, and targeted professional development on addressing teacher inequities post-merger. Through in-depth interviews with seasoned educators, the research underscores the intertwined nature of teacher retention, motivation, and the efficacy of post-merger initiatives. Central to this inquiry is identifying disparities in professional development, resource allocation, and support systems among educators within BIPS. Moreover, the study delves into the pervasive issue of teacher attrition and its implications for student outcomes. The research scrutinizes existing strategies and interventions by conducting a comprehensive literature review, explicitly focusing on culturally responsive professional development to mitigate these inequities and foster a more equitable educational environment. The overarching goal of this study is not merely to rectify systemic imbalances but to catalyze transformative change within BIPS. Through participatory action research, Sean Bohannon engages colleagues in a shared exploration of their experiences with professional development, particularly emphasizing culturally responsive teaching practices. By understanding how these experiences shape classroom practices and impact the learning environment, the study aims to empower educators to cultivate inclusive and equitable learning environments for all students. This dissertation offers valuable insights and actionable recommendations for administrators, educators, and policymakers grappling with the challenges and opportunities of school mergers in the educational landscape. By emphasizing the importance of experienced leadership, intenti (open full item for complete abstract)

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2024, Antioch New England: Clinical Psychology

This dissertation describes a project to develop an art-based curriculum to teach young elementary school-age children social and emotional skills in the classroom based on the experiences of experts in the field of elementary education. Social-emotional learning (SEL) focuses on several key concepts including skills in interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, and mindfulness (McClelland et al., 2017). By addressing SEL early within the education curriculum, children are exposed to resources that will help them to develop strong regulation skills, engage in identity exploration, and practice healthy relationship skills (Jones et al., 2017). The integration of SEL and art creates a learning format that embraces the characteristics of creativity and play that are engaging for children, while teaching important skills, such as communication and emotion regulation, in a manner that meets students where they are developmentally (Alfonso & DuPaul, 2020). Nine elementary education professionals were interviewed to collect information about social-emotional learning in schools. The interviews were conducted with a primary focus on the questions: what makes SEL programs effective, what are the roles of school in providing SEL, and what skills are most impactful at the first-grade level? Interviews identified observed positive impacts of social-emotional lessons in first-grade classrooms, preferences for brief lessons that can be easily incorporated into classroom schedules, and a need for creative expression in learning. Using the themes identified in each interview, a classroom-based curriculum was developed. This curriculum focuses on working with first-grade students to develop strong social-emotional skills through art instruction and projects. This dissertation is available in open access at AURA, https://aura.antioch.edu/ and OhioLink ETD Center, https://etd.ohiolink.edu.

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2024, Cross-Cultural, International Education

This research study focuses on exploring the parental struggles that parents of children with disabilities go through when trying to access special education for their children in the educational system of Kenya. The study documents the perspectives of parents through analysis of data anchored within their struggles and experiences as they navigate the system of education to access quality education for their children with disabilities. Based on a phenomenological approach, the study focuses on a sample of eight parents of children with disabilities. Hogan's (2019) Social Model of Disability and Medical Model of Disability help frame the study within the discussion of the experiences of parents of children with disabilities. The findings of this study are presented through specific themes, describing the personal challenges and experiences of these parents followed by an analysis of the same themes. These findings underscore systemic challenges in special education, cultural and societal attitudes and educational outcome and well-being issues faced by parents and their children with disabilities.

EDD, Kent State University, 2023, College of Education, Health and Human Services / School of Foundations, Leadership and Administration

This study aimed to identify what school staff at a career-technical education high school believed about school discipline. The study employed Q Methodology to answer the research question regarding what school staff thought about discipline in schools. Participants completed a Q-sort and post-sort questionnaire to provide data. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were used to interpret the results. The analysis revealed three factors: teachers expressed interest in using more proactive, positive approaches to discipline; teachers emphasized that context and background were important in making discipline-based decisions; and teachers believed that the school's culture suffered from an overemphasis on punitive measures along with other organizational concerns. The author identified several important areas the school could address to improve discipline policies and practices, and improve school culture, such as implementing PBIS, improving educational leadership, and providing more shared leadership opportunities.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2023, Media and Communication

Historically, dominant discourse on etiquette in the United States has centered white, patriarchal, and classist ideals, consequently excluding marginalized groups. This dissertation centers the experiences of those who have been historically marginalized using Orbe's (1998; 2023) co-cultural theory as a framework. The two research questions ask how and in what contexts do co-cultural mothers and daughters conform to and oppose dominant etiquette rules. A cohort of 17 mother-daughter dyads completed a demographic questionnaire and in-depth interviews about their experiences with etiquette. Findings from a critical thematic analysis (Lawless & Chen, 2019) revealed how co-cultural mothers and daughters conform to traditional etiquette rules through five themes: (1) being patient with people, (2) letting other people take the lead, (3) code-switching, (4) being nice to servers, and (5) treating elders with respect. Eleven themes revealed how participants resist traditional etiquette rules: (1) safety as a right, (2) children navigate their own dress, (3) standing up for oneself and others in the face of injustice, (4) going above and beyond with courtesy to traditionally marginalized people, (5) emphasizing principled and practical guidelines, (6) relaxing formal rules, (7) not code-switching, (8) asking others to recognize their privilege, (9) pushing back on tipping at restaurants, (10) questioning gender expectations, and (11) using curse words effectively. Collectively, these eleven themes served as the foundation for the creation of critical etiquette, which can be defined as guidelines of social behavior that are highly reflexive and attuned to the differential impact of the application or performance of these guidelines. Created by members of marginalized groups, critical etiquette provides a framework for disrupting unjust notions of traditional etiquette, and it challenges members of the dominant group to educate and enact critical etiquette to make socie (open full item for complete abstract)

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2023, Antioch New England: Marriage and Family Therapy

This qualitative study aims to explore the unique experiences and challenges faced by Latino Caribbean cisgender gay men within their cultural and social contexts. Using focus group and thematic analysis, the researcher examines the narratives and perspectives of a diverse sample of Latino Caribbean cisgender gay men (n = 6) to gain insights into their sexual identity process, cultural influences, family dynamics, and support systems utilizing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as the methodological framework. The researcher's findings highlight the themes of Awareness of Sexual Identity, Visibility Management, Spanish Caribbean Families' Influences, Being True to Oneself, and Positive Experiences & Role Models as key factors influencing the participants' experiences. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the intersections between sexual and cultural identities for Latino Caribbean cisgender gay men. The participants navigate the complex process of self-acceptance and disclosure while balancing cultural expectations and societal norms. The role of family and community support emerges as both a source of strength and potential challenge in their journeys of self-exploration and acceptance. The findings shed light on the need to research the sexual identity process for Caribbean LGBTQ+ individuals, couples, and families within a social justice framework. These findings highlight the importance of creating inclusive spaces, promoting visibility, and providing culturally sensitive support services to address the unique needs of this population. And contribute to the existing literature on sexual identity development, cultural diversity, and family dynamics, and provide insights that can inform interventions, policies, and practices aimed at promoting the well-being and empowerment of Latino Caribbean LGBTQ+ individuals.

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2023, Antioch Santa Barbara: Clinical Psychology

MDMA refers to the psychoactive drug +/-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. In clinical settings, robust quantitative and qualitative research has demonstrated that MDMA is an effective adjunct to therapists' conduction of psychotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and potentially various other psychological conditions (Barone et al., 2022; Jerome, 2020; Oehen, 2012; Ot'alora, 2018). This study serves as the first qualitative research to exclusively focus on people who have used MDMA without a therapist in non-clinical settings for the purpose of psychological healing (i.e., MDMA solo users). Eight MDMA solo users were recruited as participants from ads posted on internet forums. Each participant underwent a semi-structured interview. A thematic analysis of the interviews discovered themes among participants' experiences with MDMA solo sessions and the practices they found helpful or unhelpful for attaining psychological healing. Themes of experiences included mental health struggles leading up to sessions, introspection, empathy, compassion, emotional changes following sessions, lasting changes in outlook, and lasting increased compassion. Themes that emerged for helpful practices included being open, “following” emotions, and writing. Themes found for unhelpful practices included dosages being too high, using MDMA too frequently, and that nothing was unhelpful. These phenomenological findings were compared to those found in MDMA-AT and MDMA recreational use literature. Nearly all of participants' solo experiences are similar to those of participants from qualitive research on MDMA-AT. When phenomenologically compared to MDMA recreational users whose intentions for usage did not include psychological healing, participants of this study had some similar experiences, but also some directly opposite experiences. For instance, participants of this study reported increased interpersonal intimacy and attunement to emotions, while MDMA r (open full item for complete abstract)