MS, Kent State University, 2024, College of Architecture and Environmental Design

Transformability in structures presents opportunities to challenge traditional spatial programming and form-making concepts. Unlike conventional static buildings, deployable structures provide dynamic solutions to changing environmental conditions, adaptive locations, functional transformations, and emergency relief scenarios. This thesis aims to analyze and design dynamic, movable joints to produce a transformable, free-form structure. Adolfo Perez-Egea notes that the “study of deployable structures has been carried out traditionally by simplifying their constituent elements—joints and rods—to ideal entities.” (Perez-Egea, A. et al., 2021) Exploring constituent elements offers an opportunity to understand the dynamics between components as well as identify opportunities for novel material assemblies and detailing methods. In transformable structures, joints provide needed support among interdependent elements (rods) while also enabling a family of intersecting conditions. This study will explore these types of flexibilities and the spatial morphologies movable joints can produce. The small-scale toy 'Magic Torus' (Nishihara A., 2014) will serve as design inspiration and a translated case study in the development of prototypes for an inhabitable environment. Flexible glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) rods have been selected for this study due to their combined high tensile and flexural strength, low bending stiffness, and large deformations to make free-form structures.

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2017, EECS - Electrical Engineering

Currently, there are several issues that limit the efficiency and performance of modern semiconductor optoelectronic devices. Photovoltaics are promising optoelectronic devices for generating electrical power directly from sunlight on a large scale, with the potential to reduce the worldwide usage of nonrenewable energy. One limiting factor to further enhance the conversion efficiency for solar cells is the undesired interfacial photon energy loss, which is attributed to the refractive index difference at the interface between the semiconductor materials and the surrounding medium. Light management by employing interfacial light coupling elements is one important strategy to further improve the efficiency of solar cells. In this dissertation, my research work focuses on improving the light trapping in solar cells by systematically designing microdome-based and impedance-matching concaved microdome-based structures, with the goal to achieve broadband omnidirectional antireflection. Light emitters using wide band gap semiconductors play important roles in industrial, residential and military applications. The performance of light emitters significantly depends on the design and quality of active medium in the devices. The second part of this dissertation focuses on the nanostructure design and engineering for quantum well active medium by utilizing the heterostructures of III-nitride and II-IV-nitride with the goal to achieve high efficiency light emitters. The novel type-II InGaN-ZnGeN2 QW heterostructures for high-performance blue-/green-/red-LEDs are able to address the charge separation issue in traditional III-nitride LEDs emitting in green and longer wavelength range. Further, the closely lattice-matched of GaN-ZnGeN2 coupled QW structure is able to achieve intersubband transitions promising for near-infrared quantum cascade laser applications.

Master of Science, Miami University, 2023, Geology and Environmental Earth Science

The Mancos Shale is a marine stratigraphic unit deposited in the Western Interior Seaway during Late Cretaceous time (~80 Ma). While dominated by offshore shale/siltstone deposits, anomalous sand-rich intervals within the Aberdeen and Kenilworth Members of the Mancos have been a subject of study since the 1970s. Since then, multiple interpretations of the depositional environments/origins for these sand-dominated deposits have been hypothesized with no interpretation able to completely explain these deposits. However, recent flume work and hydrodynamic studies suggest that sedimentary structures like those in the Mancos can be generated by the bedforms of sub- and supercritical turbidity currents below storm wave base. A detailed sedimentological study performed at Hatch Mesa revealed the prevalence of sedimentary structures, bedforms, and macroforms indicative of both sub-and supercritical turbidity flows. Facies analysis detailed supercritical deposits of short and long wavelength antidunes and chute and pool structures. In addition, outcrop photographs and point-cloud models created utilizing UAV-assisted photogrammetry show macroforms with large-scale wave-form features occurring and terminating perpendicular, parallel, and oblique to paleoflow. This combination of small-scale facies analysis with large scale geometry is characteristic of deposition within the channel-lobe transition zone of a submarine fan, below storm wave base differing from previous interpretations.

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2023, Mechanical Engineering

Hexagonal and hexagon-based structures are widely seen in nature and inspire various engineering designs by demonstrating the capabilities of tessellating complex two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) assemblies. While enabling functionality at the deployed state, folding hexagonal structures to a greatly reduced area or volume allows for space-saving for transportation. However, the study on an effective folding strategy is limited. In this work, a snap-folding strategy for the hexagonal ring is reported. The influence of geometric parameters, loading methods, and loading locations on the hexagonal rings' foldability and stability is first investigated systematically through finite element analysis and experimental validation. Then the snap-folding behaviors of modified hexagonal rings with residual strain and pre-twisted edges are investigated. Finally, the effect of edge curvature on folding behavior, folded configurations, and packing of curved hexagonal ring origami is studied. It is anticipated that the hexagonal ring origami could provide a new strategy for designing functional large foldable structures with self-guided deformation and excellent packing ability.

PHD, Kent State University, 2022, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of English

The origination and application of a textual analysis of identity, identity formation, and perception of the self and the individual is, as a part of a specific time and space, something that is sociological in nature. The anthropological links between fiction and its sociological aspects highlight symbols of identity and interactions between the self, the other, and the individual. The end goal of this project's articulated theoretical model is to contribute to readings and analysis of the self and identity in different, othered spaces. This project works towards locating patterns and understanding that make the text and its underlying archetypal and mythological structures work so well with contemporary readers. It is grounded in the serious nature of contemporary storytelling as a part of the self, individual identity, and its place in society and culture. There is no shortage of specific work in literary analysis that relies on aspects of the hero's journey, the archetypes, and identity. This theoretical model of analysis adapts myth and C.G. Jung to incorporate much of this material into something cohesive and applicable to contemporary genre fiction. Because of this, this project necessitates the introduction of a definition of myth that situates contemporary genre texts as uniquely anthropological artifacts and as items worth analyzing and containing content capable of explicating overarching themes of the individual, the self, and the other in relation to identity formation in opposition. This new and adapted terminology from both myth and Jung assists in reorganizing a vocabulary that allows the analysis to delve into discussions on the creative representation of self, other, gender, sexual identity, the mind and body, transhumanism, and trans(inter)national identity, as well as help highlight how these representations are internalized or externalized by those who read these works of contemporary genre fiction and how these representations and internalizati (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Science, Miami University, 2021, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

The design of structures requires an accurate characterization of their material properties. Recent fabrication technologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing allows for low-cost exploration of the design of structural components. The 3D printing process enables the fabrication of structures with spatially distributed multiple materials to achieve optimal performance. This research investigates the vibrational and aeroelastic response characteristics of axially graded 3D-printed structures with spatially distributed multiple viscoelastic polymeric materials. Viscoelastic polymers exhibit inherent material nonlinearities that depend on temperature, frequency, and strain rate. The vibration and aeroelastic performance of structures that are axially graded with such materials are investigated here through systematic material testing protocols and the development of a finite element model. Accuracy of the model is validated against available analytical solutions and some experimental results. It is shown how the grading patterns and distributed material properties affect the vibration (mode shape, frequency, damping, etc.) and aeroelastic performance (flutter) of such structures. Temperature and frequency-dependent properties of these materials are also shown to influence the structural performance. The model and solution strategies developed here may explore material nonlinearities and their relation to structural response such that cost-effective and safe design for next-generation structures can be developed.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Wright State University, 2020, Engineering PhD

Lattice structures (LSs) have been exploited for wide range applications including mechanical, thermal, and biomedical structures because of their unique attributes combining the light weight and relatively high mechanical properties. The first goal of this research is to investigate the effect of strut orientation and length on the compressive mechanical characteristics of body centered cubic (BCC) LS subjected to a quasi-static axial compressive loading using finite element analyses (FEA). In this study, two lattice generations were built and analyzed in commercial finite element (FE) software, ABAQUS/CAE 2016 using “smart procedure”, a meshing technique which was developed for this research to reduce the computational time and increase the accuracy of results by creating hexahedral mesh elements. The first generation comprises thirteen models having fixed strut length with strut angle variation from 40° to 100° with a step of 5°. The second also includes thirteen models; however, having variant strut length, kept constant for a single unit cell and through the entire lattice model but varied from one model to another, corresponding to the same strut angle variation as the first generation. Besides, there is a common model between the two sets, called the reference model (RM) out of which all other models in both sets were composed such that the total number of models adopted in the current study are (25), having the same strut diameter of 1mm. The RM represents the standard BCC configuration of 70.53° strut angle with 5mmx5mmx5mm dimensions for a lattice unit cell and all other models were created from it based on changing the strut angle and length with 3x3x3 unit cells in x, y and z directions. Furthermore, specimens of the RM were fabricated by a fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material and tested experimentally under compression for the purpose of validating the employed boundary and loading conditio (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Science (M.S.), University of Dayton, 2020, Mechanical Engineering

This thesis presents an investigation of the suitability of tensegrity aircraft wing concepts and compares their simulated structural performance to a baseline conventional wing structure. Tensegrity systems, which consist of arrangements of struts and cables, are appealing for their structural efficiency, enabling lightweight structures with each member loaded in tension or compression. Of specific interest, tensegrity systems may provide a pathway to morphing aircraft structures through the actuation of cables. The present study compares two tensegrity-based wing designs to the aluminum Van's RV-4 aircraft rib/spar wing structure, chosen as the baseline performance case. Aerodynamic loading conditions are derived which simulate a 2g pullup maneuver and a 1g pushover, intended to interrogate the structures under characteristic positive and negative loading. The first tensegrity concept, developed with design judgment, is configured by merging known unit cells and is shown to yield deflections and strain energies comparable to the conventional wing at a fraction of its weight. The second tensegrity design, in contrast, is developed by application of a topology optimization algorithm, intended to minimize the weight with maximum stress and strain energy constraints. The topology-optimized wing has similar structural performance at slightly less weight than the designer-developed tensegrity wing. Additionally, a scaled down physical prototype of the designer-developed tensegrity wing was designed and fabricated, providing valuable insight into practical hurdles of tensegrity construction.

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2019, Engineering and Applied Science: Computer Science

Mesoscale properties of the network provide useful insights about the connectivity of the entities which occur in the form of groups. Core periphery structures are one of the mesoscale structures that accurately model the sparse set of nodes surrounding a dense core, and this knowledge can be beneficial in many applications such as social, collaboration and transport networks. In today's scenario, with a significant increase in the amount of network data processed, extracting core-periphery structures becomes computationally difficult with the existing algorithms. The minimal spanning tree accurately models the intrinsic properties of the data set using fewer edges representing strong associations. Community detection algorithms could efficiently identify clusters on a large amount of data, reducing the computation significantly using MST neighborhood graphs. In our thesis, we extend the concept of the MST neighborhood graph to identify core-periphery structures in weighted undirected graphs. Using MST neighborhood graphs, each node is connected to its closest neighboring node using edge weights and thus reducing the problem size by eliminating connections representing weak connectivity. Later, using a structural metric, for a given node, we extract a core network having high edge density surrounded by periphery nodes having low edge density, in the form of layers. We demonstrate the working prototype by implementing it on networks of various domains. Later we validate the core-periphery structures obtained and show that accurate CP structures were obtained using kMST, thus reducing the problem size, significantly.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2019, Electrical and Computer Engineering

This dissertation introduces a new class of reconfigurable frequency selective structures (FSSs) to operate across a wide band of frequencies. Specifically, we explore various thick FSS designs with desirable properties, including sharp roll-offs for narrowband rejections and performance stability with incidence angle. By comparison, previous research has mostly focused on thin FSS structures, providing for limited degrees of freedom in designing the band rejection or band-pass properties of these filters. Similar to multi-stage filters, the attained higher-order selectivity enables frequency and bandwidth control. However, practical application also requires the ability to tune these structures. The proposed designs introduce novel geometries to achieve reconfigurable frequency control for FSSs within the 6-14 GHz band. Various element designs of different physical configurations are explored, aimed at greater selectivity as well as dynamic tuning and control of the band rejection width. In addition to demonstrating each of these performance enhancements, we discuss and analyze the impact of combining them into a single design that incorporates the required tradeoffs to achieve desired design goals. As a way to provide design flexibility, a reconfigurable FSS based on an elliptical element is proposed and studied, taking advantage of its symmetry and rounded edges. Specific band rejection designs are fabricated and tested to verify the design and simulations. Similar FSS structures can also be adapted to band-pass configurations. Given the validation and potential applications, we present a new path forward for these reconfigurable thick FSS designs.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2018, Mathematics

This work deals with various phenomena relating to complex geometry. We are particularly interested in non-Kahler Hermitian manifolds, and most of the work here was done to try to understand the geometry of these spaces by understanding the torsion. Chapter 1 introduces some background material as well as various equations and inequalities on Hermitian manifolds. We are focused primarily on the inequalities that are useful for the analysis that we do later in the thesis. In particular, we focus on k-Gauduchon complex structures, which were initially defined by Fu, Wang, and Wu. Chapter 2 discusses the spectral geometry of Hermitian manifolds. In particular, we estimate the real eigenvalues of the complex Laplacian from below. In doing so, we prove a theorem on non-self-adjoint drift Laplace operators with bounded drift. This result is of independent interest, apart from its application to complex geometry. The work in this section is largely based on the Li-Yau estimate as well as an ansatz due to Hamel, Nadirashvili and Russ. Chapter 3 considers orthogonal complex structures to a given Riemannian metric. Much of the work in this section is conjectural in nature, but we believe that this is a promising approach to studying Hermitian geometry. We do prove several concrete results as well. In particular, we show how the moduli space of k-Gauduchon orthogonal complex structures is pre-compact.

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2017, Engineering and Applied Science: Mechanical Engineering

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a layer by layer manufacturing approach for building parts. Additive manufacturing as a technology provides immense design freedom, especially in the field of medical implant design. Revolutionary technologies such as Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM) have the potential to customize metal implants to an individual patient. To take advantage of this technology it is important to develop rules that can transform concepts to real world designs. There are many applications that can potentially use additively manufactured cellular structures, but there is a need to provide design guidelines for manufacturability of such structures. This thesis explores the opportunities and challenges in manufacturing high porosity cellular structures, and provides a measure of manufacturability of different cellular structures and design guidelines to improve manufacturability. Cellular structures are defined as structures made from repeating a certain unit cell to form a block, and the characteristic length of each cell is in the range of 0.1 mm to 10 mm. The additive manufacturing technique considered in this work is laser powder bed fusion process (DMLS). This research studies and tests the effect of unit cell type, unit cell size, volume fraction, and orientation on the manufacturability of the cellular structures using experimental builds. Based on these parameters the manufacturability of each cellular structure is evaluated and design guidelines are provided to design and manufacture high porosity cellular structures.

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2007, Engineering : Aerospace Engineering

Honeycombs are discrete materials at the macro-scale that can be used as standalone materials or placed as cores between composite facesheets to form sandwich structures. The prediction of their effective mechanical properties as a continuum material is essential to the analysis and design of honeycomb sandwich structures and other honeycomb structures. In this research work, the effective mechanical behavior of honeycombs was studied by analytical and numerical means and correlated with experimental results for aluminum hexagonal honeycombs. The analytical methods included continuum formulations and models based on strength of materials including a variety of beam theories. The numerical analyses included finite element analyses and the experimental program consisted of the mechanical characterization of the honeycombs under both in-plane and out-of-plane loading. The effective in-plane properties including elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios of the honeycombs were studied as a function of their relative density with existing beam models. It was shown experimentally that the beam models describe well the material response in the direction of the honeycomb double wall. However, it was concluded that the effective elastic moduli for honeycombs with low relative densities are not similar in the two in-plane directions as predicted by previous studies. A refined model that predicts the effective honeycomb properties was developed to take into consideration the curvature that is present in the intersection points of hexagonal honeycombs due to corrugation or expansion during manufacturing. The developed refined model is not only capable of explaining the experimentally observed difference between the effective in-plane elastic moduli but can also be expanded to predict the effective moduli of honeycombs of any relative density.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2003, Chemistry

Photocatalytic properties of a material are highly dependent upon the energy levels of the conduction and valence bands relative to the reactantfs HOMO and LUMO. Band edge positions control the wavelength of light that can be absorbed and the permissible surface redox reactions. These band edges are affected by (a) the charge transfer energy from the oxygen to metal, (b) local symmetry about the metal, (c) the connectivity of the MOn polyhedra, and (d) inductive effects from highly electropositive spectator cations. Ternary perovskite, ordered double perovskite and perovskite-related oxides with d0 transition metals (Ti4+, Nb5+, Ta5+, Mo6+, and W6+) in octahedral coordination have been systematically investigated to quantitatively understand the effects of cation substitution and structural features, such as symmetry about the transition metal. Measurements of the materialfs energetic band gap were made using UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and linear muffin tin orbital calculations were utilized to help discern trends in the measured band gaps. The cubic perovskite oxides give the minimal band gap energies for the transition metal of interest in octahedral coordination. Band gaps of elpasolite compounds are shown to be a measure of the oxygen-to-metal charge transfer, and thus, is a measure of that transition metalfs effective electronegativity. Distortions from the ideal, cubic structure lead to increases in the band gap. Other than going from ternary to quarternary perovskites, out-of-center distortions of the octahedra have the greatest affect on the band gap. Changes in the M-O-M bond angle have the next most significant affect on the band gap. Changes in dimensionality have almost no affect on the band gap; however, structural distortions arising from those changes may increase the band gap. Finally, inductive effects of spectator ions were negligible in the double perovskite compounds, although slight variations in band gap energies occurred with the (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2003, Computer Science (Engineering)

Modeling the secondary and pseudo-knot structures in RNA sequences is an important problem in computational biology. Stochastic Context Free Grammars (SCFG) provide a viable description of the secondary structures with nested and parallel helices. Based upon the SCFG, structure prediction can be performed with a dynamic programming algorithm. To precisely model the crossing patterns of double helices in a pseudo-knot structure, Cai et al. used the Parallel Communicating Grammar System (PCGS) and developed a dynamic programming that can predict the optimal structure for an RNA sequence containing pseudo-knots. Unfortunately, the algorithm requires a space consumption of O(N 4 ), which prevents its application to the prediction of long sequences. The main contribution of this thesis is the development of a new scheme. The scheme can be combined with the simulated annealing algorithm to predict RNA sequences containing pseudo-knots. Compared with the dynamic programming algorithm, this approach requires less computational resources and its resource requirements increase linearly when the pseudo-knot becomes structurally more complex.

Master of Science in Engineering, University of Akron, 2012, Civil Engineering

Conventional concentrically-braced frame (CBF) systems have limited drift capacity before brace buckling and related damage leads to deterioration in strength and stiffness. Self-centering concentrically-braced frame (SC-CBF) systems have been developed with increased drift capacity prior to initiation of damage. SC-CBF systems are intended to minimize structural damage and residual drift under the design basis earthquake. The behavior of SC-CBF system differs from that of a conventional CBF system in that the SC-CBF columns are designed to uplift from the foundation at a specified level of lateral loading, initiating a rigid-body rotation (rocking) of the frame. Vertically-oriented post-tensioning bars resist uplift and provide a restoring force to return the SC-CBF columns to the foundation (self-centering the system). This thesis considers an SC-CBF configuration that includes two sets of columns: the SC-CBF columns, which uplift from the foundation, and the adjacent gravity columns, which do not uplift. Lateral-load bearings between the columns at each floor level transfer the inertia forces from the gravity columns (which are connected to the floor diaphragm) to the SC-CBF (which is not directly connected to the floor diaphragm). Friction at the lateral-load bearings increases the overturning moment capacity of the SC-CBF and dissipates energy under cyclic loading. A parametric study of SC-CBFs with friction-based energy dissipation elements is presented in this thesis. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses of SC-CBFs with different coefficients of friction at the lateral-load bearings are presented to illustrate the effect that changing the coefficient of friction has on the design, behavior, and dynamic response of SC-CBF systems.

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2007, Graduate School

Doctor of Education (Educational Leadership), Youngstown State University, 2024, Department of Teacher Education and Leadership Studies

In the dynamic realm of virtual education, the successful execution of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) becomes essential for promoting student achievement. This study examines a particular aspect of this educational framework, explicitly investigating the teachers' perceptions of the fidelity of implementing an MTSS framework within an online middle school environment. MTSS is a significant advance in evidence-based practices for improving learning outcomes. However, most school districts find it challenging to maintain elevated levels of fidelity in the implementation of each framework element. Without following the implementation process, it is difficult to determine the main cause of poor academic achievement and performance. This undermines the effectiveness of the MTSS framework. This mixed methods study aims to examine the teachers' perceptions of the fidelity of implementation of the elements of the MTSS framework within a cyber school. Examining teacher perceptions of fidelity of implementation can be a complex task, which is best measured through a mixed methods approach using Q-methodology. The study investigated the teachers' perceptions of which components, structures, processes, and practices facilitate and hinder the implementation of the MTSS framework. This research has been conducted within a middle school of a cyber charter school in Pennsylvania that has been open since 2002. The concourse statements for this study are adapted from certain sections of the Pennsylvania MTSS Needs Assessment, a survey formulated by the Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network (PaTTAN). This tool was created to assist district teams in evaluating the processes and frameworks that either facilitate or impede the creation of a MTSS. In addition to the statements within the Q-sort, an online survey was included which collected basic demographic data such as what grade level they currently teach, as well as their years of virtual teaching exper (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2024, Materials Science and Engineering

Superwood is a densified, chemically altered form of wood that provides tensile strength similar to steel while having a lower density than aluminum. This material is lightweight and renewable, a promising alternative to many structural materials in areas such as the automotive industry looking to reduce their environmental impact. To truly make use of the material, it needs to be able to join to other materials such as aluminum. Two common methods of joining materials in the automotive industry are adhesive bonding and self-pierce riveting (SPR). Adhesive bonding of superwood with pre-existing adhesives requires testing of the effects of surface treatment on adhesive bonding and penetration. The densification of superwood alters the wood structure by collapsing vessels, reducing the ability of adhesive to penetrate into the surface as is common in bonding of natural wood. The compression also leads to a surface similar to burnished wood, further reducing wettability and penetration. Surface treatments and curing conditions were studied using lab-scale experiment and examined using SEM to address these issues. Self-pierce riveting is common in automotive bonding due to creating a strong mechanical bond without requiring pre-drilled holes that necessitate additional processing steps in assembly. Superwood is a natural composite as is natural wood, leading to risks of damage during the SPR process as fibers are separated by the rivet. Study was done on both lab scale testing and finite element modelling of the SPR process in LS-DYNA to determine the best parameters for riveting of superwood, such as rivet geometry, die geometry, and insertion speed. The quality of different joint preparations was determined by analysis of the cross-section geometry focusing on the rivet spread and minimum sheet thickness. These results were combined with adhesive bonding to find optimal conditions for rivbonded (riveted and adhesive) joints. Superwood was also tested for u (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2024, Experimental Psychology (Arts and Sciences)

Similarity assessment is at the core of human cognition. With exceptions like Gestalt psychology, earlier research on similarity focused more on a narrow subset of similarity (i.e., object and feature based similarity). However, gradually researchers began investigating a more comprehensive form of similarity referred to as relational similarity which gives primacy to the relationships between the aspects of objects than to mere similarity of features. This is a more ecological approach to study similarity, because in real world situations, we often experience objects in contexts and in relation to each other. Many approaches, models, and theories have attempted to explain and account for relational similarity (Gentner, 1983, 1989; Gick & Holyoak, 1980; Hahn et al., 2003). However, when considering relational similarity with respect to Boolean concept structures, only a few theories and models have paid considerable attention (Vigo, 2009a, 2009b, 2013, 2015). The current research aimed to extend the scope of relational similarity to assessment of Boolean category structures holistically. In particular, we examined relational similarity judgments with respect to the 3-2-3 Boolean category structure family (i.e., categories defined by 3 three binary dimensions and 3 three positive examples). In addition, the response times for relational similarity judgements were analyzed. The results captured some broad trends descriptively and raised some new questions to be addressed in future studies. Type III-III comparisons were found to be noteworthy of highest similarity ratings and shortest response times. A tentative explanation is provided for this finding.