Master of Science, Miami University, 2022, Geology and Environmental Earth Science

Stream restoration is a method used to try to return function to impaired streams and has become a billion-dollar industry in the U.S. A key limitation to stream restoration success, however, is an insufficient understanding of what streams in the Midwest were like prior to European settlement. By combining historical maps and aerial imagery with surficial geologic mapping; past stream channel pattern, controls on channel pattern, channel migration zones, and changes in fine sediment loads were identified for Four Mile Creek in southwestern Ohio. Gravel-bed, laterally active anabranching or meandering streams were dominant prior to European settlement. Wetland deposits, which are associated with some types of anabranching streams, were not prevalent in the mapping area during pre- or post-European settlement time periods. Channel migration rates appear to have declined by around 50% since the early 1800s and the percentage of mud in stream channels significantly increased after European settlement (p=0.010). This study and the associated map provide a baseline understanding of what the natural stream channel pattern and fine sediment loads were in the Midwest prior to anthropogenic disturbances in order to help inform stream restoration project designs.

Committee: Jason Rech (Advisor); Bartosz Grudzinski (Committee Member); Jonathan Levy (Committee Member) Subjects: Civil Engineering; Environmental Engineering; Geography; Geology; Geomorphology

Master of Science, University of Akron, 2019, Biology

Stream restoration is widely used as a tool to remediate a degraded channel in an area of ecological interest. Small headwater streams are frequently targeted for these restoration activities due to their impact on downstream aquatic health. In Ohio, the smallest subsections of these headwater streams are designated with particular regulations including separate processes for evaluating stream characteristics, such as diversity. We can use several tools to measure water quality of headwater streams, but the most pragmatic option is macroinvertebrate diversity. To determine if stream restoration has an effect on water quality, 19 streams (10 non-restored and 9 restored) were sampled per EPA methodology and the macroinvertebrate diversity was evaluated using both the designated presence/absence method outlined by the Ohio EPA, along with Shannon diversity index. The two metrics of diversity were significantly correlated, potentially supporting the Ohio EPA methodology as an accurate representation of diversity. In addition, stream restoration was shown to have a significantly positive impact on macroinvertebrate diversity, highlighting the importance of restoration in these small, degraded waterways of Ohio.

Committee: Stephen Weeks PhD (Advisor); Randall Mitchell PhD (Committee Member); Peter Niewiarowski PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Biology

Master of Landscape Architecture, The Ohio State University, 2013, Landscape Architecture

An increase in the understanding of anthropogenic impacts related to our waterways has spurred much interest in ecological stream restoration. Billions of dollars are entering this field as societal and regulatory pressures are exerted upon municipalities and developers. Research suggests that stream restoration projects only consider aesthetics and economic growth as key goals rather than thinking of how the stream functions holistically or ecologically. Additionally, research suggests that these funds are greatly misused, funding only stream restoration projects where space, politics, and infrastructure allow (Nilsson et al 2003, and Niezgoda and Johnson 2005). These projects cater toward a naturalized condition. A variety of techniques and strategies are deployed to achieve both project goals and objectives. These techniques and strategies support the notion of a naturalized stream condition through their effective use and aesthetics. Furthermore, research shows that goals and objectives for these projects can be lumped in to four main categories: bank stabilization, erosion control, stormwater management, and re-vegetation (Bernhardt and Palmer 2007). However, little is being done by way of research and design study in the most severely degraded portions of these streams—those that are concretized. The goal of this study is to show how restoration might occur in concretized waterways where a naturalized condition cannot fully accommodate the degree of changes and demands that have been placed on the watershed by urbanization. Objectives within this study focus on improvements to water quality and in-stream habitat as well as accessibility and connectivity for communities. Through the review of traditional stream restoration techniques, their hybridization, and deployment in concretized streams this project shows how a highly degraded stream condition can be augmented to perform similarly, ecologically, to its naturalized counterpart. A catalo (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Jacob Boswell (Committee Chair); Deborah Georg (Committee Member) Subjects: Landscape Architecture

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2023, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

As stream restoration is performed, riparian vegetation should be considered during any required construction. Since riparian inputs affect the carbon budget and the biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems, it is critical that carbon dynamics are examined when replanting is necessary. Floodplain reconstruction was implemented within the Robinson Fork catchment in Western Pennsylvania requiring widespread replanting. With future restoration to occur at Ryerson Station State Park and growth in stream and wetland restoration, it is imperative to ensure that the constructed riparian zones meet the restoration targets. This study asks if floodplain reconnection restoration including change in riparian vegetation impacts the amount of total organic carbon available in water and sediment. I measured aquatic total organic carbon alongside carbon sources, such as woody debris, leaf litter, and riparian vegetation, to analyze this relationship. With streams in Ryerson Station State Park representing a pre-restoration or unrestored condition, this thesis compares the the effects of the construction on carbon in the ecosystem. Statistical analysis showed that, when compared to total organic carbon, woody debris, leaf litter accumulation, soil organic matter and area weighted mean coefficient of conservatism were found not statistically different between restored and unrestored conditions, however the change in soil organic matter and area weighted mean coefficient of conservatism calculated from vegetation analysis were found to be statistically different between restoration statuses. It can be concluded from this study that after floodplain reconnection restoration as implemented in Robinson Fork, the replanted riparian vegetation does not differently affect the aquatic total organic carbon at Ryerson Station State Park and Robinson Fork.

Committee: Natalie Kruse-Daniels (Committee Chair); Sarah Davis (Committee Member); Kelly Johnson (Committee Member) Subjects: Earth; Ecology; Environmental Science; Environmental Studies; Freshwater Ecology; Hydrology

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2023, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

Leaf litter breakdown rates are frequently employed as functional indicators of health in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. I deployed coarse mesh litter bags to measure organic matter processing during summer in three forested stream channels and three stream-wetland complexes constructed as part of a floodplain reconnection restoration project in western Pennsylvania. I predicted that in stream-wetland complexes, leaf litter breakdown would occur at a faster rate based on warmer temperatures, higher nutrient availability, and sunlight from the open canopy. Contrary to our expectations, litter decomposition over 56 days occurred at a slower rate at the stream-wetland complexes compared to the forested stream channels. Water chemistry, temperature, and the composition of macroinvertebrate communities in leaf litter bags differed between forested stream channels and stream-wetland complexes but was not correlated with leaf breakdown rates. I was unable to determine the role of Chl a on leaf litter breakdown in stream- wetland complexes due to the shade station not providing consistent shade. Macroinvertebrate communities differed significant between the forested unrestored sites and the stream-wetland complexes. The water chemistry indicated that the habitat was suitable for macroinvertebrates at all sites and nutrient availability was not significantly different.

Committee: Morgan Vis (Committee Member); Natalie Kruse (Committee Member) Subjects: Environmental Studies

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2023, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

Intensive farming practices have led to the release of sediments and nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, into the environment, which account for nearly half of all water pollution issues in the United States. Among the affected areas is the Bloody Run Swamp in Ohio, an historical swamp drained for agricultural purposes. A restoration project being undertaken by the Stream and Wetlands Foundation aims to retain water, sediments and nutrient on the 80-acre site by restoring the former wetland and constructing a natural channel design channel to replace the ditch to the north of the site. In this study, the pre-construction and during-construction hydrology and sediment concentration at seven sites were assessed to see the impact of the stream restoration and wetland construction aimed at reducing nutrient and sediment pollution. Water samples were gathered and assessed for total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), and total suspended solids (TSS). While the construction period was wetter than the pre-construction period, there were periods of sediment transport. Most sediments were transported at TDS rather than TSS, with TSS concentrations increasing with large runoff events. The results suggest that the restoration project aimed at reducing nutrient and sediment pollution in the Bloody Run Swamp has the potential to be effective.

Committee: Natalie Kruse Daniels (Advisor); Kelly Johnson (Committee Member); Sarah Davis (Committee Member) Subjects: Environmental Engineering; Environmental Science; Environmental Studies; Hydrology; Sedimentary Geology

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2022, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

This study was designed to analyze the effect of the Palmiter method of stream restoration, adapted for infrastructure protection. Many roads and most bridges in the U.S. were built along or across rivers and streams. Rivers and streams are morphologically dynamic and naturally alter their channel over time, leading to bank erosion that can impact the stability of nearby infrastructure, requiring intervention in some cases, commonly by dumping riprap along the erosional surface. Riprap does not halt the problem and in some cases can exacerbate it. The Palmiter method uses mostly on site material and manual labor to relocate the channel away from the erosion issue by shifting the stream power away from the erosional area. Over time, the stream will erode the opposite bank and aggrade the restored bank. Eight sites, including three target reaches where the Palmiter method was used, three control reaches upstream of their respective target reaches, and two reference streams, were sampled four separate times (late July 2021, early September 2021, late October 2021, and late January 2022). Data on total suspended solids (TSS), flow, field water chemistry (field parameters), pebble size distribution, bank retreat, habitat quality, and the macroinvertebrate community were collected and analyzed statistically to determine associations between the Palmiter method and stream health. Most measures of stream health in this study were found to not be significantly different between target, reference, and control reaches. The exception was in stream cover assessed as part of the habitat evaluation and some of the smaller grain sizes in the pebble counts. This suggests that the Palmiter method can protect infrastructure without impairing stream health and can be applied to bank erosion leading to non-emergent infrastructure damage.

Committee: Natalie Kruse-Daniels (Committee Chair); Kelly Johnson (Committee Member); Benjamin Sperry (Committee Member) Subjects: Ecology; Engineering; Environmental Science; Natural Resource Management; Water Resource Management

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2022, Arts and Sciences: Biological Sciences

In this dissertation, I focus on longitudinal connectivity in streams, i.e. the upstream/downstream connections within these ecosystems. Longitudinal connectivity is often a primary driver of stream habitat, water chemistry, and biota because of the inherent nature of water's tendency to flow from upstream to downstream within channel banks. This means that what happens in upstream reaches is likely to influence the downstream ecosystem. Within the framework of longitudinal connectivity, I have focused on how anthropogenic disturbance of stream burial (the containment of streams within culverts) and subsequent restoration influence stream habitat and biota (Ch. 2 and 3) and how signals within streams can be propagated downstream with a focus on anthropogenic influences (Ch. 2) and in-stream nutrient signals (Ch. 4). I have examined these topics in three different studies that include reach-scale studies and work completed at a watershed scale. I have evaluated anthropogenic influences on streams and signal propagation downstream by examining their effects on stream habitat, water chemistry, nutrient limitation, benthic algae, and macroinvertebrates. I have shown that urban stream burial alters stream habitat and biota within the culverts themselves and that urban culverts can represent fundamentally different habitat units than observed elsewhere in my study streams (Ch. 2). Stream burial caused habitat simplification within culverts (buried reaches), and I found no longitudinal variation in most parameters monitored within buried reaches. Specifically, I observed deeper water depths, smaller substrates, decreased amounts of basal resources, and decreased macroinvertebrate density and diversity. I have also shown that the impact of culverts is longitudinally constrained to the culverts themselves. I found that when a buried stream was restored, stream habitat can became more heterogenous (both regarding substrate size and water depth) and that benthic alga (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Stephen Matter Ph.D. (Committee Member); Michael Booth Ph.D. (Committee Member); Tammy Newcomer Johnson Ph.D (Committee Member); Ken M. Fritz Ph.D. (Committee Member); Ishi Buffam Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Ecology

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2021, Biological Sciences (Arts and Sciences)

Past anthropogenic activities have severely impacted stream function and lateral connectivity with floodplains. At Ryerson State Park and Robinson Run in Pennsylvania, the Department of Environmental Protection is reconnecting smaller stream channels with their floodplains to restore streams to pre-settlement conditions and increase water and nutrient retention. However, this method is controversial because it can lead to nutrient enrichment through exposure of legacy sediment resulting from floodplain grading which can impact biological communities. We investigated responses of periphyton, macroinvertebrates, and fish to nutrient levels (total N and P) at N=6-9 restored and unrestored sites in western Pennsylvania. Periphyton was collected from erosional rock scrubs. Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were sampled along a 100-meter reach. We found no strong biological evidence of detrimental nutrient levels following restoration; drainage area played a greater role in the response of chlorophyll a. Macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass and CF/SC feeding groups strongly followed trends of increasing drainage area and chlorophyll a. Fish abundance and biomass was also strongly influenced by drainage area, with only slight deviations in the pattern with central stoneroller minnows.

Committee: Kelly Johnson (Advisor); Viorel Popescu (Committee Member); Natalie Kruse Daniels (Committee Member) Subjects: Aquatic Sciences; Biology; Freshwater Ecology

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2021, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

The purpose of this thesis was to characterize the effect of stream restoration through floodplain reconnection in Southwest Pennsylvania, USA. In these study sites, the aim of restoration was to improve connectivity between the stream channel and its adjacent floodplain by implementing wetland riparian zones, regrading the stream channel, and removing legacy sediments. This design was expected to improve the ecological function of the ecosystem by minimizing the effects that floods have on water velocity and erosion, something that improves ecological productivity. Three unrestored and six restored study sites with varying drainage areas were analyzed for water storage capability, sediment transport mechanisms, and nutrient cycling throughout the surface water, pore water, and sediment. The sites were sampled over low, base, and high flow conditions in July and November 2020 and March 2021. Surface water and pore water samples were collected for total suspended solids and nitrogen and phosphorus analysis. Water storage was measured by salt tracer tests that captured channel and vadose zone flow. Channel flow was also recorded by a flume or SonTek Flow Tracker. Sediment traps were used to collect sediment deposited within the channel which was then analyzed for grain size distribution and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Statistical analysis was used to determine associations among flow, nutrient loading, grain size, sediment deposition, sediment nutrient concentrations, and pore water nutrient concentrations. Differences in water storage, sediment grain size, surface water nutrients, and sediment nutrients were assessed between sites based on flow regime, stream size class, and restoration status. In-channel flow rate impacted sediment transport, sediment grain size makeup, and surface water nutrient loading dynamics. Restoration status had a positive influence on the abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediment as well as the proportion of fine (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Natalie Kruse PhD (Committee Chair); Kelly Johnson PhD (Committee Member); Morgan Vis PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Environmental Science; Environmental Studies; Water Resource Management

Master of Science, University of Akron, 2015, Biology

Stream restoration has become a billion dollar industry, with hundreds of large projects constructed each year. But even after thousands of restorations across the nation, no standardized framework for evaluating restoration progress exists. Such a framework should reflect the unique challenges and opportunities of stream ecosystems, while aiding in communication among practitioners. More importantly, it could help to facilitate the identification of a clear, defined, and practical set of metrics specifically designed for field evaluation. Here I present some of the major elements required for such a framework, and field test several metrics that may be used for evaluation. This framework starts from the proposition that restoration projects involve transitions between three different stages of condition: Initial (starting point of a project), Intermediate (situation upon restoration completion), and Target (an idealized future state). The proposed framework focuses attention on these transitions by scoring metrics related to structural and functional characteristics common to all stream systems (i.e., floodplain, flow, sediment, etc.). I evaluated 53 potential metrics on ten headwater streams in Northeast Ohio and assessed the metrics' suitability for appraising the progress of a restoration from the Initial Condition towards the Target Condition. Metric suitability was determined by statistical separation (p<0.05), probability plots, and support of an arbitrary six category scoring system. These metrics were aimed at evaluating five general categories of stream condition: Ecosystem Function, Riparian Vegetation, Channel Morphology, Sediment, and Hydrology. Four metrics within these categories showed promise for tracking a project's trajectory: Siltation RBP Metric 4, Entrenchment Ratio, Bank Stability RBP Metric 8, and Bank Erosion Hazard Index. More metrics are needed, especially with regard to Ecosystem Function. I suggest that in subsequent metric (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Randy Mitchell Dr. (Advisor); Francisco Moore Dr. (Advisor); R. Joel Duff Dr. (Committee Member); Monte Turner Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Biology; Ecology; Environmental Geology; Environmental Studies; Geology; Geomorphology

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2015, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

Lime doser treatment for acid mine drainage (AMD) is often used in areas with insufficient space for passive treatment systems and in rural areas where more complex treatment systems would be impractical. In this study, assessment of pH, conductivity, sulfate, iron, manganese and aluminum was conducted for 8-11 miles downstream of each doser. Grain size profile and trace metal concentration in stream sediments were also analyzed. Doser downstream reaches' field parameters, water quality profile and sediment were analyzed with R application and compared to assess differences in biological recovery in the four watersheds. Results of the study showed that precipitation of dissolved metals, high alkalinity content, high average grain size of sediment downstream of the doser treatment led to better biological improvement. Model output of multivariate regression showed strong relationship between biological score and iron and alkalinity. The adjusted R2 was 0.47. The parameter linkage in the streams in the different watersheds shows that the influential factors are applicable to many different systems to enhance biological score improvement.

Committee: Natalie Kruse Ph. D. (Committee Chair); Dina Lopez Ph. D. (Committee Member); Kelly Johnson Ph. D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Environmental Studies

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2014, Environment and Natural Resources

It is widely recognized that headwater stream ecosystems are intimately associated with riparian forests. Riparian forests trap sediment, filter nutrients, provide shading, and are sources of allochthonous energy for stream food webs. Reciprocally, streams fuel riparian consumers via aquatic-to-terrestrial fluxes of aquatic emergent insects. The widespread clearing of forests in agricultural landscapes, however, has led to a decoupling of forest-stream dynamics. Patches of forest in these landscapes are often small and isolated, but may retain important functional forest-stream linkages that are otherwise absent in the surrounding agricultural landscape matrix. In this dissertation I report on a series of studies with the goal of assessing the influence of forest patches on reciprocal linkages between forests and streams in agricultural landscapes. To address this goal, I surveyed both larval and adult (emergent) aquatic invertebrate communities and estimated various physicochemical parameters in streams that exhibit abrupt transitions in land cover – agriculture-forest and agriculture-forest-agriculture – in agricultural landscapes of central Ohio, USA. My results provide evidence for threshold changes in larval aquatic invertebrate communities that were associated with strong changes in physical habitat, temperature, and nutrient concentrations primarily occurring between the forest edge and 324 m into forest patches. Similarly, I found that community composition of aquatic emergent insects exhibited strong shifts near the upstream edge of forest patches and a subsequent shift was observed within 139 m of edges at the downstream end of forest patches. Aquatic-to-terrestrial fluxes of aquatic emergent insect biomass also strongly responded to forest patches, exhibiting particularly strong variation as a function of distance from the center of forests. At two of the three study streams, total emergence biomass was highest near the forest center and syste (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Charles Goebel (Advisor); Mazeika Sullivan (Advisor); Peter Curtis (Committee Member) Subjects: Ecology; Environmental Science

Master of Science in Engineering, Youngstown State University, 2010, Department of Civil/Environmental and Chemical Engineering

In this study, the effectiveness of stream restoration projects in reducing stream bank erosion and improving stability was evaluated. Two previously restored streams were studied - an unnamed tributary (UNT) to Meander Creek within Austintown Township Park, Mahoning County, Ohio; and an unnamed tributary (known locally as Indian Run) to Pine Hollow Run (a tributary to the Shenango River), in Hermitage, Pennsylvania. The Rosgen Stream Classification method was applied for the assessment purpose. Field surveys were done during summer 2008 and 2009. Level II analyses and calculations for several morphological parameters were performed by Mr. Santosh Pant as part of a related project. The Rosgen classification showed both of the restored reaches to be “B4c” type streams (Pant 2010). Assessment of the stream condition and departure from its potential following restoration was performed by quantifying the existing physical character of the stream channel using Rosgen's Level III assessment. By visual observations at both sites, most of the categories in the channel stability (Pfankuch) evaluation table were found to be in good condition. The Pfankuch stability rating procedure gave total scores of 75 for the Austintown Park site and 82 for the Indian Run site. Evaluating these scores with stream type in the conversion table, the channel stability condition for both sites is classified as Fair. Comparing past photographs to present field conditions, restoration definitely reduced bank slope, minimized bank cutting, reduced deposition of bars and stabilized channel bed material at both sites. However, constraints resulting from man made features(such as bridges, roads, and culverts) prevent the streams from reaching their full potential.

Committee: Scott C. Martin PhD (Advisor); Hans M. Tritico PhD (Committee Member); Felicia P. Armstrong PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Civil Engineering; Engineering; Environmental Engineering; Environmental Science; Hydrology

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2009, Environmental Science

Rootmats are an instream habitat type created by fine roots of riparian vegetation that are exposed through natural erosion at the stream bank. Previous research indicated that rootmats may be important habitats for aquatic invertebrates and may have a distinct invertebrate composition compared to other instream habitat types. The objective of this study was to examine the invertebrate communities inhabiting rootmats of eight common woody riparian species in Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio (CVNP). I collected 47 rootmat samples from pools across 10 CVNP streams. Coarse particulate organic matter, root morphology, and physiochemical variables were measured to characterize the local habitat at each location. Invertebrate community indices, multivariate techniques and univariate techniques were used to investigate the role of rootmats as habitat and determine whether any associations existed between invertebrate communities and eight woody riparian species. Additionally, invertebrate communities of rootmats were compared to adjacent riffles for eight sites. A total of 138 taxa were collected from rootmats across all woody species. Most (59%) of the taxa were gathering collectors and this suggests that fine particulate organic matter may be a dominant food source within or near rootmats. Additionally, 15% of the captures were predators, while scrapers, shredders and filtering collectors were present in similar proportions (8-9% each). Paratanytarsus dissimilis was the most abundant organism across the samples at nearly 250 organisms m-2. Other abundant taxa were Chironomidae (midges), Calopteryx maculata (damselfly), Caecidotea communis (isopod), Stenelmis sp. and Dubiraphia bivittata (riffle beetles). Invertebrate diversity, species composition and functional feeding guilds differed among certain tree species. Specifically, rootmats of two willow species (Salix interior and Salix nigra) were consistently similar to each other, and different from rootmats of Carpinu (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Virginie Bouchard PhD (Advisor); Charles Goebel PhD (Committee Member); Peter Smiley PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Biology; Ecology; Environmental Science; Forestry; Freshwater Ecology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2005, Natural Resources

Large wood jam (LWJ) abundance and structure reflect hierarchical processes. Understanding relationships between LWJ and stream-corridor geomorphology is important for ecological restoration of streams. I identified four geomorphic settings of approximately 1 km channel length in an old-growth landscape of Northern Michigan, based on stream gradient and valley constraint. Redundancy analysis indicated greater similarity of LWJ at reach scales (300 m) within geomorphic study sections than among geomorphic sections. The size of pieces of wood in LWJ, the number of pieces in LWJ, and the volume of loose pieces of large wood (LW) appeared to be greater in stream reaches of old-growth than second-growth forest. LWJ and LW piece size appeared to correspond similarly with environmental factors, but LWJ abundance related inversely with LW abundance. Linear K-function analysis revealed random spatial distribution of LWJ at all scales (from 5 m to several km) within most geomorphic study sections, contrary to predictions. Aggregated patterns occurred, however, in each case when LWJ distribution was considered in contiguous geomorphic sections because LWJ clustered in low or mid-gradient sections. Uniform spacing was also apparent in two of four cases (at scales of 5 m and more than 1 km) when LWJ spanning more than 50% of the channel were evaluated in contiguous geomorphic sections. LWJ abundance, the number of LWJ spanning the entire channel, and the number of smallest LWJ (2-5 pieces) corresponded significantly with geomorphic setting, with most geomorphically-defined variance related to stream width, sinuosity, and the presence of rock-plane bedding. Patchy stream-corridor geomorphology corresponded with patchy LWJ characteristics, supporting stream restoration practices that fit amounts and types of LWJ to stream-corridor setting. The functional effect of LWJ on fish assemblages in geomorphic patches remains, however, equivocal. Variability was high in the abundance of fi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: P. Goebel (Advisor) Subjects: Biology, Ecology