MS, University of Cincinnati, 2018, Medicine: Genetic Counseling

Purpose: To identify what symptoms, genetic testing, and healthcare interactions patients with RTD Type 2 have before receiving the diagnosis. Methods: Parents of children with RTD Type 2 (n=10) from the Cure RTD Foundation patient registry were invited to participate in the study. Interviews were conducted to collect information on the patient's clinical journey and diagnosis. Descriptive statistics were used to report various aspects of the clinical journey. Results: The average diagnostic delay for our patients was 27.6 months. Neurologists were the most common provider seen by patients (90%). The most common symptoms before diagnosis were gait ataxia, nystagmus, and upper body muscle weakness. Gait ataxia was the most common symptom within the first year of the clinical journey. Mitochondrial disease was the most common suspected diagnosis (30%). Conclusion: Despite clinical variability, there are common features in the clinical journey of patients with RTD Type 2. The addition of the SLC52A2 gene to gene panels and the newborn screen should be considered. With readily available treatment, we hope this study leads to earlier diagnoses, earlier treatment, and better outcomes for patients with RTD Type 2. Key Words: Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency, SLC52A2, Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome, Fazio Londe, clinical journey, genetic testing, diagnostic odyssey

Committee: Carrie Atzinger M.S. C.G.C. (Committee Chair); John Greinwald Jr. (Committee Member); Lisa Hunter (Committee Member); Maggie Kettler Au.D. (Committee Member); Elizabeth Ulm M.S. (Committee Member) Subjects: Genetics

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2012, Microbiology

Histoplasma capsulatum is a pathogenic fungus endemic to the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. Infection of mammals by Histoplasma causes respiratory histoplasmosis of varying severity which can lead to disseminated life-threatening disease. Upon inhalation into the mammalian lung, Histoplasma yeast are taken up by alveolar macrophages in which they replicate and ultimately lyse the host immune cells. Histoplasma's virulence in these phagocytes and the inability of the immune system to control the infection highlights the need to understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of this fungus. We sought to identify Histoplasma genes required for survival and growth in macrophages. We optimized procedures for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Histoplasma to facilitate insertional mutagenesis, and developed a simple and efficient screen for Histoplasma mutants unable to lyse host macrophages. We identified 14 mutants from 6500 that had decreased virulence in phagocytes. One of the loci identified is a heat shock protein 90 homolog (HSP82) which we show is instrumental for Histoplasma yeast to adapt to infection-associated stresses. A second identified locus, a riboflavin biosynthesis enzyme (RIB2), indicates that de novo vitamin biosynthesis is required for fungal proliferation within host cells. Murine infections with these mutants confirm each is necessary for full Histoplasma virulence in mammalian hosts. The attenuation of the rib2::T-DNA mutant suggests that the mammalian phagosome is a vitamin-limiting environment. Using folate biosynthesis inhibitors to arrest intracellular Histoplasma growth, we show that Histoplasma also requires de novo synthesis of folate intermediates. Together, these data demonstrate that de novo vitamin biosynthesis enables Histoplasma yeast to replicate in the nutrient-limiting macrophage phagosome and highlights vitamin biosynthetic pathways as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of histoplasmosis.

Committee: Chad Rappleye (Committee Chair); Birgit Alber (Committee Member); Charles Daniels (Committee Member); Daniel Wozniak (Committee Member) Subjects: Genetics; Microbiology; Molecular Biology; Parasitology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2009, Food Science and Nutrition

Soybean oil is the major ingredient and easily oxidized in salad dressing, which makes the products less acceptable or unacceptable to consumers. Therefore, the addition of healthful antioxidant ingredients have been utilized to enhance the nutritional qualities while maintaining extended shelf-life of the salad dressing. This study was to evaluate the effects of riboflavin and its decomposed product (lumichrome) on soybean oils in salad dressing based on the changes in values from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), headspace oxygen and solid phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and peroxide analysis (PV). To determine the proposed mechanism of riboflavin activity, the data from antioxidant property analyses were also evaluated.Salad dressings containing 0, 5, 20, 50 and 100 ppm added riboflavin were prepared and stored under light (3,000 lux) or in the dark at 25°C for 5 days. The crystallization peak of DSC thermogram of the oil sample shifted to lower temperature and its enthalpy decreased as the storage time increased under the light. As the riboflavin concentration increased from 0 to 100 ppm, (1) the enthalpy of the DSC peak increased from 27.3 to 32.2 J/g, (2) the maximum temperature of the DSC peak increased from -63.2 to -61.2°C, (3) the on-set temperature of the DSC peak increased from 59.3 to 57.5°C, and (4) peroxide value decreased after 5 day storage under light. Riboflavin in aqueous portion of salad dressing was analyzed by HPLC. The steady state kinetic study showed that the reaction rate of riboflavin with singlet oxygen in salad dressing was 3.2 x 108 M-1s-1. This reaction rate is three times lower than that in water system. Overall results showed that the decrease in lipid oxidation of salad dressing was accompanied with the increase in the concentration of added riboflavin. In order to evaluate the antioxidant property of riboflavin, the radical scavengi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: David Min (Advisor); V.M. Balasubramaniam PhD (Committee Member); Luis Rodriguez-Saona PhD (Committee Member); Jiyoung Lee PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Food Science

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2008, Food Science and Nutrition

Milk is an important source of riboflavin and essential amino acids such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine and valine. Riboflavin, a well known photosensitizer could rapidly destroy essential amino acids in milk through oxidation. The effects of Trolox and ascorbic acid on the riboflavin photosensitized oxidation of tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, arginine and valine were studied. Riboflavin is a water soluble sensitizer and produces singlet oxygen under light. Aqueous samples with 25 ppm added riboflavin were prepared separately to contain 0, 100, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 ppm of Trolox or ascorbic acid. Samples were stored under light (1000 lux) at 30 °C for 10 hours. As the concentration of Trolox and ascorbic increased from 0 to 1000 ppm, the head space oxygen depletion increased. This was due to the oxidation of Trolox and ascorbic acid along with amino acids in the presence of riboflavin. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the samples indicated that both Trolox and ascorbic acid decreased the degradation of phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine significantly (p<0.05). Trolox and ascorbic acid acted as singlet oxygen quenchers and can protect tryptophan and tyrosine. However, the quenching mechanisms are different between Trolox and ascorbic acid. Trolox quenched both singlet oxygen and excited triplet riboflavin under light, where as ascorbic acid quenched singlet oxygen only. The singlet oxygen quenching rate of Trolox in the presence of tryptophan and tyrosine were 1.55 x 107 M-1s-1 and 1.32 x 107 M-1s-1 respectively. The singlet oxygen quenching rate of ascorbic acid in the presence of tryptophan and tyrosine were 1.16 x 107 M-1s-1 and 1.10 x 107 M-1s-1. Singlet oxygen quencher alone could not completely protect tryptophan and tyrosine. Trolox, which is a quencher of both singlet oxygen and excited triplet riboflavin, can better protect tryptophan and tyrosine.

Committee: David Min (Advisor) Subjects: Food Science

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2007, Food Science and Nutrition

Riboflavin is a photosensitizer to produce singlet oxygen. The compound formed from riboflavin under light was positively identified as 2,3-butanedione by a combination of gas chromatographic retention time, mass spectrum and odor evaluation of authentic 2,3-butanedione. The addition of sodium azide, a singlet oxygen quencher, minimized the formation of 2,3-butanedione from riboflavin. The 2,3-butanedione was formed from the reaction between riboflavin and singlet oxygen. The effects of 0, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 ppm of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol on the oxidation of lard in the dark at 55°C for 7 days were determined by measuring headspace oxygen and peroxide value. The 100 ppm alpha- or beta-tocotrienol was the most effective antioxidant. Gamma- or delta-tocotrienol at all concentrations significantly lowered the oxidation of lard. The antioxidative activities were in delta- > gamma- > beta- > alpha-tocotrienol. The selection of type and optimum concentration of tocotrienol can minimize the oxidation of lipids and be economically important. Samples of 0.1, 0.25, or 0.4 M lard in methylene chloride containing 4.4 × 10 -6M chlorophyll b and 0, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9 mM alpha-, beta-, gamma-, or delta-tocotrienol were prepared and stored at 3,000 lux for 4 hours to study the quenching mechanisms of tocotrienols on the chlorophyll photosensitized oxidation of lard. The steady state kinetic study showed that tocotrienols acted as singlet oxygen quenchers. The reaction rate of singlet oxygen with lard was 6.5 × 10 4M -1sec -1. The singlet oxygen quenching rates of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol were 2.16 × 10 7, 1.99 × 10 7, 2.05 × 10 7, and 0.80 × 10 7M -1sec -1, respectively. Alpha-tocopherol in foods is oxidized during the processing and storage. The effects of 0, 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm of oxidized alpha-tocopherol on the oxidation of purified soybean oil in the dark at 55°C for 6 days were studied. The oxidized alpha-tocopherol act (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: David Min (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2007, Pharmacy

Drug bioavailability is greatly compromised by the body's innate defense mechanisms that result in low membrane permeability of hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules, reduced cellular retention by efflux transporters, and metabolic degradation by a multitude of enzymes. These factors, combined with underlying genetic aberrations and pathologies, drastically reduce drug bioavailability and, in certain instances, increase drug-related toxicity. To address many of these challenges, scientists have devised ways to target therapeutics into cells by coupling drugs directly (i.e., prodrug) or indirectly (e.g., polymer-mediated carriers) to natural ligands that are recognized by membrane receptors, and consequently gain cellular entry through receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). Although various receptors have been exploited to improve drug delivery, several receptor mechanisms remain to be defined. One RME target that has gained attention for its therapeutic potential in contraception, breast- and liver cancers involves the riboflavin (vitamin B2) RME machinery. Our laboratory recently revealed riboflavin absorption to be regulated, in part, by clathrin-dependent RME (CME) in human epithelia. However, the identity of proteins involved in this process, and an understanding of the intracellular distribution of absorbed B2 remain to be established. The work presented in this dissertation addresses some of these areas of question using a three-tiered approach involving subcellular fractionation of [3H]-B2 dosed cells, 3D fluorescence colocalization analyses of rhodamine-labeled B2 and immunostained endocytic markers, and RNA interference of the endocytic scission enzyme, dynamin 2 GTPase. Herein, we reveal dynamic enrichment of internalized riboflavin to CME endosomes, and to a lesser extent to the Golgi and mitochondria in human placental trophoblasts and enterocytes (Chapter 2). Furthermore, absorbed riboflavin is shown to be negatively coupled to cAMP levels. In Chapter 3, ~ (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Peter Swaan (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2006, Food Science and Nutrition

The kinetics of riboflavin photodegradation was studied. Lumichrome and lumiflavin were identified as the major photodegradation products. The effects of riboflavin, lumiflavin, and lumichrome on the flavor stability of soymilk were studied. The photodegradation of riboflavin after 24 h were 66% in D 2 O and 40% in H 2 O, respectively. The results indicate singlet oxygen was involved in riboflavin photodegradation. Ascorbic acid could protect riboflavin from photodegradation. When 0 mM or 160 mM ascorbic acid was included in riboflavin solution and stored under light for 96 h, the riboflavin degradation was 94.0% and 15.7%, respectively. Sodium azide reduced the degradation of riboflavin under light with a different mechanism. Ascorbic acid quenched both singlet oxygen and excited triplet riboflavin, sodium azide quenched only the singlet oxygen in riboflavin solution. The singlet oxygen quenching rate of sodium azide was 1.547 x 10 7 M -1 s -1 . Steady-state kinetic analysis indicated that the reaction rate between riboflavin and singlet oxygen was 1.01 x 10 10 M -1 s -1 . This diffusion-controlled reaction rate explained the rapid degradation of riboflavin in foods under light. Lumichrome and lumiflavin were identified as the major photodegradation products from riboflavin. In neutral or acidic conditions, lumichrome was the only major degradation product while in basic condition, lumiflavin were also present as a degradation product. Riboflavin had significant effects on the headspace oxygen depletion and volatile compounds formation in soymilk under light (P<0.05). The effects were not significant (P>0.05) in the dark. The volatile compounds increased under light, but not in dark as the added riboflavin increased. Hexanal was identified as the major volatile compound in the riboflavin photosensitized soymilk. Ascorbic acid significantly inhibited the formation of hexanal and total volatiles in soymilk under light. To determine if lumichrome or lumiflavin could a (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: David Min (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2005, Biophysics

Transporter interactions may affect a drug's overall disposition, pharmacodynamic and toxicologic effects. Riboflavin (RF, vitamin B2) is an essential nutrient required for normal growth and development of all known cell types. It is absorbed into cells and tissues through a saturable mechanism and subsequently converted into its cofactor forms, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine-dinucleotide, which serve as electron carriers for numerous redox enzymes. The proteins responsible for RF transport remain unidentified in eukaryotes, and only riboflavin kinase (RFK) and riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) are known to bind RF in animals. This work summarizes novel approaches to characterize and identify components of the RF transport mechanism. These approaches include the characterization of a rhodamine-riboflavin conjugate (RD-RF) for following RF transport and trafficking in cell culture. RD-RF exhibits FRET, which demonstrated potential use in live-cell imaging and RF binding assays. Unmodified RF was investigated as a photoaffinity probe for tagging RF transport proteins. Although RF covalently bonded to proteins during photoillumination, reaction rates were slow and led primarily to non-specific labeling. To identify mammalian RCP homologue sequences, a bioinformatics search strategy was employed revealing retbindin as the most likely RCP homologue. However, cloned and expressed human and mouse retbindin did not bind RF and were not recognized by antibodies previously shown to bind mammalian RCP. DNA microarrays and real-time PCR were used to evaluate expression profiles and determine if increased RF transport resulting from RF starvation was due to upreglation of RF transport proteins. Results indicated no genes were significantly up or downregulated. No changes in RF transport or cofactor formation were observed when RFK expression was diminished with interfering RNA, indicating RFK is not directly linked to RF transport. Seven breast cancer cell lines were ev (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: James Dalton (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2005, Chemistry

Both nanosecond and ultrafast laser flash photolysis with UV-visible and infrared detection were used to observe the transient species generated photochemically from a number of photosensitizers. The reactions of these transient species were monitored spectroscopically with the aid of theoretical computation.In the study of photochemical reactions of riboflavin and nucleosides, it was found that triplet riboflavin can be quenched by a silylated guanosine derivative. TRIR spectroscopy demonstrated that a hydroflavin radical is formed by an electron transfer-proton transfer mechanism. This sequential electron transfer-proton transfer between triplet riboflavin and guanosine derivative provides the direct observation of the photoinduced oxidative damage of riboflavin to the DNA nucleobase. The triplet states of isoquinoline N-oxide and benzocinnoline N-oxide react sluggishly with electron, proton and hydrogen atom donors. These triplets will react with hydroquinone by hydrogen atom transfer (proton coupled electron transfer). Triplet 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide reacts readily with electron donors to from the radical anions as previously reported. The radical anion is protonated on the oxygen atom of the N-oxide group to from a neutral radical. The three N-oxides of this study are not expected to serve as photochemical sources of hydroxyl radical. Singlet states of tirapazamine and desoxytirapazamine were identified by picosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. The lifetimes of the S1 states and fluorescence quantum yields of aromatic N-oxides were found to be controlled by reversible cyclization to an oxaziridine. The S1 states of TPZ and dTPZ are reduced to radical anions by KSCN, KI and NaN3. Using LFP-based methodology, we have determined the rate coefficients for the reaction of hydroxyl radical with a number of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in acetonitrile. We observed the reactivities of hydroxyl radical in acetonitrile. For simple aromatic (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Matthew Platz (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2004, Chemistry

Current industrial work includes investigating methods for reducing the risks of blood borne pathogens within the donated blood supply. The Ohio State University has been working in collaboration with Navigant Biotechnology to investigate the wavelength dependence of the viral kill of one of these processes. The combination of riboflavin and monochromatic light was used in conjunction with a microbiological plaque assay to determine the amount of viral kill at each wavelength. Only 0.1 J/mL is needed to obtain up to 2.5 logs of lambda phage inactivation with wavelengths of 304 nm or lower. This is due to the direct absorption of radiation by the phage. In this region, the addition of riboflavin retards the amount of viral inactivation by screening the phage from receiving the light. Although the amount of inactivation is reduced, the mechanism of inactivation may actually be quite different than direct irradiation of phage. When light used to irradiate the system has a wavelength of at least 308 nm, the energy required achieving the same range of viral inactivation increases to 5 J/mL. The reason for this increase in the required amount of energy is because the mechanism of viral inactivation changes from direct phage absorption to sensitization. The action spectra obtained with various amounts of riboflavin indicate that there is no sensitizer concentration dependence on the action spectra. The concentration insensitivity in this region is due to the energy at which the action spectra were obtained. At energy doses higher than 5 J/mL, a concentration effect is observed. The profile of the action spectrum does not exactly follow the absorption spectra of aqueous riboflavin or the major photoproduct, lumichrome. The amount of photobleaching of riboflavin did not follow its aqueous absorption spectrum. Instead, the amount of wavelength dependent RB photobleaching agreed very well with the perturbed fluorescence-excitation scan of riboflavin. The excitation scan pertur (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Matthew Platz (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2003, Ohio State Biochemistry Program

The molecular basis for the mechanism of the binding of riboflavin-based cofactors to flavoproteins is not well understood. In this thesis, a model is proposed for the binding of flavin cofactors to the Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin. In the presence of inorganic phosphate, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) binds to the flavodoxin in two ways; phosphate-first, where the 5-phosphate group makes the initial contact with the flavodoxin, and ring-first, where contact is initiated by the isoalloxazine ring. Riboflavin, which lacks the 5-phosphate group of FMN, can only bind via the ring-first mechanism. In the absence of inorganic phosphate, FMN can only bind via the phosphate-first mechanism and riboflavin binds very weakly. Thus a phosphate molecule, either the 5-phosphate group of FMN or inorganic phosphate, is required for ring-first binding to occur. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, the environment of several residues changes upon phosphate binding. In particular, the side chain of Trp60 in the ring-binding site, is experiencing different environments in the presence of phosphate. More time is spent in the alternate environments as the phosphate concentration increases. This suggested a role for Trp60 in the communication between the phosphate- and ring-binding subsites, and that Trp60 was involved in an garomatic gateh similar to one observed in the Anabaena apoflavodoxin (Genzor et al., 1996). Examination of the D. vulgaris holoflavodoxin structure suggested a role for Ser58 in this gate; this was confirmed by mutating this residue to alanine, effectively removing the hydrogen bond glatchh that was available to hold the Trp60 ggateh open. It was noted in the D. vulgaris experiments that riboflavin binding ability was altered when either of the two aromatics on the faces of the isoalloxazine ring was removed. However, the two aromatics are not the sole determinant of riboflavin binding because riboflavin binding was not induced in mutants of Clostrid (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Richard Swenson (Advisor) Subjects: Chemistry, Biochemistry

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2003, Chemistry

Laser flash photolysis (LFP) with UV-visible and infrared detection and modern theoretical calculations were used to directly observe and identify nitrenes, carbenes, triplet riboflavin tetraacetate, and intermediates derived from them, and to understand their chemical reactivity. In the studies of arylnitrenes, singlet nitrenes such as 2,6-diethyl, 2,6-diisopropyl, 2,4,6-tri-t-butyl, 2-cyano, 2,6-dicyano, 2-phenyl, 4-phenyl, 2,4-dichloro-6-phenyl phenylnitrenes, 1-naphthylnitrene and 9-anthracenylnitrene were generated upon LFP of the corresponding azide precursors and were directly observed using LFP techniques in a glassy matrix at 77 K or in condensed phase at 193 K. The crucial intermediates derived from them were directly observed using LFP methodology or time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy. These experimental observations are supported by computational studies. The substituent effects on the reactivity of singlet phenylnitrene were discussed. In the studies of carbene-solvent interactions, it has been demonstrated that the most stable structure of the chlorine atom-benzene complex is a pi type monohepta complex with Cl atom sitting over a carbon atom of the benzene molecule (Cs symmetry), but that this type of charge transfer complex cannot be observed experimentally or computationally for chloro-para-nitrophenylcarbene and other arylhalocarbenes with benzene. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that these complexes are present and have absolute reactivities and spectroscopic properties similar to those of free arylhalocarbenes. In the exploratory photochemistry of riboflavin, TRIR spectra of triplet riboflavin tetraacetate, its radical anion, and neutral radical were obtained upon LFP (355 nm) of riboflavin tetraacetate (75), 75 with sodium iodide, and 75 with indole or silylated guanosine in acetonitrile-d3 or dichloromethane. The TRIR spectra are in good agreement with the calculated vibrational spectra. The adducts of riboflavin and protei (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Matthew Platz (Advisor) Subjects: Chemistry, Organic

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2002, Food Science and Nutrition

Photooxidation and photosensitized oxidation on the formation of volatile compounds in linoleic acid, milk, and lard were studied by a combination of solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and headspace oxygen content. Photooxidation is the oxidation under light in the absence of photosensitizers such as chlorophyll and riboflavin. Photosensitized oxidation is the oxidation under light in the presence of photosensitizers. Total volatile compounds in linoleic acid without added chlorophyll under light and in the dark did not increase for 48 hr at 4 °C. Total volatile compounds in linoleic acid with added 5 ppm chlorophyll under light at 4 °C for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr, increased from 8.9 to 11.6, 21.7, 26.1, 29.3 (*10000) in electronic counts, respectively. 2-Pentylfuran, an undesirable reversion flavor compound in soybean oil, 2-octene-1-ol, 2-heptenal, and 1-octene-3-ol were formed by photosensitized oxidation only. Light excited photosensitizers like chlorophyll can generate singlet oxygen from ordinary triplet oxygen. 2-Pentylfuran, 2-heptenal, and 1-octene-3-ol can come from C10, C12, and C10 hydroperoxide of linoleic acid, respectively, which can be formed by singlet oxygen oxidation but not by triplet oxygen oxidation on linoleic acid. The singlet oxygen oxidation mechanisms for 2-pentylfuran, 2-heptenal, 1-octene-3-ol, and 2-octene-1-ol from linoleic acid were proposed. Milk with or without added riboflavin, ascorbic acid, sodium azide, and butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) was stored at 4 °C under light and in the dark. Pentanal, dimethyl disulfides, hexanal, and heptanal were formed only in the light stored milk and increased significantly as the added riboflavin concentration increased from 5 to 10, 50 ppm (P<0.05). As fat content in milk increased from 0.5 to 1.0, 2.0, and 3.4%, pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal increased significantly (P<0.05) but dimethyl disulfide concentration did not change. BHA and ascorbic acid (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: David Min (Advisor); Howard Zhang (Other); Polly Courtney (Other); Hua Wang (Other) Subjects: