Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2007, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2007, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 0, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

Protected Areas (PAs) guard critical habitats to protect flora and fauna and maintain ecosystem services that provide myriad benefits for human well-being. This study is the first to explore PA staffing, in particular the role of the external workforce, in the biodiversity-rich country of Madagascar, a nation that tripled its PA network in 2015. Taking a unique multi-level approach spanning governance systems, institutions, and sites, it leverages online surveys of 13 institutions and 44 PAs (covering 40% of Madagascar's PAs), together with 39 face-to-face interviews with respondents representing six sites. Results reveal severe understaffing in Madagascar PAs, reaching a third of the global recommendation at just 26.8 staff per 1000 km2. Longer-established PAs enjoy higher staffing ratios than do newer PAs (established 2015 or later). Local community members comprise 94% of the PA external workforce, contributing up to 12.7 full-time staff per 1000 km2. In particular, community participants present a significant opportunity for expanding the pool of potential PA workers. Sustainably engaging with local participants will require equitable remuneration, recognition of effort, and greater empowerment in the workplace. Maturing human resource policies can build Madagascar's PA resilience by addressing staffing issues in a cost-effective yet sustainable manner, by focusing on equity and healthy work relationships. As the world plans to protect 30% of lands and seas by 2030, the call for greater professionalization among conservation practitioners has never been more critical.

Committee: Nancy Stevens (Advisor); Geoffrey Dabelko (Committee Member); Geoffrey Buckley (Committee Member) Subjects: Environmental Management; Environmental Studies; Natural Resource Management

PHD, Kent State University, 2022, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Geography

Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) is Uganda's premier protected area, with a varying landscape it serves as a major tourist destination within the country. QENP has been facing substantial changes with regard to vegetation and an increase of development in and around its borders. Researchers believe QENP has been encroached by invasive woody plants over the last several decades. This habitat change is said to be impacting the spatial distribution of grazing mammals, which are leaving the park for cleared private lands. This research investigates the community perceptions of environmental change and community-based resource management in and around QENP. These perceptions validate that local vegetation has been changing, but not entirely as researchers had shared. Three major elements were described by communities: environmental change through climate change, invasive species, and tree cover; increased human-wildlife conflict; and the need for further community engagement. This project relates to a larger ecological study by researchers at Kent State University with local support from the Uganda Wildlife Research and Training Institute.

Committee: Sarah Smiley (Advisor); Jennifer Mapes (Committee Member); Andrea Case (Committee Member); Andrew Lepp (Committee Member); Timothy Assal (Committee Member) Subjects: African Studies; Environmental Studies; Geography; Natural Resource Management

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2022, Environment and Natural Resources

Western paradigms have long dominated natural resource management discourse. Since the advent of national parks in the United States (U.S.), the removal of Indigenous peoples from these spaces has led to a disregard of Indigenous Knowledge, lack of communication between Western and Indigenous stakeholders, and jurisdictional fragmentation of ecosystems. As other countries have welcomed and institutionalized the significance of Indigenous peoples and knowledge in natural resource management, it is unknown where the United States stands in attempts to reconcile Indigenous and Western ontologies. The purpose of this research, through boundary work theory and perspectives of collaborative management, is to examine the foundations of U.S. national parks' potential collaboration with Indigenous peoples using qualitative content analysis and multi value qualitative comparative analysis to code. Data originated from publicly available foundation documents, or general management plans published for the 2016 National Park Service Centennial. Though primarily informed by non-Indigenous perspectives, this research explores Western/Indigenous dichotomies, and, ultimately, how Indigenous interests can be better presented in U.S. natural resource management.

Committee: Alia Dietsch (Advisor); Matthew Hamilton (Committee Member); Jeremy Brooks (Committee Member) Subjects: Natural Resource Management

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2021, Leadership and Change

In its most benign form, tourism is able to protect the cultural and ecological integrity of a region and to promote economic development in line with sustainability principles. Additionally, sustainable forms of tourism have the potential to improve the quality of life within the host community by promoting intergenerational equity. However, sustainable models of tourism are extremely challenging to design, implement, and manage at the community level because of competing stakeholder interests. There are significant power dynamics associated with sustainable tourism planning and management that often fail to incorporate all citizens' voices, particularly those belonging to underprivileged backgrounds. Due to the growth of international tourism (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic) and its related impacts, multinational organizations such as the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) continue to collaborate with member states and affiliates to identify methods to improve existing sustainable tourism strategies, discover new ones, and to address the social impacts of tourism globally. This study examines the social impacts of tourism in UNESCO's Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve and the stakeholders' dynamics that influence tourism planning in the region. Through an exploratory case study, this research uses media analyses, document review, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the social impacts of tourism and the stakeholders' dynamics related to tourism management. Stakeholder theory, responsible leadership, and ecosystem services are used as a theoretical framework to ground the inquiry and to provide insight into how the social impacts of tourism are related to tourism planning dynamics. The findings revealed significant new knowledge about social impacts of tourism in the Adirondack High Peaks Wilderness and a mapping of complex c (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Lize (A.E.) Booysen DBL (Committee Chair); Donna Ladkin PhD (Committee Member); Marina Novelli PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Communication; International Relations; Recreation; Regional Studies; Social Research; Sustainability

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2019, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

Global estimates indicate an average of thirteen million hectares of forest loss each year. In response to the ever-increasing threats to terrestrial biodiversity, protected areas such as national parks have become the main tool for nature conservation across the globe. However, a closer look at protected areas shows that compliance with regulations is a significant challenge, compromising the ability of conservation efforts to fulfill their goals and protect the ecosystems as intended. If protected areas are to remain a central conservation tool, more empirical research is needed to identify and understand drivers of noncompliance. This thesis takes an in-depth look at Bjeshket e Nemuna National Park in Kosovo. Home to over 255 endemic species, the park was established in 2012 to protect the country's most biodiverse region. I use qualitative methodology to understand why noncompliant logging remains a prevalent issue in the park. I have found that citizens' perceptions of the government as corrupt and ineffective strongly influence their willingness to abide by the laws. These perceptions are a result, in part, of the transition process from communism to capitalism and from war to peace.

Committee: Geoffrey Buckley (Committee Chair); Geoffrey Dabelko (Advisor); Geoffrey Dabelko (Committee Member); Risa Whitson (Committee Member) Subjects: Conservation; Environmental Studies; European Studies; Geography

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2019, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

Protected area conservation is not enough to stem increasing biodiversity loss. Therefore, it is important to consider private-owned lands when developing a long-term conservation strategy in a region. Agricultural lands, which cover more than 30 percent of the Earth's terrestrial surface, are a good place to start. However, further research is needed to understand how species use the landscape, and what types of best practices should be encouraged to increase levels of biodiversity. This study was conducted on a 2500 ha semi-forested Ugandan Robusta coffee farm. The system is a hybrid of shade and full sun coffee production, with intense cultivation on production land and corridors of reserved indigenous forest. Using point counts, I found that the forest and farm held substantial numbers of avian species, comparable to nearby protected areas. I also found that there were three distinct communities of birds, inhabiting the coffee, the edge, and the forest. The forest habitat seemed drive diversity, and held the highest effective number of species. This study showed that farmed land can act as a reserve, but that forest must be reserved in these landscapes.

Committee: Nancy Stevens (Committee Chair); Donald Miles (Committee Member); Geoff Dabelko (Committee Member) Subjects: Agriculture; Biology; Conservation; Ecology; Wildlife Conservation; Zoology

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2019, Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology

Protected areas play a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity, but it is unclear if these areas have an influence on genetic diversity. Since genetic diversity is a crucial component of a species ability to adapt and persist in an environment over long periods of time, its assessment is valuable when designating areas for conservation. As a first step towards addressing this issue, we compare genetic diversity inside and outside of protected areas in North America using repurposed data. We tested the null hypothesis that there is no difference between genetic diversity inside compared to outside of protected areas in 44 vertebrate species. A substantial portion of vertebrate species exhibit significant differences in the amount of intraspecific genetic diversity in a comparison between protected and unprotected areas. While our simulation testing suggests that this result is not an artifact of sampling, it is unclear what factors influence the relative amount of genetic diversity inside and outside of protected areas across species.

Committee: Bryan Carstens (Advisor); Lisle Gibbs (Committee Member); Andreas Chavez (Committee Member); Steve Hovick (Committee Member) Subjects: Conservation

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2018, Antioch New England: Environmental Studies

Changes in forest cover especially changes within tropical forests, affect global climate change, together with ecosystems and forest carbon. Forests play a key role in both carbon emission and carbon sequestration. Efforts to reduce emissions through reduced deforestation and degradation of forests have become a common discussion among scientists and politicians under the auspices of the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD Programme). This dissertation research assessed the impacts of land use land cover change upon ecosystem services from a protected area focusing on forest carbon distribution and vegetation mapping using remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). I also assessed Rwanda's preparedness in the United Nations global program, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, Measuring, Monitoring, Reporting, and Verifying (REDD+MMRV). I carried out research in Nyungwe National Park (NNP), one of four National Parks of Rwanda. NNP is a montane tropical forest located in the Albertine Rift, one of the most biodiverse places in central and east Africa. I used remote sensing and field data collection from December 2011 and July 2012 in the western part of the Park to assess distribution and quantities of aboveground (ABG) forest carbon using generalized allometric functions. Using Landsat data together with 2009 high resolution color orthophotos and groundtruthing, I analyzed land cover changes between 1986 and 2011 for NNP. The land-use land cover change analysis showed that between 1986 and 1995 there was a minor increase in forest cover from 53% to 58% while from 1995-2003 a substantial decrease in forest cover occurred. Between 2003 and 2011 was a period of recovery with forest cover increasing by 59%. Vegetation analysis based on a 2009 Park biodiversity survey yielded 13 vegetation communities based on dominant and co-dominant species. Macaranga kilimandschar (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Beth Kaplin PhD (Committee Chair); Peter Palmiotto DF (Committee Member); Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Environmental Studies; Geographic Information Science; Remote Sensing

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2015, Antioch New England: Environmental Studies

Land use type in the human dominated matrix surrounding tropical forest can influence edge effects at the forest-matrix interface. Edge effects can alter ecological processes and impact the function of forest edge ecosystems. A key ecological process that helps maintain tropical forest and is affected by forest disturbance is seed dispersal by large, fruit eating vertebrates (frugivores). This dissertation examines how the type of vegetation in the matrix, the `soft' edge contrast of pine plantations and the `hard' edge contrast of tea plantations, affect seed dispersal behavior of large frugivores, and the structure and composition of tree species, in forest edge habitat. Research was conducted in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a protected area located in East and Central Africa. Focal tree observations were conducted from December 2011 to September 2012 in forest edges adjacent to two different matrix types and within the forest interior. I recorded visitation frequency and seed removal of frugivores at large-seeded trees. For analysis, seed dispersers were divided into two groups, birds and primates. The response to matrix type differed between disperser groups. Feeding visits by birds were less common in forest edges adjacent to a tea planation matrix, whereas feeding visits by primates were more common in edges adjacent to tea plantations. To explore the influence of matrix type and edge effects on tree species structure and composition, I sampled forest edges adjacent to the different matrix types and within the forest interior. The type of surrounding matrix influenced edge effects on forest structure and composition. I found evidence that a pine plantation matrix mitigated some of the adverse effects of edge on tree communities; tree communities in edges adjacent to tea plantations showed a stronger response to edge effects. Overall, this study shows evidence that land use type in the human dominated matrix can affect ecosystem function and the (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Beth A. Kaplin Ph.D (Committee Chair); Peter Palmiotto DF (Committee Member); Norbert J. Cordeiro Ph.D (Committee Member) Subjects: Ecology; Forestry; Land Use Planning; Natural Resource Management; Wildlife Conservation

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2011, Geography

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an increasingly popular conservation strategy that seeks to protect oceans from over-exploitation of fisheries by setting aside large spaces as reserves. While they are similar to conservation areas on the land in design and implementation, little research has examined the ways that MPAs change the ocean into a contested political space. In contrast to the historical perspective of the ocean as a weakly territorialized space in which conservation can occur with little resistance, this dissertation examines MPAs as an object that needs to be examined through the concept of territoriality. The dissertation develops a theory of territorialization as practice to analyze the process of MPA formation in the Exumas Islands in the Bahamas. The Exumas are slated to have three no-take Marine Protected Areas as part of a wider plan to set aside twenty percent of the ocean in the Bahamas. Drawing on archival and field research such as interviews and participant observation, the central argument is that MPAs are territorializing objects, and that the ways in which they are deployed can offer political possibilities for either resistance or new expressions of state power. The dissertation first analyzes three existing approaches commonly used to explain and/or justify MPAs, but finds that these explanations are wanting. It then interrogates the ways in which policy actors in the Bahamas deploy specific spatial imaginaries that frame marine conservation. It shows that policy actors are dependent on logics of state territory and natural resource management that do not fully account for resource users. Finally, the dissertation turns to the fishers of the Exuma Cays, to record both their spatial imaginaries and the ways they relate to ocean conservation as it has been imposed in places they use for their livelihoods. It becomes clear that the people of the Exuma Cays are responding to the threat of MPAs in ways that resist the conventional logic of (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Becky Manfield PhD (Advisor); Mathew Coleman PhD (Committee Member); Kendra McSweeney PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Caribbean Studies; Cultural Resources Management; Environmental Justice; Environmental Management; Environmental Studies; Geography; Natural Resource Management; Sustainability; Wildlife Conservation

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2007, Environmental Studies (Arts and Sciences)

The demise of vital ecosystems has necessitated the designation of protected areas and formulation of policies for their sustainable management. This study which evaluates policy implementation in Digya National Park in the Volta Basin of Ghana, was prompted by lack of information on how Ghana Forest and Wildlife policy, 1994, which regulates DNP, is being implemented amidst continues degradation of the Park. The methodology adopted involved interviews with government officials and analysis of institutional documents. The results revealed that financial constraints and encroachment are the main problems inhibiting the realization of the policy goals, resulting in a steady decrease in forest cover within the Park. The study recommends intervention measures including proactive government role in capacitating implementing agencies to function more effectively, more community participation and private sector partnership in the implementation process. The study concluded that successful policy implementation at DNP would above everything help ensure the sustainability of Volta Lake and its hydro-electric power plant.

Committee: Nancy Manring (Advisor) Subjects:

Master of Arts (MA), Ohio University, 2005, International Studies - International Development Studies

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) number more than 1,300 world wide (Hall et.al., 2002). They serve as an important tool in helping to protect delicate marine ecosystems from environmental degradation. This study uses Contingent Valuation Methodology (CVM) to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) for MPAs in Belize. In keeping with this methodology a total of 331 tourists were interviewed at two key locations, the Hol Chan Marine Reserve (HCMR) and the Phillip Goldson International Airport (PGIA). Using an ordered probit approach the findings revealed that Europeans had a higher WTP than North Americans, males had a lower WTP while other inland activities surprisingly led all independent variables in terms of levels of significance. Most importantly the estimates revealed that higher income was positively correlated with WTP.

Committee: Ariaster Chimeli (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2009, Anthropology

This dissertation contributes to the field of cultural anthropology by collecting household level socioeconomic data and the use of freelisting to measure cultural knowledge. Testing the study hypotheses illuminated relationships between the three central axes – health, livelihood and cultural knowledge. The Sierra of Manantlan Biosphere Reserve (SMBR) was selected as the fieldsite due to its Nahua rooks. Prior research studies regarding plant knowledge, and being a protected area with explicit goals of cultural and natural resource preservation. A representative sample of 125 adult men and women was selected across three communities which have known variation in socioeconomic profile and modernity. Exhaustive household censuses give a comprehensive view of livelihood activities, and individual health experiences are measured using a structured interview. Demonstrated through the economic activity profiles present in the study sample, the indigenous people in the SMBR subsist through low-intensity agriculture, animal husbandry, and paid labor. This dissertation moves back and forth between the macro and micro. Political histories of Mexico and the SMBR continually shape subsistence strategies and the agrarian communities. Medical pluralism and the health profile in Mexico influence the local-level health status and access to health care services in the SMBR, demonstrated by the persistence of medicinal plant knowledge. Freelisting captures cultural knowledge using a consensus model. Semi-structured interviews with medicinal plant experts and biomedical practitioners are used to illustrate the spectrum of opinions regarding usage of medicinal plants across the three communities. This dissertation describes the complexity of the political, economic and social history of the Nahua people, and analyzes the relationships between these factors and medicinal plant knowledge. First, there is no link between individuals who have used medicinal plants more frequently in thei (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Atwood D. Gaines PhD (Advisor); Charlotte Ikels PhD (Committee Member); Jim G. Shaffer PhD (Committee Member); William Siebenschuh PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Cultural Anthropology

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2012, Biological Sciences

The Oak Openings Region of Northwest Ohio is unique in terms of the flora and fauna that exists within a relatively fragmented area. It contains more rare and endangered plant species than any other area of its size in Ohio and much is known about a number of terrestrial and aquatic animals in the area as well. One group of animals that has not been studied is that of the order Chiroptera, bats. Bats are threatened on many fronts, from the effects of human persecution, to habitat loss, to the recent effects of a deadly fungus, White Nose Syndrome. The Oak Openings is an ideal area to study this group of animals because of its unique composition that includes many natural areas, including that of oak savannas, within an urban/suburban/agricultural matrix. My research objectives included 1) developing a spatially explicit habitat model of bat presence within protected areas of the oak openings region 2) determine the relative difference in activity and presence between forest and savanna sites within the oak openings region and 3) determine the knowledge and attitudes people of the area hold in regards to bats and then develop educational opportunities to increase knowledge and attitudes about bats. Ecological knowledge regarding bats within protected areas, and potential habitat needs, is lacking so I began by acoustically surveying for bats using the Anabat bat detector to determine bat presence within protected areas. I then developed Maxent species distribution models for each of seven species of bats. These models were then tested using citizen science collected data. Models for all seven species performed well when tested with this data, demonstrating the use of Maxent modeling and citizen science collected data for refinement and testing of data sets. With these models I was able to determine areas of potential importance both within and outside of current protected areas as well as critical habitat characteristics for bat presence. Second, I again used Anaba (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Karen Root (Advisor); Helen Michaels (Committee Member); Karen Sirum (Committee Member); Moira van Staaden (Committee Member); Enrique Gomezdelcampo (Other) Subjects: Conservation; Ecology

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2010, Antioch New England: Environmental Studies

New York's Adirondack Park is internationally recognized for its biological diversity. Greater in size than Yellowstone, Everglades, Glacier, and Grand Canyon National Park combined, the Adirondacks are the largest protected area within the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Eco-Region and within the contiguous United States. Ecologists, residents of the Park, and others are concerned about rapid land use change occurring within the borders of the Park. Almost half of the six million acres encompassed by the Park boundary is privately-owned, where 80% of land use decisions fall within the jurisdiction of local governments. The comprehensive planning process of one such local government, the Town of Willsboro, New York, was the focus of a Participatory Action Research (PAR), single case study. Using a PAR, mixed methods approach, community-led comprehensive planning integrated natural science, technology and citizen participation. I evaluated the role of PAR in helping to transform conventional land use planning practice into a more democratic, environmentally conscious, and durable civic responsibility. Stakeholder viewpoints about the local environmental setting revealed deep connections to nature. Findings of the research indicate that comprehensive land use planning capacity increases when citizens increase their scientific and ecological literacy, especially when tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used for data collection and analysis. Applying ecologically-based comprehensive planning utilizing a PAR framework improved citizen's confidence in land use decision-making and also expanded science literacy. PAR holds great promise as a methodological framework to bring together ecologically-focused natural science with citizen-led collaborative land use planning. Areas of further research identified during this study include assessing age-specific gaps in stakeholder participation, evaluating the relationship between plan recommendations and regulatory (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: James Jordan Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Steven Guerriero Ph.D. (Committee Member); Robert Baldwin Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Area Planning and Development; Cartography; Climate Change; Communication; Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Law; Environmental Management; Environmental Science; Environmental Studies; Geographic Information Science; Geography; Land Use Planning; Natural Resource

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2008, Antioch New England: Environmental Studies

Federal area-based marine protection and management in the United States is overseen by the National Marine Sanctuary Program, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, the National Wildlife Refuge System, the National Park Service, and the National Marine Fisheries Service. Each agency and program represents a different approach to managing the oceans. Currently, no federal agency or program is responsible for evaluating the overall effectiveness of these programs. Evaluation is needed to determine whether programs are achieving their management objectives and conservation goals. Although evaluation protocols are legislatively mandated, implementation is inconsistent across programs. Federal agencies have been criticized for failing to protect marine resources effectively. The objective of this comparative case study is to determine whether the evaluation practices of federal area-based marine protection programs (also known as Marine Protected Area [MPA] programs) are contributing to improved marine resource protection. I investigate: (1) what methodologies federal agencies currently employ to evaluate their marine protected areas programs; (2) to what extent federal MPA program evaluation processes adhere to program evaluation theory and practice; and (3) how components of these evaluations could inform a national-scale MPA evaluation system. I also discuss whether evaluation results have been disseminated and recommendations implemented and the extent of inter-agency and intra-agency exchange of evaluation information. The results of my research indicate that: (1) federal reporting requirements drive MPA evaluation; (2) programs fall short in Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) program results/accountability section; (3) MPA programs utilize more output measures than outcome measures; (4) past independent evaluations focus on funding/budget rather than programmatic success in marine conservation; (5) MPA staff face numerous evaluation challenges; (6) (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: James Jordan Ph.D. (Advisor); Porter Hoagland Ph.D. (Other); Rebecca Todd J.D. (Other) Subjects: Environmental Science

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2008, Antioch New England: Environmental Studies

This dissertation examines the current disagreement among scientists and scholars about best practices for biodiversity conservation in protected areas. There is no clear consensus among the scientific community about the most effective approach to conserve biodiversity and several conflicting positions form part of an ongoing debate in the field. Most disagreements and conflicts are based on differences in the underlying values and assumptions of the parties involved in the conflict. The more we know and understand those underlying values, the more constructive the dialog, and the more likely acceptable policy decisions will be developed. This study, presented in three parts, uncovered some of the major discourses and perspectives that exist in the exchanges in literature. I used discourse analysis and Q-methodology, and then applied a policy sciences framework to suggest practical application. The first part of the study is a discourse analysis of eight works representing the breadth of strongly held opinions about biodiversity conservation and the roles of human inhabitants. The results of the discourse analysis identified some dimensions of the conflict that were used in the interpretation of discourses in the subsequent Q-study.The second part of the dissertation explored the underlying values and assumptions in biodiversity conservation using Q-methodology. A total of 275 definitive statements were extracted from a survey of the literature and then categorized according to the dimensions identified in the preceding discourse analysis. Twenty two participants, all actively involved in conservation in protected areas, and some authors of the statements used in the procedure, sorted 48 statements on a scale of -5 (Most unlike my point of view) to +5 (Most like my point of view). Following a Q-methodology analysis of the data, three distinct discourses emerged: a Social Justice perspective that emphasizes the need for a fair and just process, a Concern for Biodive (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Beth A. Kaplin PhD (Committee Chair); Thomas Webler PhD (Committee Member); Richard B. Peterson PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Ecology; Environmental Science