Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2015, Hearing Science (Health Sciences and Professions)

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of structured musical training on various auditory and memory processes in persons with normal hearing, attention, and memory function at various stages of training and maturation. It is known that musical training influences cortical sound processing through learning-based processes, but also at the preattentive level within the brainstem. Such training strengthens processes in the auditory and motor domains, as well as central processes. This study investigated auditory memory abilities in individuals placed within high and low musical training categories using nonverbal auditory stimuli within listening tasks that stressed attention. Use of nonverbal sounds provided a control for performance characteristics influenced by linguistic knowledge while establishing whether musical training enhances a listener's ability to assemble incoming sound information into an accurate and meaningful mental representation of one's environment. Three experiments measuring auditory working memory capacity, the interplay between frequency discrimination and memory capacity, and pitch matching retention were evaluated. Three different age groups of children and a group of young adults, each split into subgroups based on musical training, participated. The outcomes indicate that both musical training and age influence performance for pitch perception, organization and memory tasks with adult-like performance identified by age 14.

Committee: Jeffrey DiGiovanni (Committee Chair); Dennis Ries (Committee Member); James Montgomery (Committee Member); Kamile Geist (Committee Member) Subjects: Audiology; Cognitive Psychology; Neurosciences

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2024, Music Education

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the Pitch-Height Stroop Test, a novel measure of implicit psychological association between pitch and multiple dimensions of the construct of height, and to explore potential relationships between its linguistic dimension, its perceptual dimension, and music reading ability. The Pitch-Height Stroop Test (PHST) is a response time measure that includes four tasks: a baseline pitch classification task, an auditory pitch-word Stroop-like task, an auditory-visual pitch-location Stroop-like task, and an auditory-visual pitch-text Stroop-like task. In each of the Stroop-like tasks, participants indicate the pitch of a tone by pressing a corresponding button while ignoring a simultaneously presented indicator of linguistic or visuospatial height, which may or may not be congruent with the pitch. English-speaking adult singers (n = 50) completed the PHST as well as a demographic and musical background questionnaire, the Profile of Music Perception Skills (PROMS) pitch and melody subtests, an Erikson flanker task, and the Vocal Sight-Reading Inventory. This battery of measures enabled determination of the PHST's validity and reliability and examination of relationships between variables. Results indicated that the PHST was a valid and reliable measure for this population for purposes of group-level analysis. Magnitudes of pitch-height cross-modal correspondence as measured by the three Stroop-like tasks appeared to reflect differences between unisensory and cross-sensory processing and showed moderate correlation between its linguistic and perceptual forms. Regression analysis indicated that perceptual pitch-height cross-modal correspondence was a positive predictor of sight-singing fluency, contributing approximately 10% of the sight-singing score variance. Meanwhile, linguistic pitch-height cross-modal correspondence did not appear to contribute to sight-singing fluency. Correlation with musical background variab (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Ryan Scherber (Committee Chair); Nathan Kruse (Committee Member); Lisa Koops (Committee Member); Robert Greene (Committee Member) Subjects: Cognitive Psychology; Music; Music Education

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2020, Music

Music perception is influenced by implicit knowledge of musical structures acquired through exposure to music in everyday contexts. The present studied focused on the ways in which music environments provide infants with information about how music is organized and from which they might learn. A 15-month-old infant wore a portable recording device throughout two entire days. The device collected continuous audio data from the infant's perspective for a total of 32 hours. The purpose of the study was to describe the song melodies performed by adults throughout the two days in order to explore the music information presented to the infant in everyday situations in his natural environment. The analyses focused specifically on the structural pitch properties of the song melodies, the contexts in which they were sung, and the characteristics of the song performances. All live, unaccompanied song melodies performed by the parents—the only adults who sang song melodies around the infant—were transcribed into musical notation by two independent transcribers and then analyzed with acoustic analysis software to collect pitch estimates for all notes that were sung. The results showed that the infant heard approximately 15 minutes of adult singing of song melodies on the first day and 10.5 minutes on the second day. Almost 89% of the singing was produced by the parents in infant-oriented contexts, in which the infant was the sole focus of the singing. Over the two days, the infant heard 27 unique song melodies in 47 different instances of singing. Of the 27 unique song melodies, 19 were melodies of repertoire that is usually sung for or sung by children in the family's culture group. The song melodies heard by the infant contained pitch regularities that reflected typical patterns of pitch structures in Western tonal music. For example, the frequency of occurrence of tones perceived as most stable—scale degrees 1, 3, and 5—and the frequency of melodic movements between to (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Eugenia Costa-Giomi (Advisor); Daryl Kinney (Committee Member); Daniel Shanahan (Committee Member) Subjects: Developmental Psychology; Music; Music Education

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2019, Computer Science and Engineering

Speech is the most important means of human communication. In real environments, speech is often corrupted by acoustic inference, including noise, reverberation and competing speakers. Such interference leads to adverse effects on audition, and degrades the performance of speech applications. Inspired by the principles of human auditory scene analysis (ASA), computational auditory scene analysis (CASA) addresses speech separation in two main steps: segmentation and grouping. With noisy speech decomposed into a matrix of time-frequency (T-F) units, segmentation organizes T-F units into segments, each of which corresponds to a contiguous T-F region and is supposed to originate from the same source. Two types of grouping are then performed. Simultaneous grouping aggregates segments overlapping in time to simultaneous streams. In sequential grouping, simultaneous streams are grouped across time into distinct sources. As a traditional speech separation approach, CASA has been successfully applied in various speech-related tasks. In this dissertation, we revisit conventional CASA methods, and perform related tasks from a deep learning perspective. As an intrinsic characteristic of speech, pitch serves as a primary cue in many CASA systems. A reliable estimate of pitch is important not only for extracting harmonic patterns at a frame level, but also for streaming voiced speech in sequential grouping. Based on the types of interference, we can divide pitch tracking in two categories: single pitch tracking in noise and multi-pitch tracking. Pitch tracking in noise is challenging as the harmonic structure of speech can be severely contaminated. To recover the missing harmonic patterns, we propose to use long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to model sequential dynamics. Two architectures are investigated. The first one is conventional LSTM that utilizes recurrent connections to model temporal dynamics. The second one is two-level time-frequency (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: DeLiang Wang (Advisor); Eric Fosler-Lussier (Committee Member); Alan Ritter (Committee Member) Subjects: Computer Science; Engineering

Master of Sciences (Engineering), Case Western Reserve University, 2017, EECS - System and Control Engineering

Individual pitch control is a new technique in the field of wind turbine control, used to reduce the asymmetric mechanical loads on the blades of multi-megawatt turbines. Therefore, the mechanical fatigue is reduced and the lifetime of the turbine is extended. In this work, an individual pitch controller is developed for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) 5 MW reference wind turbine. The individual pitch controller works along with a collective pitch controller, designed using the Quantitative Feedback Theory Control Toolbox in Matlab. The individual and collective pitch controllers are simulated using NREL's computer-aided engineering tool for horizontal axis wind turbines, FAST. Simulations show that the addition of the individual pitch controller reduces the loads on the tilt and yaw turbine components (the nacelle and tower) at the 1p and 3p frequencies by half, and the loads on the blades at the 2p harmonic frequency, by almost half.

Committee: Mario Garcia-Sanz Ph.D. (Advisor); Kenneth Loparo Ph.D. (Committee Member); Sree Sreenath Ph.D. (Committee Member); Roberto Fernández Galán Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Energy; Engineering

Master of Science (MS), Bowling Green State University, 2017, Applied Statistics (Math)

Sabermetrics is the statistical analysis of baseball. This research was started in the 1950's and since then has become increasingly popular. Over the last couple of years, the availability of data within the sport of baseball has exploded. From mainly three sources, we have access to a vast arrange of statistics. This research investigates the importance of count and the first pitch in baseball. The first pitch determines whether the hitter or the pitcher has the advantage in the at-bat and can set the precedence for the rest of the at-bat. Exploratory methods are used to investigate and summarize the relationships between various variables through the use of tables, contour plots, scatterplots, and line graphs. As the pitcher's thrown first pitch strike percentage increases, the number of innings pitched per game increases, Walks per Hits per Innings Pitched (WHIP) decreases, walk percentage decreases, and strikeout percentage increases. 64% of the first pitches thrown are either four-seam or two-seam fastballs or sliders, which are all fast pitches. Over 50% of the first pitches are in the strike zone. Singles, doubles, triples, and homeruns are more likely to be hit on the first pitch. Pitchers have the highest pitching statistics when the hitter swings and misses compared to putting the ball in play, a called strike, or a ball on the first pitch. When the first pitch is a ball, the hitters have the highest hitting statistics. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) and Logistic Regression Models are used to discover the factors significant in predicting the probability that hitters swing. Logistic models were created for all pitches and then first pitches for all players. Next, four logistic models were created for four different players. In the majority of the models, count type (whether the count favored the pitcher, hitter, or was neutral), the distance in feet of the pitch from the center of the strike zone, and if runners were on base or not were significant (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: James Albert (Advisor); Christopher Rump (Committee Member); John Chen (Committee Member) Subjects: Statistics

MA, University of Cincinnati, 2006, Allied Health Sciences : Communication Science and Disorders

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant difference in the pitch range of individuals with Asperger Syndrome and typically developing individuals when reading a dramatic passage and if each group produces pitch declination while reading each of seven sentences. Individuals diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome (AS) have been known to present with odd, pedantic, or atypical prosody during conversational speech. Little research has been completed that quantitatively analyzes characteristics of prosody (stress and intonation) in the speech of individuals with AS. Even less research has been conducted that analyzes prosodic variations in the reading voice of individuals with AS. This study compared the pitch declination and pitch range of four male adolescents (13-18) with AS and four typically developing peers when reading a dramatic passage. The reading passage consists of seven sentences with 179 words at a Flesch-Kincaid readability grade level of 6.5. Descriptive results indicated that all students, with the exception of one instance of a student with AS, had preserved grammatical prosody in terms of expected pitch declination. The results of the study also indicate that individuals with AS presented with a smaller average pitch range while reading a dramatic passage when compared to a control group. Results of a 2-way within ANOVA indicated that the differences were not statistically significant. Limitations and future research will be discussed.

Committee: Dr. Sandra Grether (Advisor) Subjects: Health Sciences, Speech Pathology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2005, East Asian Languages and Literatures

This dissertation examines the pitch patterns of questions in Beijing Mandarin. The conventional view is that since pitch is used to distinguish lexical tones, Mandarin must not cue questions via pitch manipulations. However, this study finds both global and localized F0 cues that depend on pragmatics and focus structures, as well as on syntax. Pitch range plays an important role in both global and localized F0 cues in syntactically-unmarked questions and syntactically-marked ma-particle questions. With respect to the pragmatics of questions, Echo-questions which express such pragmatic meanings as surprise or incredulity are associated with a globally expanded pitch range and a raised top line in both syntactic types of questions. While the global expansion of pitch range is performed to a smaller degree in InfoSeek-questions, the expansion of pitch range is more localized over the last noun phrase, which often functions as the question focus in yes-no questions. The intonational manipulations in interaction with the pragmatics of questions found in this study refute earlier claims that prosodic cues are important only in the absence of a syntactic cue or that a certain intonation pattern is consistently produced in association with a syntactically-based question type. Nonetheless, syntax contributes to the formation of the intonation patterns of questions, such that when syntactically-unmarked and marked yes-no questions are uttered to express comparable pragmatic meanings, both global and localized F0 cues are exaggerated when no syntactic cues are available. The intonational patterns of questions also interact with stress. In question-word questions, the question-word is inherently focused. As for question intonation and sentential stress, the expansion of pitch range associated with pragmatic narrow focus is realized to a greater extent in questions. The compression of pitch range, following narrow focus, is not realized as much in questions due to the expansion (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Marjorie Chan (Advisor) Subjects: Language, Linguistics

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2003, Computer and Information Science

Two causes of speech degradation exist in practically all listening situations: noise interference and room reverberation. This dissertation investigates three particular aspects of speech processing in noisy and reverberant environments: multipitch tracking for noisy speech, measurement of reverberation time based on pitch strength, and reverberant speech enhancement using one microphone (or monaurally). An effective multipitch tracking algorithm for noisy speech is critical for speech analysis and processing. However, the performance of existing algorithms is not satisfactory. We present a robust algorithm for multipitch tracking of noisy speech. Our approach integrates an improved channel and peak selection method, a new method for extracting periodicity information across different channels, and a hidden Markov model (HMM) for forming continuous pitch tracks. The resulting algorithm can reliably track single and double pitch tracks in a noisy environment. We suggest a pitch error measure for the multipitch situation. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on a database of speech utterances mixed with various types of interference. Quantitative comparisons show that our algorithm significantly outperforms existing ones. Reverberation corrupts harmonic structure in voiced speech. We observe that the pitch strength of voiced speech segments is indicative of the degree of reverberation. Consequently, we present a pitch-based measure for reverberation time (T60) utilizing our new pitch determination algorithm. The pitch strength is measured by deriving the statistics of relative time lags, defined as the distances from the detected pitch periods to the closest peaks in correlograms. The monotonic relationship between the measured pitch strength and reverberation time is learned from a corpus of reverberant speech with known reverberation times. Under noise-free conditions, the quality of reverberant speech is dependent on two distinct perceptual components: coloration a (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: DeLiang Wang (Advisor) Subjects: Artificial Intelligence

Master of Arts (M.A.), University of Dayton, 2011, Psychology, General

The Two Component Model of Absolute Pitch (Levitin, 1994) claims that Absolute Pitch (AP) can be broken down into two distinct elements: pitch memory and pitch labeling. Previous research suggests that while individuals without AP lack the ability to provide a name or label to specific pitches, they still are able to form a long term memory of those pitches. However, these studies have used overly familiar stimuli (e.g., T.V. themes, favorite songs). This study used less familiar stimuli (i.e., pure tones) in a Mere Exposure paradigm in order to examine whether individuals without AP maintain a representation of pitch in long term memory. Undergraduate students at the University of Dayton were randomly assigned to either a Mere Exposure or Recognition condition. They were first presented with a series of 30 pure tones in which tones were presented 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 times. Individuals in the Mere Exposure condition were later played the same tones individually and asked to rate how much they liked each tone on a 1-7 scale. The Mere Exposure Effect states that the more one is exposed to a particular stimulus, the more one will like it. Thus, it was expected that tones that were presented more often would be given higher liking ratings. Those in the recognition condition were asked to identify the previously heard tones through a forced choice two-alternative measure. Given that individuals without AP tend to perform poorly on this type of task, it was expected that performance would be at chance levels. Results failed to show a Mere Exposure Effect; liking ratings for tones appeared to be random. Results also indicated that students performed above chance level on the recognition task, contrary to expectations.

Committee: Robert J. Crutcher (Committee Chair); Susan T. Davis (Committee Member); Donald J. Polzella (Committee Member) Subjects: Cognitive Psychology; Psychology

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 1962, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 1960, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1896, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), University of Dayton, 2024, Engineering

With the increasing interest in electric vertical takeoff and landing air vehicles and small-scale Unmanned Air Vehicles, many novel design concepts favor the fixed-pitch-propeller as the primary propulsion system due to its simplicity and reliability. This expands the application scenario of the fixed-pitch propeller from axial forward flight to edgewise flight conditions. The current study investigated the changes in its performance when operating at higher incidence angle conditions as well as the proximity effects of the propellers in these conditions. It is hypothesized that the propeller performance under various conditions and proximities can be reasonably predicted by modeling the changes in the inflow angle of the propeller. This hypothesis was tested using three major steps. First, a relationship between inflow angle, propeller inclination angle, and advance ratio was established using a series of experimental investigations. Second, this relationship was used to predict the performance of two propellers in tandem configuration with various horizontal and vertical offset distances. Third, the same model was used to predict the ceiling effect of the propeller at different incidence angles and advance ratios. All experiments were conducted at the University of Dayton Low-Speed Wind Tunnel (UD-LSWT) Laboratory under its open jet configuration. Force-based experiments, flow visualization as well as phase-locked Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiments were conducted for all investigations. The changes in propeller performance at various flight conditions were quantified and several normalization methods were successfully employed indicating the predictability of various propeller forces and moments. A novel propeller axial thrust prediction model was proposed considering the propeller performance as a summation of propeller-like components and wing-like component, with an overall error of less than 8.3%. Flow visualization and PIV results confirmed the (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Sidaard Gunasekaran (Committee Chair); Michael OL (Committee Member); Markus Rumpfkeil (Committee Member); Aaron Altman (Committee Member) Subjects: Aerospace Engineering

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2024, Vision Science

The task of predicting the vertical location of an object when it arrives to an observer may be based on a combination of visual ball-flight cues and internal models of projectile motion, incorporating gravity, advance cues, and kinematic cues associated with a thrower's motion. The time required to efficiently process these visual cues to predict the ball's trajectory is unknown. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether viewing an approaching ball for a longer period of time can improve estimates of the passing height of this ball when only visual cues from ball-flight are provided. A second goal was to determine whether heuristic information predominates over visual cues to object trajectory in estimating the passing height of approaching objects, and whether heuristic information is more likely to be used early in the ball's flight. Twenty subjects (12 males and 8 females, mean age 23.7±1.69) who had played baseball or softball at the high school level or above within the past 10 years participated. Subjects stood 40 feet from a pneumatic pitching machine that propelled tennis balls toward them at 3 speeds (76mph, 61mph, and 52mph). The subjects' vision was blocked with occluding spectacles at 100ms (duration 1) or 250ms (duration 2) after pitch release. Each combination of speed and viewing duration was randomly used 10 times. Subjects then indicated on a 2-meter ruler the height they expected the ball to arrive had they been able to view the entire duration of the ball's trajectory. The balls arrived at heights of about 99cm (fast speed), 59cm (medium speed), and 21cm (slow speed). The mean height responses at the fastest speed were 109cm (duration 1) and 100cm (duration 2). At the medium speed the mean responses were 98cm (duration 1) and 80cm (duration 2). At the slowest speed the mean responses were 88cm (duration 1) and 65cm (duration 2). Paired t-tests between the mean responses for the two viewing durations at each speed all showed s (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Nicklaus Fogt OD, PhD (Advisor); Andrew Toole OD, PhD (Advisor); Jennifer Fogt OD, MS (Committee Member); Teng Leng Ooi PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Optics; Sports Medicine

MS, Kent State University, 2021, College of Arts and Sciences / Materials Science Graduate Program

The classical X-Y rotor model is used for demonstrating the temperature dependence of pitch of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals prepared from Nematic Liquid Crystals with a large birefringence (∆n) and an absolute value of dielectric anisotropy(∆ε) are used to achieve the whole-visible-spectrum bandgap symmetric broadening by 54V DC voltage (cell gap: 18.2 μm). The samples with DC voltage in the curing process gain a permanent wider bandgap. The bandgap of Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystal doped with Direct Yellow 4 dye is found to have a bandgap of 230nm under only 27V DC voltage. POM images are used for demonstrating the focal-conic state in samples destroyed by overloading.

Committee: Liang -Chy Chien (Committee Chair); Robin Selinger (Committee Member); Antal Jákli (Committee Member) Subjects: Materials Science; Optics; Physics

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2020, Vision Science

Hitting a baseball or intercepting a moving object in space requires processing multiple variables either in parallel or in close succession. These factors including deducing “where” the object is, “where” it is heading (direction of motion in depth), and “when” it will intercept or pass the observer (time to contact or time to passage). Research has been done to isolate what variables observers use to make these calculations. Tau, the object's instantaneous retinal image size divided by its rate of change in retinal image size, has been extensively studied as a potential cue for time to collision and time to passage calculations. A binocular ratio similar to that of tau has also been proposed as a cue for time to collision and time to passage. For calculation of the direction of motion in depth, various cues have been proposed to calculate approach angle including the vertical visual angle and the gap closure angle. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the ability of observers to estimate the vertical height of pitched balls when minimal cues to time to passage were provided, and cues for the direction of motion in depth such as the vertical approach angle or rate of change in vertical angle as measured from the eyes were mostly eliminated. A secondary goal of the experiment was to determine the extent to which experience plays a role in the ability to estimate vertical height of the pitched balls. To do this, balls were pitched toward participants standing 40 feet away from a pitching machine. Netting was set up 9 feet from the machine to stop the pitched balls. Participants were tasked with estimating the ultimate vertical location of the balls at the observer if the balls had completed their trajectory. 6 different ball speeds ranging from about 56mph to 80mph were used. Overall, participants did demonstrate lower vertical height estimates at lower speeds compared to higher speeds. However, these height estimates were inaccurate, especially a (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Nicklaus Fogt OD, PhD (Advisor); Teng Leng Ooi PhD (Committee Member); Aaron Zimmerman OD, MS (Committee Member) Subjects: Optics; Sports Medicine

Master of Arts, Case Western Reserve University, 2019, Music Education

The purpose of this research was to measure the effects of instrument timbre and octave combinations on the accuracy of undergraduate wind band members' perception of pitch, as well as these variables' effect on the perceived difficulty of the same task. Participants (N = 92) from three college bands identified 24 pitch pairs as in-tune or out-of-tune. These pairs consisted of an in-tune stimulus pitch presented in single or combined octaves (clarinet, tuba, clarinet and tuba, clarinet and bass clarinet) followed by an experimental pitch (trombone) with deviations of 0, ±10, or ±15 cents. Participants also responded to the perceived ease and difficulty of assessing pitch related to these combinations. Results indicated that single octave stimulus pitches produced the most accurate responses and were perceived as the easiest condition to hear differences in pitch. Among combined octave stimuli, the dissimilar timbre pairing produced the most accurate results. Further results showed increased accuracy for sharp pitches over flat, and the tuba stimulus over the clarinet stimulus, indicating a possible effect of instrument tone quality on pitch perception in the study.

Committee: Nathan Kruse PhD (Advisor); Kathleen Horvath PhD (Committee Member); Ryan Scherber PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Music Education

Master of Science, Miami University, 2018, Computer Science and Software Engineering

Data collection and analysis is widespread across all industries, leading to a glut of data and a dearth of specialists who can use this data to derive insights. Accompanying the new “Big Data” paradigm is a resurgence in interest in machine learning techniques. Using machine learning techniques to work with "Big Data” is a complex task, often requiring specialized knowledge of the problem space as well as appropriate computer algorithms and approaches. However, such specialists who also possess programming ability are difficult to find and expensive to train. The gap between the problem space and the software solution often includes developers who lack the requisite domain-specific knowledge. The Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) paradigm helps close this gap by allowing developers to implement quality software by modeling it using high-level domain specific concepts. In this thesis, we attempt to demonstrate the plausibility of applying MDE to big data by considering a use case of machine learning baseball analytics, specifically, prediction of the next pitch. We model and implement MDE solutions to this use case by employing and updating an existing, but untested, Domain-Specific Modeling Language (DSML). We implement model instances considering different prediction factors and a code generation scheme for this DSML that is targeted at a binary classification problem of fastball versus non-fastball. Our goal is to help demonstrate the viability of the MDE paradigm in the machine learning domain, make machine learning software development more accessible and formalized, and help facilitate future research in this area.

Committee: Matthew Stephan PhD (Advisor); James Kiper PhD (Committee Member); Michael Zmuda PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Computer Science

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1985, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Music