PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2021, Engineering and Applied Science: Environmental Engineering

Topical delivery of dermatological drugs or cosmetic agents can provide significant benefits to the skin. On the other hand, dermal exposure to hazardous chemicals contributes to many occupational diseases and disorders. In this study, mechanistically-based skin penetration models were developed to simulate and predict the transient skin penetration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds in various dermal exposure scenarios. The development was undertaken starting with an Excel-based spreadsheet model for transient diffusion of lipophilic and moderately polar compounds and adding the capability of including highly polar compounds and also an explicit representation of solvent-deposited solids. In Chapter 2, three one-dimensional diffusion models and two three-dimensional diffusion models were constructed on Mathematica in order to simulate desorption profiles of hydrophilic chemicals from human stratum corneum. The physical models for desorption behavior involved a combination of transverse diffusion through the tissue, and lateral diffusion and exchange with skin appendages. By optimizing transverse and lateral diffusion coefficients to match the experimentally measured profiles, we found that the lateral diffusivity values greatly exceeded the transverse values, but the transverse clearance exceeded lateral clearance due to the sparsity of skin appendages. The results confirmed that the transverse transport of hydrophilic compounds across human stratum corneum could be effectively described by one-dimensional models. In combination with earlier work comparing transcellular and intercellular pathways in the stratum corneum matrix, they furthermore confirmed that transcellular transport is an important component of the stratum corneum's polar pathway, in addition to the already-recognized appendageal transport mechanism. The desorption analyses led to the development of an Excel-based steady-state diffusion model that included a polar pathway. Extens (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Dionysios Dionysiou Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Joanna Jaworska Ph.D. (Committee Member); Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Member); George Sorial Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

BA, Oberlin College, 2021, Classics

In his telling of the Life of Nero, Suetonius crafted an image of an archetypical tyrant that he then used throughout his other Lives. The princeps was Rome's premier citizen--as such, they needed to perform all aspects of citizenship as well as possible, especially in regards to successfully performing masculinity. Therefore, to be a good emperor was to embody male virtue; to be a bad emperor was to be effeminate and lack virtue. Suetonius crafted a rhetorical trope of the unmanly tyrant using his portrayal of Nero. This is seen most clearly in Nero 29, where Nero was sexually passive to a freedman, had public intercourse, and performed oral sex, among other improprieties. This trope was then used in the Lives of Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Domitian to cast them as unqualified and tyrannical.

Committee: Andrew Wilburn (Advisor); Benjamin Todd Lee (Committee Member); Rebecca A. Frank (Committee Member) Subjects: Classical Studies; Gender; Gender Studies; History

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 1997, Civil Engineering (Engineering)

Field and laboratory studies of the behavior of spread footing for highway bridge construction (HAM-32-0.14)

Committee: Teruhisa Masada (Advisor) Subjects: Engineering, Civil

Master of Arts (MA), Ohio University, 2004, Speech-Language Pathology (Health Sciences and Professions)

The purpose of the present preliminary study was to determine whether there are indications that aspiration or penetration of food or liquids can have persisting effects on voice quality and vocal pitch. To achieve this goal acoustic analyses and perceptual assessments of voice were conducted on 5 abnormal subjects identified as aspirators and penetrators and 5 age- and gender-matched normal individuals. For the acoustic voice analysis the PRAAT, v.4.2, and the BLISS programs were used. For the perceptual voice evaluation the Consensus of Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) was used. Results indicate that the participants that were identified as aspirators or penetrators had selectively more deviant vocal characteristics (vocal pitch and voice quality) than their age and gender matched controls and that these deviations were apparent in few of the perceptual and few of the acoustic comparisons. Since the number of participants was limited these results ought to be interpreted with caution and possibly as trends or indications that the two groups have some significantly different vocal deviations. Further research in this direction to determine whether these vocal differences are significant is indicated.

Committee: Richard Dean (Advisor) Subjects:

Master of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2024, EMC - Mechanical Engineering

Robots that are heavy enough to lift objects in coastal environments often have problems sinking into the terrain. My proposed solution is 3D printing fabric attachments onto the feet of a crab-like robot. The fabric is embedded between the layers of the 3D print. Similar techniques have been described in artistic and hobbyist applications, however they have not been documented in load-bearing robotics parts, to my knowledge. The resulting attachments improved the walking speed of the robot in sand deeper than the dactyl depth by limiting the penetration of the dactyls into the sand. Specifically, by limiting dactyl penetration to 5.6cm, the robot's forward and sideways gaits are four to nine times faster. These results begin to show the utility of fabric basket dactyls, and future work can highlight the utility of similar passive ankles for climbing slopes.

Committee: Kathryn Daltorio (Committee Chair); Roger Quinn (Committee Member); Richard Bachmann (Committee Member) Subjects: Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Textile Research

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2024, Engineering and Applied Science: Civil Engineering

The rapid advancement in automation technologies has substantially decreased human errors, one of the foremost contributors to crashes, contributing to a safer transportation environment. Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) present advantages including heightened safety, decreased congestion, improved traffic operations, and environmental benefits. However, the seamless integration of CAV into current infrastructure and effective navigation of mixed traffic scenarios pose significant challenges. A crucial aspect of this integration involves comprehending the dynamics of traffic in a mixed environment that includes both Human-driven vehicles and CAVs. Furthermore, the limitations in the existing infrastructure to adapt to CAVs raise safety concerns, emphasizing the pivotal role of infrastructure upgrades to meet the specific requirements of CAVs. Additionally, CAVs must align with the psychological aspects of road users, addressing human safety perception and comfort needs. In the context of evolving transportation landscapes, this consolidated research explores the intricate interplay between human factors, automation technologies, and roadway infrastructure to enhance safety and operational efficiency. The first segment of the study delves into mixed traffic scenarios involving human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) at varying Market Penetration and Level of Autonomy (MPLA). Utilizing a VISSIM-based microsimulation model with 27 scenarios, safety assessments were conducted using the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model tool using Time to Collision using three levels of thresholds. The second segment investigates the impact of varied automation levels on roadway infrastructure. Employing VISSIM parameters, 15 scenarios explored the relationship between traffic volumes, segment automation capabilities, and safety outcomes assessed through the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model and Time to Collision indicator. Results revealed that CAVs w (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Mohamed Ahmed Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Zhixia Li Ph.D. (Committee Member); John Ash Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Transportation

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2023, Welding Engineering

High energy density welds have complex weld geometries due to the deep penetrations and low heat input associated with these processes, making it viable for many applications (aerospace, medical, defense, etc.). These complex geometries lead to difficulties in characterizing the transition between the conduction and keyhole weld mode geometries for this welding process. An ytterbium doped fiber laser with a beam diameter of 0.6 mm was used to make partial penetration autogenous weld on the nickel-based alloy, Inconel 690. Laser powers ranged from 600W – 2800W and travel speeds ranged from 5 mm/s – 150 mm/s to analyze characterization techniques of the weld's formation through conduction to keyhole mode. Six characterization techniques were attempted, with the final technique having two methods compared. First, the depth-to-width measurement were analyzed for a sudden increase as the power increased for welds made at the same travel speed. Evidence for a shift in depth-to-width ratios as the weld geometries transition were seen. A change in convexity of the weld pool measurements using ImageJ software proved a viable method for characterizing the weld mode. Uniformity was seen along the weld root's penetration was seen for longitudinal cross-sections for keyhole and conduction mode weld geometries. Weld roots within the transition of these modes showed nonuniform weld root penetrations. Inline Coherent Imaging was used to see if any notable changes of the weld's formation through the keyhole profile. Finally, analysis of the solidification rate and subsequent solidification parameters was done using a traced solid liquid interface and cell spacing measurements. These results were inconclusive as a current method of characterization, but solidification rate values were compared to those measured through cellular grain growth analysis. Cellular grain growth analysis showed that both plan and longitudinal weld cross-sections are needed when analyzing the solidifica (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Carolin Fink (Advisor); Boyd Panton (Advisor); Wei Zhang (Committee Member) Subjects: Engineering; Materials Science

Master of Science, University of Toledo, 2022, Electrical Engineering

The push for renewable energy has certainly driven the world towards sustainability. However, the incorporation of clean energy into the electric power grid does not come without challenges. When synchronous generators are replaced by inverter based Photovoltaic (PV) generators, the voltage profile of the grid gets considerably degraded. The effect in voltage profile, added with the unpredictable generation capacity, and lack of good reactive power control eases opportunities for sneaky False Data Injection (FDI) attacks that could go undetected. The challenge is to differentiate these two phenomena. In this thesis work, an attack is exposed in a grid environment with high PV penetration, and challenges associated with designing a detector that accounts for inefficiencies that comes with it is discussed. The detector is a popular Kalman Filter based anomaly detection engine that tracks deviation from the predicted behavior of the system. Chi-squared fitness test is used to check if the current states are within the normal bounds of operation. The work concludes by exposing a vulnerability in using static and dynamic threshold detectors which are directly affected by day-ahead demand prediction algorithms that have not been fully evolved yet. Finally, some of the widely used machine learning based anomaly detection algorithms is used to overcome the drawbacks of model-based algorithm.

Committee: Weiqing Sun (Committee Chair); Ahmad Javaid (Committee Member); Junghwan Kim (Committee Member) Subjects: Electrical Engineering

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2022, Medicine: Industrial Hygiene (Environmental Health)

Inorganic Lead (iPb) exposure continues to be a public health issue in occupational settings, with an estimated 1,465,000 U.S. workers having dermal exposures to iPb compounds. Four specific aims were completed to explore the potential for percutaneous absorption of iPb compounds. The first aim was to review published literature on iPb dermal studies to identify/calculate percutaneous absorption values (Kp and diffusion rate). Eleven articles containing relevant data were identified. Average diffusion rates for the pool of animal and human skin data ranged from 10-7 to 10-4 mg/cm2/h, and Kp values ranged from 10-7 to 10-5 cm/h. Most studies (92%) were not conducted using standard test guideline methods, and there is low confidence in the percutaneous absorption parameters estimates A second aim was to determine the pH-dependent dissolution of iPb compounds (Pb Nitrate (PbN), Pb Acetate (PbA), Pb Oxide (PbO), Pb Red Oxide (PbRO)) in synthetic sweat (SSFL) and understand the dissolution kinetics of these compounds for up to 72 h. At 8 h, PbN and PbA exhibit dissolutions from 36.4% – 61.1%, while PbO and PbRO range from 0.1% – 2.5%, with pH having a significant effect (p<0.05) on dissolution for all four compounds. PbA and PbN exhibit similar dissolution patterns, with rapid dissolution during the first 8 h, and slower dissolution between 8 and 24 h. PbO at both pH levels, and PbRO at pH 5.3, show similar patterns of dissolution but did not reach a slower dissolution until 24 h. PbRO at pH 6.5 slowly releases Pb ions into the SSFL through 72 h. A third aim was to conduct pilot studies of percutaneous absorption of PbN using human skin in a Franz cell assay over 24-72 h. Four studies conducted found Pb ion in washed skin layers ranging from 8.9% – 31.5% of the mass of Pb applied. This is likely an underestimate of the Pb in washed skin, since Pb could not be fully accounted for in recovery studies of skin due to methodological issues to fully dissolve skin. Pb was only (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: John Reichard PharmD Ph.D. (Committee Member); Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Member); Christine Whittaker Ph.D. (Committee Member); Glenn Talaska Ph.D. (Committee Member); M. Maier Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Occupational Safety

MA, Kent State University, 2021, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Anthropology

For hundreds of thousands of years, Homo sapiens and our hominid ancestors have used projectile weapons made from various materials to hunt prey. Two key variables that determine hunting success are the level of penetration depth achieved by the weapon tip and the injury caused due to the shape, or cross-section, of the points as they tear through a target's body. To better understand ancient weapon systems, experimental archaeologists have been putting various projectile point technologies to the test using several differing ballistics setups and target materials. However, the lack of consistency in target materials used for ballistics testing is highly problematic. At a minimum, the results are inconsistent across tests and can result in unequivocal datasets. Understanding how projectiles penetrate a given target material is key to determining projectile point efficiency and assessing wound damage. This study evaluates stone and steel points against four target materials: clay, ten and twenty percent ballistics gelatin, and meat, to assess the amount of force required to penetrate each material to a controlled depth using an Instron Materials Tester. The goal was to develop a baseline understanding of how the materials react during the penetration process for ongoing and future studies that will be conducted at the Kent State University Experimental Archaeology Laboratory and elsewhere. The results of this study show that for internally valid tests that wish to achieve consistent results within the mean maximum resistance force of meat during static testing, then calibrated twenty percent ballistics gelatin is the best material to use. However, given the cost of purchasing twenty percent ballistics gel and the difficulty of making it oneself, I conclude that if the experiment seeks to mimic the range of variation found in meat in static testing, while still yielding results within the lower bounds of the mean maximum resistance force, then commercial clay is t (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Michelle Bebber Dr. (Advisor); Metin Eren Dr. (Committee Member); C. Owen Lovejoy Dr. (Committee Member); Richard Meindl Dr. (Committee Member); Brett Story Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Archaeology; Experiments

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), University of Dayton, 2019, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Electric power grids are currently undergoing a major transition from large centralized power stations to distributed generation in which small and flexible facilities produce power closer to where it is needed. This move towards a decentralized delivery of energy is driven by a combination of economic, technological and environmental factors. In recent years, the cost of renewable energy in the form wind turbines and solar PV has dropped dramatically due to advances in manufacturing and material science, leading to their rapid deployment across the US. To supplement the intermittent nature of wind and solar energy, there is a growing need for small, highly controllable sources such as natural gas turbines. With the fracking boom in the US, there is currently abundant natural gas to use for this purpose. The resulting proliferation of many small energy producers creates technical problems such as voltage and frequency control that can be addressed with battery storage, whose cost is also dropping. These factors are leading to a move away from large energy production facilities that require too much initial investment. Also, a distributed supply is more efficient and reliable. The threat of global climate change is creating pressure to increase the integration of distributed generation and information technology is now capable of managing a greater number of energy producers, utilizing a vast supply of information to predict supplies and demand and to determine optimal dispatching of energy. The move towards a higher percentage of renewable energy creates many interesting technical issues, many of which are due to the lack of control over the renewable resources. Energy dispatching between multiple sources, some controllable and some not, and multiple loads leads to a need for dispatching strategies that maximize the percentage of the load that is met with renewable energy. A growing aspect of this energy dispatch is a stream of information about energy demand, w (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Malcolm Daniels Dr. (Advisor) Subjects: Electrical Engineering; Energy; Mechanical Engineering

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2019, Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical Sciences/Biopharmaceutics

Rinse-off products are designed to cleanse the skin and hair of dirt, sweat, and oils, and then be rinsed away with water. Anionic surfactants, which are often used in rinse-off products due to their excellent foaming and lather characteristics, bind to and denature skin proteins as well as intercalate into and extract skin lipids. Repeated use leads to skin dryness and irritation over time. Although a number of theories have been proposed, the exact mechanisms of surfactant penetration into human skin remain unknown. The purpose of this research was to elucidate these mechanisms in single and mixed anionic surfactant systems. These understandings will lead to strategies which can be used to mitigate skin dryness and irritation from repeated use of commercial rinse-off products, thereby improving consumer experience and streamlining product research and development.

Committee: Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Kavssery Ananthapadmanabhan (Committee Member); Thomas Beck Ph.D. (Committee Member); Harshita Kumari (Committee Member); Kevin Li Ph.D. (Committee Member); Peng Zhang Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Individual and Family Studies; Pharmaceuticals; Web Studies

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2018, Biochemistry Program, Ohio State

Histone proteins are extremely important biological targets that are heavily post-translationally modified to control DNA related processes. To study these proteins in vitro, we have developed a number of chemical techniques that allow for the synthesis of selectively modified histones. These proteins can be refolded into nucleosomes and the stability, dynamics, and structure of the nucleosome can be probed using biochemical and biophysical techniques. Here we present an optimized peptide-synthesis strategy for the generation of peptide thioesters, the biophysical characterization of two modified histones, and explore the use of histones as potent cell-penetrating peptides as a new method to study histone cytoplasmic maturation. In order to generate the reactive peptides to generate fully-synthetic histone proteins, we utilize a masked thioester. We discovered that 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, our standard thioester precursor, would accumulate number side-products where peptide chain extension occurred on both amines when Gly-rich peptides were synthesized. To remedy this, we developed an alternative protection scheme that allowed for the selective protection and deprotection of both amines using Fmoc and alloxycarbonyl (Alloc) protecting groups. This allowed for the synthesis of peptides containing multiple glycines in a row and a 44-amino acid peptide in high yield. This has since been used for the total synthesis of 4 different core histone proteins ranging in size from 101-214 amino acids in size. While many post-translational modifications of histones exist on the unstructured histone tails, modifications to the folded histone core are also important for control of nucleosome dynamics and stability. Here we present data showing that H4-K91ac and H3-T118ph destabilize nucleosomes, but in different manners. H4-K91ac is a modification that occurs between the tetramer and dimer subunits and weakens dimer interactions in nucleosomes. We find that this modificatio (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Swenson Richard Dr. (Committee Member); Freitas Michael Dr. (Committee Member); Parthun Mark Dr. (Committee Member); Ottesen Jennifer Dr. (Advisor) Subjects: Biochemistry; Biology; Chemistry

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2017, Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical Sciences/Biopharmaceutics

Skin has been the focus of research as a site of local and systemic drug delivery due to its advantages over other routes of drug delivery. However, the determining factors that could affect the transport of compounds through and into the skin are still unclear. The main purpose of the present dissertation was to understand the determinants affecting skin permeation, including the influence of solvents and solute physicochemical properties on skin permeation and the effects of a penetration enhancer on the skin penetration of highly lipophilic permeants. The objective of Chapter 3 was to examine the effects of solvents upon the deposition of a model solute, corticosterone (CS) in the stratum corneum (SC) that could influence skin absorption of the solute after topical application. The solvents used in the study had different evaporation rates that were expected to impact skin deposition of CS and its absorption across skin. The results show no correlation between the rate of CS absorption and the rate of solvent evaporation with volatile solvents, suggesting no difference in solvent-induced deposition of CS in the SC. The results of these volatile solvents were different from those of slower evaporating solvents, that a relationship between permeant absorption and solvent evaporation rate was observed. The study performed in Chapter 4 was a continuing effort to investigate the effects of solvents on skin absorption of lipophilic and polar solutes and examine the relationships between solute physicochemical properties and skin absorption of these solutes. Skin permeation experiments under the finite and infinite dose conditions were conducted with model solutes and selected solvents. Except for urea, the skin permeation results of the solutes under the finite dose condition of the volatile solvents were in general agreement with the permeability coefficients obtained under the infinite dose condition. In Chapter 5, we probed the mechanism of the obs (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Kevin Li Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Member); Harshita Kumari (Committee Member); Q. Ching Stella Ph.D. (Committee Member); R. Randall Wickett Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

Master of Science in Chemistry, Youngstown State University, 2016, Department of Chemistry

Interpenetrating phase composites were produced via the reactive metal penetration of ceramic precursor materials. This work was done in collaboration with the TCON division of Fireline, Inc., whose research and development focuses on slip cast silica shapes immersed in molten aluminum. During this process, the silica is transformed into alumina and a network of aluminum channels forms throughout the new ceramic. The interpenetrating nature of these composites yields impressive mechanical and thermal properties, making them valuable materials for ballistic, automotive, and refractory applications. There is new interest, however, in creating composites that contain materials other than alumina as the ceramic phase. The research described in this thesis sought to incorporate magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) and aluminum oxynitride (Al3O3N) spinels into IPCs with aluminum. Magnesium titanate and silica in a 2:1 molar ratio was found to produce the MgAl2O4/Al composite when transformed in an aluminum bath containing 5% silicon by weight. SiAlONs were utilized as potential precursors for the Al3O3N/Al materials, though all proved ineffective and the desired IPC was not created. Ceramic precursor shapes for the MgAl2O4/Al composites were created via 3-D printing. The effect this process had on final composite microstructure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and compressive testing. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were utilized extensively for phase identification and material characterization.

Committee: Timothy Wagner PhD (Advisor); Virgil Solomon PhD (Committee Member); Ruigang Wang PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science

Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSP), University of Toledo, 2016, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Industrial Pharmacy)

The ability to effectively deliver non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) topically and transdermally offers an increased localization of the drug to the site of pain and inflammation, while simultaneously reducing systemic absorption. This ultimately results in more effective treatment for localized pain and inflammation, while reducing the undesired side effects associated with NSAIDs. In this work, effective topical delivery was studied, specifically to compare and contrast the effects of three separate penetration enhancers utilizing in vitro Franz cell testing methods. Ten formulations, using three different penetration enhancers (Kollicream OA, Kollicream IPM and Kollicream 3C) and two different active pharmaceutical ingredients (ibuprofen and sodium ibuprofen), were tested and results are given in this report. Ultimately, the penetration enhancers were found to impede delivery of active pharmaceutical drugs into the epidermis of the skin over an 8-hour period as compared to a standard blank cream run concurrently. Kollicream 3C was shown to have the best release profile over the initial first hour of the study, mimicking the initial application of the pharmaceutical product. Kollicream OA was shown to have the best release profile over the entire 8-hour period.

Committee: Kenneth Alexander Ph.D (Committee Chair); Gabriella Baki Ph.D. (Committee Member); Marcia McInerney Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

Master of Arts (MA), Ohio University, 2015, History (Arts and Sciences)

The Philippines lay in the middle of Japanese shipping lanes to the Dutch East Indies, a region that provided them with the oil necessary to keep their navy at sea. Japanese possession of the Philippines ensured them not only access to such shipping lanes, but also unrestricted communication with Tokyo. Allied command GHQ SWPA began maneuvering to sever this linkage. As this thesis will argue, there was already an effective local guerilla intelligence network in existence before the war, having been maintained by the guerrilla groups that emerged.The effectiveness of these existing channels and the guerrillas as operatives was illustrated by the speed with which information began to flow back to Australia once these networks were aligned under the Philippine Regional Section. The volume of material produced, of their own volition, while the guerillas unable to maintain reliable contact with GHQ in early 1942, as well as their maintenance of the networks through the war is evidence that the intelligence shared between Filipino guerrilla districts and GHQ was a mutually beneficial endeavor. The PRS provided the communications apparatus to link these movements, but they themselves did not control or muster the forces necessary to operate it with the islands. It was the intelligence provided by the guerillas and the Coastwatch stations they supported that provided information crucial to an American reinvasion of the Philippine Archipelago. Without the intelligence gathered by the resistance, American forces would have been operating without a precise understanding of enemy positions during battles like Leyte, making any attempt to retake the islands difficult, if not far too risky to be sold to the high command. Despite General MacArthur's selective use of guerilla reports, often favoring the discoveries of signals intelligence, at each crucial stage of operations, Filipino guerrilla reports alerted Allied forces outside the Philippines to minute changes in enemy positi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Ingo Trauschweizer Dr (Advisor); John Brobst Dr (Committee Member); Alec Holcombe Dr (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; Military History; South Asian Studies

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2015, Chemical Engineering

Metal electrodeposition is often associated with simultaneous hydrogen co-evolution. The presence of bubbles complicates the design and control of electrodeposition processes. This is particularly relevant to the electrodeposition from aqueous electrolytes of numerous metals with standard potentials that are negative to hydrogen. As shown in this study, hydrogen co-evolution enhances the transport rates of the metal deposition reaction beyond those predicted by the classical, steady-state mass transport model. Available models addressing transport in the presence of gas co-evolution are based on free convection that is enhanced by the rising bubble cloud. However, there are no models that address mass transfer enhancement by bubbles under forced convection, such as analyzed here for the commonly used, facing-down rotating disk electrode (RDE). This study characterizes experimentally the phenomenon and introduces a model for quantifying it. Experimental data was collected in plating copper at high cathodic overpotentials (-0.4 to -1.0V vs SHE) from acidified copper sulfate on a RDE. The transport enhancement (~2-6 fold) was determined by measuring the copper deposition by gravimetry. Pulse experiments, where the current decay was measured following a short bubble generation confirmed the linkage between the current enhancement and the presence of bubbles. A model based on fresh electrolyte replenishing the volume vacated by the translating bubbles and thus subjecting regions of the electrode to enhanced transient currents has been derived. The model correlates the experimental data indicating higher transport enhancement with increasing cathodic polarization and dependence of the enhancement on the rotation rate and on the bulk copper concentration.

Committee: Uziel Landau (Committee Chair); Rohan Akolkar (Committee Member); Donald Feke (Committee Member); Daniel Scherson (Committee Member); Mohan Sankaran (Committee Member) Subjects: Applied Mathematics; Chemical Engineering; Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanical Engineering; Physics; Technology

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2015, Engineering and Applied Science: Aerospace Engineering

An experimental investigation of response characteristics of a liquid jet in oscillating crossflow is undertaken to understand the behavior of a liquid fuel spray in the presence of combustion instabilities. The effect of crossflow oscillations on the liquid jet is studied in the near-field (within x/d˜8) and the far-field (x/d˜50) spray region. Experiments are conducted in bag breakup, multimode and shear breakup regimes by varying crossflow Weber number from 18 to 250, while momentum flux ratio is varied between 10 and 30. The crossflow is modulated in the frequency range of 90 Hz to 450 Hz, with modulation level varying between 5% and 20%, using a mechanical modulating device. High speed shadowgraph is employed to study the near-field and far-field spray movement while intensified high-speed camera images of laser Mie-scattering intensity are utilized in studying the spray cross-section in the far-field. A technique to extract time-varying momentum flux ratio from the windward trajectory of liquid jet in the near-field is developed. The response of near-field spray is quantified in terms of a ratio of the observed momentum flux ratio extracted from a correlation of upper penetration to the expected momentum flux ratio corresponding to the instantaneous crossflow velocity. The liquid jet penetration is found to respond to oscillations in the crossflow at all oscillation frequencies in the near-field. The strength of the response is found to be mainly dependent on the crossflow oscillation frequency, with the strength of response decreasing with increase in frequency. The momentum flux ratio and the modulation level are found to have relatively negligible effects on the level of normalized spray response. The spray response in the far-field is studied by observing the high-speed shadowgraphs and Mie-scattering intensity images at an axial distance of x/d=50. The spray field in the axial location is divided into ten bins and the intensity change in each bin is analy (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Jongguen Lee Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Milind Jog Ph.D. (Committee Member); Mark Turner Sc.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Aerospace Materials

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2015, Food Science and Technology

Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoids, have been reported as potent antioxidants, acting as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic compounds and as natural colorants in the food industry. However, investigations into their application in topical products have been limited, thus far. The attractiveness of using anthocyanins in topical applications is two-fold: their use could potentially provide a source of natural color while concurrently acting as health-promoting active ingredients on the skin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of anthocyanins as bioactive colorants in lipstick formulations. The hypothesis was that by targeting anthocyanin sources known for their high stability and reported health benefits, that these properties would also be observed in cosmetics. Successful formulations showed similar shades to commercial lipsticks, high color stability to accelerated environmental testing; high free radical scavenging antioxidant ability, UV protection, inhibition of melanin production and dermal penetration determined by FTIR spectroscopy and PLS-regression. Lipsticks were formulated with a standard base of cosmetic-grade waxes and oils and anthocyanin extracts. Sources of non-acylated cyanidin, elderberry, and acylated cyanidin, such as purple carrot; purple corn; and purple sweet potato, were chosen due to their abundance in nature. Red radish, a source of acylated pelargonidin, was investigated due to its reported high stability and color similarity to current certifiable red colorants. Red grape skin, which contains all six major aglycones, was chosen to better understand the effect of chemical structure on stability. Lipstick formulations were compared to reference samples of commercially available lipsticks and cosmetic colorants. Similar to the reference samples, the anthocyanin-colored lipsticks ranged in color from a vibrant red from red radish to a deep plum from elderberry, highlighting the wide scope of colors obtainable from (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: M. Monica Giusti (Advisor); Luis Rodriguez-Saona (Committee Member); Chris Simons (Committee Member) Subjects: Food Science