Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2021, Animal Sciences

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of low and high levels of vitamin A (VA) supply on fat mobilization, risk of subclinical ketosis, and early milk production performance in transition dairy cattle. In a completely randomized block design, sixty-three prefresh Holstein cows (21 primiparous and 42 multiparous) were blocked by parity and calving date and assigned to one of three dietary treatments: CON, a transition diet with supplemental VA (75,000 IU/d; n = 21) to meet NRC (2001) requirement; LOW, a transition diet with no supplemental VA (n = 21), and HIGH, a transition diet receiving 2.5 times greater supplemental VA (190,000 IU/d; n = 21) than the requirement. The experiment was divided into 3 periods: prepartum (14 d prior to expected parturition), postpartum (d 1 to 30 in milk), and carry over period (d 31 to 58 in milk). Cows received their respective dietary treatments from d -14 prior to anticipating calving date to 30 days in milk. Prior to entering the experiment, all cows received a typical far-off diet with no VA supplementation during the far-off dry. Dry matter intake in the pre- and postpartum period and MY were unaffected by treatment. Milk fat, protein and lactose yields were similar amongst treatments and not affected by VA. However, an increase in milk fat percentage (P = 0.02) and somatic cell count (SCC) count (P < 0.01) with increasing levels of VA was observed in the postpartum and carryover periods. A quadratic effect of VA (P = 0.02) and a VA × time interaction (P < 0.1) occurred for BW, and it was higher for the HIGH treatment. Body condition score decreased after parturition in all cows, but no VA effect was observed. Segmented neutrophil percentage decreased (P = 0.01) and lymphocytes percentage increased (P = 0.01) with increased levels of VA. Plasma NEFA, BHB, and cholesterol did not differ among treatments. Concentrations of plasma retinol were not affected by treatment, although a linear decrease (P = 0.04) was (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Chanhee Lee (Advisor); Maurice Eastridge L. (Committee Member); Kichoon Lee (Committee Member) Subjects: Animal Sciences

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2018, Kinesiology

The primary purpose of this investigation was to compare performance adaptations in tactical athletes utilizing a ketogenic diet (KD) vs. control (CON) during a 12-week strength and conditioning program in conjunction with their standard military fitness training. Little research has been conducted on the effects of a ketogenic diet on strength and power outcome goals, yet a ketogenic diet has demonstrated to be physiologically beneficial in other populations. Participants self-selected to a diet intervention KD (n=15), or CON (n=14). The training intervention included 6 weeks of resistance training, emphasizing back squat and bench press, and 6 weeks of power training, emphasizing Olympic lifts and plyometric training. PRE and POST-intervention, countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 RM back squat and bench press, repeated sprint intervals, an obstacle course, VO2 Max, and body composition measures were assessed. At Week 1 (MP1) and Week 6 (MP2) an abbreviated performance battery was conducted including CMJ, 1 RMs, and the sprint intervals. For KD, BF% was significantly higher PRE (25.6 ,SE 5.0) than POST (20.26, SE 4.9) compared to CON PRE (22.0, SD 8.6) and POST (21.3, SD 8.4). For KD, FM was significantly higher PRE (46.5, SE 9.8) than POST (33.6, SE 7.6) compared to CON PRE (38.2, SD 17.5) and POST (36.9 SD 16.7). For KD, LBM was significantly higher PRE (135.9, SE 13.7) than POST (132.9, SE 14.8) compared to CON PRE (131.4, SD 9.5) and POST (133.1, SD 10.1). There were no significant effects between groups for performance measures. Absolute back squat PRE (mean 110.33, SE 5.41) and MP1 (mean 111.72, SE 4.76) were both significantly less than MP2 (mean 122.53, SE 4.47) and POST (mean 125.90, SE 4.50). Relative back squat PRE (mean 1.34, SE .06) and at MP1 (mean 1.37, SE .06) were both significantly less than MP2 (mean 1.53, SE .06) and POST (mean 1.59, SE .06). Relative bench press PRE (mean 1.10, SE 0.07) and at MP1 (mean 1.11, SE 0.07) were both significan (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: William Kraemer PhD (Advisor); Jeff Volek PhD (Committee Member); Carl Maresh PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Kinesiology; Nutrition

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 1992, Nutrition

Brain tumors are known to utilize glucose as the primary fuel. Shifting energy metabolism from glucose to ketone bodies by use of a ketogenic diet, thus decreasing the availability of glucose to the tumor, could potentially inhibit tumor growth. A six week study following three children with advanced stage cancer was conducted. Two subjects had Anaplastic Astrocytoma with different sites of origin. Patient #1, a 3 y.o. developmentally delayed girl, had spinal cord disease while Patient #2, a 8.5 y.o. girl, had cerebellar involvement. Patient #3, a 8.5 y.o. boy had Brain Stem Glioma. He was a study control and followed a regular diet. A medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil-based diet, consisting of 60% MCT oil, 20% Protein, 10% Carbohydrate and 10% Fat, was implemented to induce ketosis. The diet consisted of normal table foods and daily MCT oil shakes. Vitamin & mineral supplements were provided to meet safe and adequate ranges of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for age and sex. Height, weight, dietary intake, and biochemical assays (blood and urine) for ketones, glucose, lipids, amino acids, insulin and glucagon were monitored. Tumor glucose consumption was measured by Positron Emi ssion Tomography (PET) scan using (F-18) 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) pre- and post-trial. The diet was well tolerated by Patients #1 and #2. Initiation of the diet resulted in decline of blood glucose to low-normal levels. Blood ketones were elevated twenty to thirty fold. Weight and height remained stable. All blood values remained constant in Patient #3. PET data showed a decline in glucose uptake (22% in Patients #1 & #2, 41% in Patient #3), reflective of glucose metabolism, at the tumor site. The significant decline in glucose uptake by Patient #3 was attributed to chemotherapy and changes in steroid medication during the study. Patient #1 exhibited significant clinical improvements in mood and new skill development (gait, speech, hand coordination) during the study. She (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Edith Lerner (Advisor) Subjects: