PHD, Kent State University, 2017, College of Education, Health and Human Services / School of Lifespan Development and Educational Sciences

The purpose of this study was to explore how creativity and intuition were activated and encouraged by counseling supervisors within the clinical supervisory relationship with supervisees. Past research in this area was limited in scope, and suggestions for future research included uncovering what worked to encourage creativity and intuition for counselors within supervisory relationships to aid clinical supervisors, counselors, and potentially clients and counseling training programs (Carson & Becker, 2004; Faiver, McNally, & Nims, 2000; Jeffrey, 2012; Jeffrey & Stone Fish, 2011; Koltz, 2008; Kottler & Hecker, 2002; Lawrence, Foster, & Tieso, 2015). Constructivist grounded theory methodology was used for this study, and a purposeful sample of participants was selected via the use of Q-Methodology procedures, specifically, by using Q-sorts and Q-interviews to narrow down participants to those who used creativity and intuition in their clinical supervision practices. Twenty-nine participants (Ohio-licensed and endorsed clinical counseling supervisors) completed Stage 1 (the Q-procedures) of this study. Three factors (Factor Ci, Factor CI, and Factor ci) arose from Stage 1 (n = 20). Participants from Factor Ci (n = 12) and Factor CI (n = 2) were asked to continued with the study and 11 did so. The grounded theory that emerged was the supervisory interaction vortex, which stemmed from a strong supervisory alliance and relationship. This theory was developed into a new clinical supervision model, the Creativity and Intuition Supervision Model (CISM), and expanded upon existing literature about the use of creativity and intuition within supervisory relationships.

Committee: Jane A. Cox (Committee Co-Chair); J. Stephen Rainey (Committee Co-Chair); Alicia R. Crowe (Committee Member); Steven R. Brown (Committee Member); Maureen Blankemeyer (Other) Subjects: Behavioral Sciences; Counseling Education; Counseling Psychology; Psychotherapy

MA, Kent State University, 2023, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Psychological Sciences

Understanding the diverse ways people prefer to think and make decisions about their health can inform research on health behavior engagement. The current study sought to understand the type of person who prefers to make health decisions based on their own body and intuition, including what sociodemographic factors, health-related individual differences, and self-reported health behavior engagement are associated with these preferences. A cross-sectional correlational study design was conducted using a sample that was representative of the U.S. population in terms of age, sex, and ethnicity (N = 315). Women, younger participants, and those with lower educational attainment reported a greater preference for health intuitive thinking. Further, participants who held a health intuitive thinking style reported greater medical mistrust (p < .001), lower numeracy (p < .001), lower health literacy (p < .001), and were more likely to endorse cognitive causation (p < .001). Participants with a health intuitive thinking style also reported lower adherence to several health behaviors. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, a health intuitive thinking style appeared to be most consequential to engagement in cancer screening behaviors, particularly cervical cancer screening uptake (p = .020). Future work should continue to examine the characteristics of people with health intuitive thinking style preferences and how these preferences influence uptake of cancer screening behaviors.

Committee: Jennifer Taber (Advisor) Subjects: Social Psychology

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2022, Leadership Studies

Researchers have identified an academic insufficiency in investigating leadership during in-extremis situations both by emphasis and through difficulty in researching real-time events. These situations can and do commonly occur in settings involving the military and domestic safety forces such as police, fire, and emergency medical teams (EMS). This research has defined in-extremis circumstances as when the participants, whether civilians caught up in the circumstances, first responders to emergency incidents, or military personnel involved in combat situations are vulnerable to incurring significant injuries up to and including death. In plainer words, when people's lives are on the line and the decisions and actions performed during the event could greatly impact the outcome. This research utilized a mixed-methods design gathering online quantitative data from 401 fire officers (grouped into Exemplars and General Fire Officers) and qualitative data from a Delphi panel of Exemplars only. A purpose of this mixed-methods study was to investigate how career fire officers who were identified by their fire departments as exemplars in field command reported they make critical decisions during in-extremis moments and to explore whether there are commonalities in their leadership approaches. This was attained through a Delphi panel composed of 14 Exemplar fire officers. Three rounds of semi-structured interviews were conducted that attempted to reach consensus among the Delphi panel members. In addition, the Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 (REI-40) was offered online to 17 career fire department officers to help evaluate their tendencies towards rational/analytical and experiential/intuitive thinking. Results from the online REI-40 survey and findings from the Delphi interviews revealed that the Exemplars rely upon their experience and intuition to a greater extent and rely less upon written procedures than did their General Fire Officer counterparts. The Delphi p (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Paul Johnson Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Kristina LaVenia Ph.D. (Committee Member); Shirley Green Ph.D. (Committee Member); Sara Worley Ph.D. (Other); Judith Jackson May Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Communication; Educational Leadership; Management; Occupational Safety; Operations Research; Organization Theory

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2018, Philosophy, Applied

We all say that certain moral views – true or false, agreed to or not – are reasonable, rational or justified. When we say this, we mean, roughly, that the agent who has come to these views has answered her ethical questions in a responsible way and that her beliefs are defensible from her own perspective. Whether or not these beliefs turn out true, they have some epistemic merit. This work is an investigation into that notion of epistemic merit. It asks, "What makes a moral belief justified?"

Committee: Christian Coons (Advisor); Michael Weber (Committee Member); Michael Bradie (Committee Member); Daniel Fasko (Committee Member) Subjects: Epistemology; Ethics; Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Studies and Public Affairs, Cleveland State University, 2017, Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs

What is meant by "science" and whether it is an appropriate model for public administration has been a subject of debate since Woodrow Wilson called for a science of administration in 1887. This dissertation introduces another voice into that debate, the voice of a world-renowned physical chemist named Michael Polanyi. Polanyi's sharp criticism of positivism reinforces the arguments of those questioning the legitimacy of an administrative science, but instead of rejecting it, he constructed an alternative definition of science that recognizes the indeterminacy of reality, the personal nature of knowledge, and the centrality of "the logic of tacit knowing." Because all knowledge is tacit or rooted in tacit knowing, we can know more than we can tell, and tacit knowing becomes evident in the dynamic order of polycentric entities and in their reliance on tradition and the person, constrained by community, and morally responsible for discovery and practice.

Committee: Michael Spicer Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Helen Liggett Ph.D. (Committee Member); Walter Gulick Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Epistemology; Philosophy of Science; Public Administration

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2017, Psychology

The current study investigates decision-making styles as predictors of HR professionals' use of intuition in the hiring process. Despite the lack of effectiveness to predict job performance, intuition-based hiring methods are widely used in the field. Understanding the predictors of HR professionals' intuition-based hiring may provide implications to promote evidence-based HR practices. Drawing on the dual-process framework and theories on decision-making under uncertainty, I examined two predictors of intuition-based hiring: cognitive reflection and ambiguity tolerance. Cognitive reflection entails a person's tendency to think thoroughly and resist incorrect intuitive responses. Ambiguity tolerance refers to the extent to which a person is comfortable using vague information to make decisions. In an HR sample (n1 = 164) and a lay decision-maker sample (n2 = 167), participants completed an online survey that included measures of intuition-based hiring and decision-making styles. Data from the two samples provided inconsistent results in regression analyses. In the HR sample, neither of cognitive reflection and ambiguity tolerance significantly predicted intuitionbased hiring. In the lay decision-maker sample, however, ambiguity tolerance was able to explain intuition-based hiring above and beyond perceived situational constraints and Big Five personality traits. Exploratory analyses also showed that in the decision-maker sample ambiguity tolerance explained significant incremental variance in intuition-based hiring over Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR) certification. The findings suggested that examining individual differences in decision-making styles might help researchers understand and predict HR professionals' intuition-based hiring.

Committee: Scott Highhouse PhD (Advisor); Margaret E. Brooks PhD (Committee Member); Richard B. Anderson PhD (Committee Member); Jeffrey A. Brown PhD (Other) Subjects: Management; Psychology

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2016, Antioch Seattle: Clinical Psychology

History has shown, time and again, that parenting practices in America change in the face of important social, political, cultural and ideological transitions. Such influences are often concealed, but nonetheless greatly impact not only the way mothers parent their children but also how they think of themselves in their mothering role. Historical and feminist scholars have helped to elucidate how broad historical legacies and current ideologies, such as patriarchy, capitalism, neoliberalism, and feminism itself, continue to shape dominant discursive understandings about motherhood. Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, eight first time mothers from mostly white, middle class, educated and full time working lifestyles were interviewed to explore their experiences with developing a parenting practice, particularly in the face of numerous saturated cultural influences. Results revealed that participants were most likely to seek advice from close trusted peers, they were unlikely to seek or receive advice from their own parents, they tended to only trust the advice of patient-centered healthcare professionals, and their experiences and understandings of mothering were implicitly shaped by the forces of patriarchy, neoliberalism, and scientism, as well as their own intuitive maternal thinking. This dissertation is available in open access at AURA, http://aura.antioch.edu/ and Ohio Link ETD Center, https://etd.ohiolink.edu/etd

Committee: Suzanne Engelberg Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Dana Waters Psy.D. (Committee Member); Andrea O'Reilly Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Gender Studies; Psychology

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2016, Leadership and Change

This qualitative study examined a leader's enigmatic decision-making process guiding innovative and complex organizations—organizations that are not able to rely on market research or the precedence of industry emulators for making strategic decisions. Leaders of highly creative organizations regularly make catalytic decisions that have fateful outcomes; their ability to recognize and appropriately adjudicate complex and unpredictable market forces determine the consequences. Such influential choices often require a deep level of intuition with very little research and time to decide. The purpose of this dissertation has been to develop a framework that presents Brand Leadership as a distinct and viable leadership paradigm. A claim that leadership may be best described as a way of being with comprehensive system-thinking capable of fully understanding the context in which he or she leads; the complexity of the organization and the trends of the marketplace. A Representative Case Research study, which included three brand leaders and nine ancillary interviews, was conducted and four unique contributions have been offered: First, while certainly related to marketing, brand is the higher order and requires strategic leadership. Second, the evolving role of the brand leader fulfills certain needs, including that brand leaders see the organization in the eyes of the customer; and that Brand Leadership represents an internal momentum in which customers are at the center of the organization. Third, Brand Leadership ,in fact, should be considered a unique leadership paradigm as it sees the leader's intuition as a quintessential proponent to understanding context of the organization and leading within the context of a larger marketplace. And fourth, Brand Leadership is an untapped educational frontier. This dissertation is available in open access at AURA: Antioch University Repository and Archive, http://aura.antioch.edu/ and OhioLINK ETD Center, http:/ (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Mitch Kusy PhD (Committee Chair); Laura Morgan-Roberts PhD (Committee Member); Roger Blackwell PhD (Committee Member); Thomas Kaplan PhD (Other) Subjects: Marketing

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2016, EDU Teaching and Learning

This dissertation explores the narratives of groups of women and demonstrates how those narratives convey the participants' desires and contributions to the world and the people in it. Critical literacy, narrative inquiry and complementary theories provide a backdrop for this inquiry and discussion through themes of women and community, sentience, agency and transformation as illustrated and informed by the narratives from the participants' individual and focus group interviews. This work is grounded in the understanding that humanity is not finished nor is it humane at this point in its history but offers viable possibilities through the narratives in this study that may prompt individuals to action, to affect change, to touch the lives of others, to join together and to seek to improve the human condition.

Committee: Mollie Blackburn PhD (Advisor); Mindi Rhoades PhD (Committee Member); Caroline Clark PhD (Committee Member); Levent Guvenc PhD (Other) Subjects: Education Philosophy; Educational Theory; Pedagogy; Teaching; Womens Studies

Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA), Bowling Green State University, 2015, Contemporary Music

Born and raised in Maine, composer Stuart Saunders Smith (1948) grew up immersed in a milieu that still echoed the influence of the nineteenth-century literary movement known as Transcendentalism. The work of key Transcendentalist figures, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, show the movement's emphasis on autonomy, intuition, pacifism, and social justice. But Transcendentalism also maintains a spiritual focus: a claim that each person is part of a single universal spirit—“Oneness.” However, this “Oneness” does not equate to homogeneity of ideas and individual voices. Rather, each person's divine worth grants them autonomy of thought and agency. Both the social and spiritual ideas of Transcendentalism have informed Smith's music, his writings on music compositional process, and his personal life. Amongst the Transcendentalist notions displayed in Smith's music, pacifism and anti-technologism appear in his use of intricate rhythms. A Thoreauvian anti-materialism can be found in Smith's limited use of instrumentation and in his concept of “percussion ecology.” Moreover, the Transcendentalist non-teleological stance is reflected in Smith's tendency to write evening-length pieces that disregard form, his recurring references to New England imagery, and his use of non-sequiturs. Finally, the idea of Oneness is demonstrated through Smith's endeavor to level the roles of composer, performer, and audience, shown particularly in works that Smith categorizes as “trans-media systems,” “mobile compositions,” and “co-existence pieces.” Other important Transcendentalist notions recurrent in Smith's work and compositional process include: intuition, experience, thought autonomy, isolation, self-reliance, and self-actualization. Smith's focus on these ideas has rendered his overall discourse and much of his compositions antithetical to musical formalism, which implies focus on technique and systematic development. Instead, Smith understands that a compositi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Roger Schupp (Advisor); Marilyn Shrude (Committee Member); Timothy Messer-Kruse (Committee Member); Thomas Rosenkranz (Committee Member); Robert Wallace (Other) Subjects: Music

MFA, Kent State University, 2015, College of the Arts / School of Art

Skeleton Woman: Embracing the Unknown Allows for Surprises was a temporary installation that explored a chaotic, whimsical and intuitive visual language. The theme Skeleton Woman, refers to an allegory about the Life/Death/Life cycle and the transformation of fear into love. I used assemblage, mural painting and drawing to explore issues of beauty and non beauty as well as the presence and acceptance of dysfunction. The chaotic display of objects, drawings, lines and textures gave way to an underlying, rhythmic order. I intended to express personal struggle and transcendence through my own visual and material sensibilities and I allowed the viewer to completely immersed in that process.

Committee: Gianna Committo (Advisor); Darice Polo (Committee Member); Martin Ball (Committee Member); Janice Lessman-Moss (Committee Member) Subjects: Fine Arts

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2014, Curriculum and Instruction Mathematics Education (Education)

Deciding on the truth value of mathematical statements is an essential aspect of mathematical practice in which students are rarely engaged. This study explored undergraduate students' approaches to mathematical statements with unknown truth values. The research questions were 1. In what ways and to what extent do students use intuition and analysis to decide on the truth value of mathematical statements? 2. What are the connections between students' process of deciding on the truth value of mathematical statements and their ability to construct associated proofs and counterexamples? 3. What types of systematic intuitive, mathematical, and logical errors do students make during the proving process, and what is the impact of these errors on the proving process? Clinical task-based interviews utilizing the think-aloud method revealed students' reasoning processes in depth. Twelve undergraduate students each completed four mathematical tasks requiring them to decide on the truth value of a statement and prove or disprove it accordingly. Through analysis of the data, I developed a framework for distinguishing among types of reasoning based on their cognitive and mathematical properties. The framework identifies four distinct categories of reasoning – intuitive, semantic-empirical, semantic-deductive, and syntactic – each with subcategories. The students in this study used all four types of reasoning for deciding on the truth value of the statements in the tasks. Their use of semantic-deductive and syntactic reasoning mirrored mathematicians' use of these reasoning types for decision-making. With the exception of one task, the students' decision-making and construction processes were generally connected. Connections in which the construction process was based on decision-making process mostly facilitated proving. However, simultaneous decision-making and construction processes often led to overturned decisions. Regarding intuitive decision-makin (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Robert Klein (Committee Co-Chair); Allyson Hallman-Thrasher (Committee Co-Chair) Subjects: Mathematics Education

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2014, Experimental Psychology (Arts and Sciences)

Six studies examine the effect of accuracy motivation and reward on intuitive performance. In the first three studies, extrinsic motivation was found to undermine performance on an intuitive performance task. Intuitive accuracy was tested using the Artificial Grammar System. In Study One, participants who were induced into an extrinsic-self mindset performed marginally worse at discriminating letter strings compared to participants induced into an intrinsic-self mindset. In order to encourage extrinsic motivation for Studies Two and Three, participants were told that top performers on the intuition task would receive a $50 gift card. Extrinsically motivated participants discriminated strings significantly lower than control participants (Study 2) and classified strings at chance levels (Study 3). Study Four added a retrieval deadline to the task to minimize conscious control. Accuracy motivation did not improve with the response deadline, so I concluded that extrinsic motivation negatively impacted the implicit components of intuition. Further investigation revealed that fragmented attentional encoding accounted for diminished intuitive performance (Study 5). Last, intrinsic motivation improved intuitive performance (Study 6).

Committee: Keith Markman PhD (Advisor); Taylor-Bianco Amy PhD (Committee Chair); Griffeth Rodger PhD (Committee Chair); Vigo Ronaldo PhD (Committee Chair); Rios Kim PhD (Committee Chair) Subjects: Psychology

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2014, Leadership and Change

The purpose of this study was to explore the personal singing and vocal journey of music therapists who are also trained as vocal psychotherapists with the Austin model of vocal psychotherapy. I was interested in learning how singing has been a healing influence for change and transformation in their lives. It is my hope that this research will offer music therapists new perspectives and information about how singing is important in healing for their own change and transformation, and for that of their clients. This research also may have implications for leaders of change as well as those who engage in vocal and singing groups, choirs and projects. Foundational literature relates to topics such as vocal improvisation, vocal psychotherapy, therapeutic singing lessons, sound healing, and singing for health and wellness, but no research exists that specifically explores the healing influence of singing as experienced by music/vocal psychotherapists nor the full spectrum of healing domains (energetic, emotional, physiological, etc.). I gathered data by recorded in-person or Skype interviews with five Canadian music/vocal psychotherapists, and analyzed the data from the interviews using portraiture. Five MP3 audio files are embedded within and are attached to the dissertation. A video recorded MP4 author introduction is included. The electronic version of this dissertation is at AURA, http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/ and OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/etd.

Committee: Carolyn Kenny PhD (Committee Chair); Jon Wergin PhD (Committee Member); Sanne Storm PhD (Committee Member); Randi Rolvsjord PhD (Other) Subjects: Aesthetics; Energy; Health; Health Care; Music; Spirituality; Therapy

MARCH, University of Cincinnati, 2006, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning : Architecture (Master of)

The Finnish architectural approach achieves genuine significance in architecture through continuity and integrity between form and landscape. This Finnish approach to architecture, delineated as an innate respect to landscape, a reliance on the intuitive design move, genius loci, honesty in the use of materials, and an appreciation of Northern light and nature, is a process for designing successful works of architecture. Aligned with these cultural and poetic sensitivities in Finland, the tangible and intangible characteristics can inform architectural process for projects in Chicago. The design project is concerned with the typologies of cultural institutions and high-rises together with Finnish design principles, tradition, and process, specifically a Finnish Cultural Center in Chicago. This is an investigation into how Finnish architectural process and principles inform and adapt the design of Chicago architecture into a unique solution that is both Finnish and Chicagoan in foundation.

Committee: Jay Chatterjee (Advisor) Subjects: Architecture

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2009, ED Policy and Leadership

This study had 24 participants, all age 50 or over. These participants were divided into three 8-person samples – one sample of retired low-income elderly, one sample of retired university professors, and one sample of retired university staff. I collected data from the participants through one-on-one face-to-face interviews, and through observations of participants' during-interview behavior (I conducted those observations by watching videos of the interviews.). An interesting result of this study was the occurrence of particular nonverbal responses of participants' bodies when those participants were trying to give answers to the study's interview questions (Those nonverbal responses of the body were movements I have labeled eyes wander (where the participant's eyes wandered a particular way), eyes open a little wider and brow furrows (where the participant's eyes opened wider and his or her brow furrowed, simultaneously), and head nodding (where the participant nodded a particular way).). I postulate that these nonverbal responses of the body were not induced by what I posit is the nature of the mental in the participant (i.e., the participant's mind), and yet they seemed to correspond with something mental that was happening in the participant – a mental need for an answer to an interview question. These nonverbal responses of the body make me wonder, is there another level of intelligence in the person, one that is not a mind or what has been called an “unconscious mind” or “subconscious mind,” that is trying to help the mind when it is at a loss in its seeking an answer for something? Another interesting result of this study was that all but one of this study's participants, somewhere in my interviews of them, verbally expressed happiness about their life, somehow. In this study's interviews, most participants verbally expressed that they are satisfied they did the best they could with their lives so far. All participants indicated verbally that they have mo (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: William Taylor PhD (Committee Chair); Seymour Kleinman PhD (Advisor); Anna Soter PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Behaviorial Sciences; Education; Philosophy; Psychology

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2011, Psychology (Arts and Sciences)

Four studies measured the relationship between analytical thinking and intuition. The first three studies show support that an analytical mindset can worsen an intuition- based performance. Participants in an analytical mindset were less able to classify correct grammar strings at a level significantly higher than chance. The fourth study gave evidence that cognitive fluency doesn't account for these results by testing the mechanisms that were being influenced by the analytical mindset. Results support the theory that neither affect nor cognitive fluency is the mechanism worsening intuition. It does support the idea that the analytical mindset may be causing a loss in confidence that leads to worse intuitive performance.

Committee: Keith D. Markman PhD (Advisor); Mark Alicke PhD (Committee Member); Jeff Vancouver PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2008, Psychology/Industrial-Organizational

Although previous research supports the use of analytical selection over intuitive selection, many employers continue to hold on to the belief they can hire the best employees by relying on their intuition without the assistance of decision aids. In this study, the relationship of selection decision making style (i.e., preference for intuition vs. analysis) to thinking style, decisiveness, experience, and other professional characteristics was examined. Additionally, hiring context (salaried vs. hourly) was investigated experimentally. Results indicated that HR professionals are more likely to prefer intuitive selection if they have an experiential thinking style, work for a small company, have fewer years of experience, or are not SPHR certified. Alternatively, HR professionals prefer an analytical style when they work for a large company, or are hiring lower level, hourly, employees.

Committee: Scott Highhouse (Committee Chair); Milton Hakel (Committee Member); Mary Hare (Committee Member); Amelia Carr (Committee Member) Subjects: Behaviorial Sciences; Occupational Psychology; Organizational Behavior; Psychology; Social Research