Master of Science, University of Akron, 2022, Geology

Stresses in the upper crust are redistributed to the lower crust after earthquakes. Stresses released by seismic slip induce crystal-plastic deformation in the mid to lower crust, which is composed of foliated, heterogeneous feldspathic rocks that deform and transfer stress back to the upper crust. Current models for the strength of the crust are primarily based on flow laws determined from experimentally deformed homogeneous quartzites or other monophase rocks. However, heterogeneities such as foliation orientations and foliation intensities, which are known to cause anisotropy of rock strength under brittle conditions, may cause viscous anisotropy at high temperatures and pressures where crystal-plastic mechanisms are dominant. To investigate if heterogeneities like foliation orientation and foliation intensity cause viscous anisotropy, I deformed weakly foliated Westerly Granite and strongly foliated Gneiss Minuti in different orientations that maximize (foliation at 45 degrees to the compression direction) and minimize (foliation parallel and foliation perpendicular to the compression direction) the shear stresses on the dispersed, elongate biotite grains in the quartz-feldspar framework, which should be the weakest and strongest orientations, respectively. These rocks were chosen because they both have similar low biotite contents (7%) and compositions: Westerly Granite is composed of 22 vol% quartz, 26 vol% K-feldspar, 45 vol% albite, and 7 vol% biotite and Gneiss Minuti is composed of 29 vol% quartz, 10 vol% K-feldspar, 53 vol% plagioclase and 7 vol% biotite. Experiments were performed using a Griggs apparatus at a temperature (T) of 800°C, confining pressure (Pc) of 1.5 GPa, and strain rate of 1.6 x 10-6/s. Westerly Granite and Gneiss Minuti reached peak stresses of 920 (+/- 50 MPa) and 670 (+/- 75 MPa), respectively, and viscous anisotropy was minor with anisotropy coefficients of 1.1x and 1.2x, respectively. Westerly Granite contained microstructures like (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Caleb Holyoke (Advisor); Molly Witter-Shelleman (Committee Member); John Peck (Committee Member) Subjects: Geology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2016, Physics

Over the past two decades, a number of experiments have been performed demonstrating the acceleration of ions from the interaction of an intense laser pulse with a thin, solid density target. These ions are accelerated by quasi-static electric fields generated by energetic electrons produced at the front of the target, resulting in ion energies up to tens of MeV. These ions have been widely studied for a variety of potential applications ranging from treatment of cancer to the production of neutrons for advanced radiography techniques. However, realization of these applications will require further optimization of the maximum energy, spectrum, or species of the accelerated ions, which has been a primary focus of research to date. This thesis presents two experiments designed to optimize several characteristics of the accelerated ion beam. The first of these experiments took place on the GHOST laser system at the University of Texas at Austin, and was designed to demonstrate reliable acceleration of deuterium ions, as needed for the most efficient methods of neutron generation from accelerated ions. This experiment leveraged cryogenically cooled targets coated in D2O ice to suppress the protons which typically dominate the accelerated ions, producing as many as 2 x 10^10 deuterium ions per 1 J laser shot, exceeding the proton yield by an average ratio of 5:1. The second major experiment in this work was performed on the Scarlet laser system at The Ohio State University, and studied the accelerated ion energy, yield, and spatial distribution as a function of the target thickness. In principle, the peak energy increases with decreasing target thickness, with the thinnest targets accessing additional acceleration mechanisms which provide favorable scaling with the laser intensity. However, laser prepulse characteristics provide a lower bound for the target thickness, yielding an optimum target thickness for ion acceleration which is dependent on the las (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Linn Van Woerkom (Advisor); Robert Perry (Committee Member); Richard Furnstahl (Committee Member); Gregory Lafyatis (Committee Member) Subjects: Physics

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2016, Physics

Here I present an experimental, theoretical, and computational exploration of an extremely efficient scheme for laser-based acceleration of electrons. A series of experiments were performed at the Air Force Research Laboratory in Dayton, OH, to show that a high-repetition-rate short-pulse laser (3 mJ, 40 fs, 1 kHz) normally incident on a continuous water stream can accelerate electrons in the back-reflection spray with >1% laser-to-electron efficiency for electrons >120 keV, and with >MeV electron energies present in large number. Characterization of the accelerated electrons was followed by explorations of appropriate focal conditions, pre-plasma conditions, and laser-intensity parameters. These experiments show clear signatures of plasma instabilities, with substantial 3ω/2 and ω/2 optical harmonics detected concurrently with efficient electron acceleration. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of high-intensity laser interactions are able to reproduce the electron energies and acceleration efficiencies, as well as plasma instabilities. Analysis of the simulations suggest that electrons are accelerated by a standing wave established between incident and reflected light, coupled with direct laser acceleration by reflected light. Using hydrodynamic simulations of the laser pre-pulse interaction as initial conditions for PIC simulations of the main-pulse interaction clarifies mechanisms by which experimental manipulation of pre-pulse has effectively determined electron-acceleration efficiency in the laboratory.

Committee: Richard R. Freeman (Advisor); Linn D. Van Woerkom (Committee Member); Junko Shigemitsu (Committee Member); Michael Lisa (Committee Member) Subjects: Physics

Doctor of Philosophy in Health Sciences, Youngstown State University, 2024, Department of Graduate Studies in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences

This dissertation investigates the efficacy and real-world implementation of high-intensity locomotor training (HIT) for stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation. The project was guided by three specific aims: (1) to evaluate the strength of the evidence supporting HIT for improving ambulation outcomes, (2) to determine whether clinicians can replicate these results in a real-world setting, and (3) to identify the barriers and facilitators to implementing HIT in inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) across the United States. The first study, a systematic review, confirmed that HIT is more effective than usual care in improving gait speed and endurance at discharge for patients with stroke, with moderate effect sizes on meta-analysis. The second study, a retrospective analysis of a clinician-initiated HIT project, revealed challenges in replicating these outcomes in a real world setting, possibly due to low implementation fidelity suggesting that a minimum threshold of fidelity may be necessary to see unit-wide improvements. The third study used a Delphi survey approach to explore the experiences of clinicians implementing HIT in IRFs. While several facilitators to HIT adoption were identified, a notable barrier was insufficient time, consistent with barriers to evidence-based practice reported in other rehabilitation disciplines. Despite favorable conditions, less than half of surveyed clinicians reported using HIT daily, indicating ongoing challenges. HIT is an effective intervention for improving walking ability in patients post-stroke during inpatient rehabilitation. Future research should focus on addressing key barriers, exploring optimal dosing strategies and fidelity targets, and developing interdisciplinary approaches to increase the widespread adoption of HIT across the continuum of care in stroke rehabilitation.

Committee: David Griswold PhD (Committee Chair); Kenneth Learman PhD (Committee Member); Susan Linder DPT (Committee Member); Nancy Landgraff PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Physical Therapy; Rehabilitation

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), University of Dayton, 2023, Aerospace Engineering

Turbomachinery components, such as the low pressure turbine, are highly complex rotating machines, therefore, conducting fundamental fluid mechanics studies in them is exceedingly difficult. For this reason, testing is generally completed in facilities such as linear cascades, like the one present in the Low Speed Wind Tunnel Facility at AFRL, which typically utilize a low freestream turbulence intensity, when in reality, the freestream turbulence intensity in a full, rotating low pressure turbine is likely much higher. Slightly elevating the freestream turbulence intensity (e.g., 3%) typically improves the Reynolds-lapse characteristics of a blade profile by affecting the transition process, reducing the detrimental effects of laminar boundary layer separation, and shifting the knee in the loss curve. Front loaded blades are more resistant to separation, however, they can experience high losses in the endwall region due to the complex vortical structures present. Therefore, a better understanding whether high levels of freestream turbulence intensity will increase the overall losses generated in the passage is important. An intial study with a jet based active grid was completed on the L2F blade. Based of the insight gained from that study, a new mechanical agitator based active grid was implemented into a linear cascade of L3FHW-LS blades in order to more effectively study how elevated FSTI impacts the endwall flow behavior and loss production. Coefficient of pressure measurements, three planes of SPIV, two additional planes of flow visualization, and three planes of total pressure loss measurements were collected. Impacts of incoming turbulence on the endwall losses as well as the endwall flow structures were assessed.

Committee: Markus Rumpfkeil (Advisor); Christopher Marks (Committee Member); Sidaard Gunasekaran (Committee Member); John Clark (Committee Member) Subjects: Aerospace Engineering

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2021, Translational Biomedical Sciences

Age-related declines in physical function and mobility can be attenuated by routine physical activity, however, less than 50% of adults over the age of 65 exercise regularly. As such, time-efficient exercise strategies are being investigated as a means of improving and/or maintaining physical function. If these strategies are to be systematically evaluated for effectiveness, it is essential that the techniques employed to quantify exercise-induced changes have been validated to assess the outcome of interest. The widespread use of standardized measurement techniques allows for more accurate cross-investigation analyses (i.e., meta-analysis), while simultaneously making it easier to assess reproducibility. However, our search for knowledge is hampered when inappropriate techniques are employed, or when appropriate techniques are employed in a manner for which they have not been validated (e.g., cross-sectional vs. longitudinal). These potentially erroneous reports result in inconsistent messages, making it difficult to determine optimal treatment strategies for unique clinical populations (e.g., older adults). Thus, the global aim of this dissertation was to 1) systematically examine tools for assessing physiological, morphological, and functional adaptations where exercise served as a stimulus for change, and 2) employ said tools in the development and execution of a proof-of-concept, proof-of-mechanism clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of a novel exercise strategy against existing strategies. Experiment 1 challenged the recommendation that dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) should be considered the reference standard for the assessment of muscle mass, particularly as it relates to exercise- and/or disease-induced changes in muscle mass. Thigh muscle size was quantified with DXA and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 26 adults (29.2 ﰀ 9.5 years) before and after 10 weeks of low-load resistance exercise, and relationships between the two measures (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Brian Clark Ph.D. (Advisor); David Russ Ph.D. (Advisor); Janet Simon Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Jeff Russell Ph.D. (Committee Member); Leslie Consitt Ph.D. (Committee Member); Nathan Wages Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Biomedical Research; Gerontology; Health Sciences; Medical Imaging; Neurosciences; Physiology

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2019, Allied Health Sciences: Nutrition

Adolescent obesity is a major health issue requiring increased attention from medical providers. Adolescents who are overweight or obese experience higher rates of comorbidities including insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in comparison to their normal weight peers. Various dietary and exercise plans have proven effective for adolescent weight management, including high intensity interval training (HIIT), which is a specific form of exercise where maximal-effort bouts are alternated with less intense periods of recovery. Programs designed to initiate lifestyle changes, in combination with behavioral modification approaches, are essential in combatting this epidemic; however, best practices for helping adolescents who are overweight and obese achieve a sustained healthy weight remain elusive. PURPOSE: To examine the acceptability of a HIIT program designed to be initiated in combination with a calorie controlled DASH diet plan in a clinical setting with telehealth follow-up for overweight and obese adolescents. METHODS: The HIIT exercise protocol was developed through conducting a comprehensive review of the literature, consultation with pediatric exercise experts, and pilot testing for feasibility. Professional videography was utilized to create videos of the exercise routines, which were provided only to patients enrolled in the study. Participants were enrolled in a 12-week intervention to assess the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet combined with HIIT when delivered via telehealth. A process questionnaire was administered at the end of the 12-week intervention to gain feedback from participants about the acceptability of the intervention. RESULTS: The recruited population was consistent with the target population with an average weight percentile of 93.8 (±2.53). The average BMI percentile was 98.8 (±0.77) and a majority of the participants met criteria f (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Sarah Couch Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Abigail Peairs Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Nutrition

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2018, Engineering and Applied Science: Mechanical Engineering

Background. Magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) act as acoustic mediators during High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) therapy aiding in enhanced heating and prevention of collateral damage. Few researchers have presented the mechanism underlying enhanced heating due to the mNPs. Among several factors, the effect of enhanced heating may be attributed to the increase in overall attenuation coefficient (a) of tissue mimicking material (TMM) due to infusion of mNPs. This thesis presents an assessment of the variation in attenuation coefficient (a) of TMM and therefore, enhanced temperature rise due to addition of specific concentrations of mNPs. Methods. In vitro HIFU experiments and computations were performed for TMM infused with physiologically acceptable concentrations (0% - control, 0.047% - lower concentration and 0.2% - higher concentration) of mNPs at three input powers of 10, 15 and 20 W. After ensuring the validity of the computational methodology by comparison with experimental off-focal temperature rise measurements, the experimental and numerical approaches were integrated to assess the a of the TMM infused with mNPs. Subsequently, a correlation between a and mNP concentration was obtained. Results and conclusion. Among a total of 9 cases (3 concentrations × 3 powers), the percentage difference between experimental and numerical off-focal temperature rise was less than 20% for 8 cases. The percentage difference between experimentally-derived and numerical focal temperature rise was less than 15% for all the 9 cases. A 42% increase in a was obtained with addition of 0.2% w/V of mNPs. A linear increase in a with respect to mNP concentration was observed with an R^2 value of 0.99. It was concluded that the infusion of mNPs in tissues provides increased a leading to enhanced temperature rise during HIFU sonication.

Committee: Rupak Banerjee Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Prasanna Hariharan Ph.D. (Committee Member); Jay Kim Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Mechanical Engineering

Master of Education (MEd), Bowling Green State University, 2017, Human Movement, Sport and Leisure Studies /Kinesiology

Research has compared the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MCT) versus high intensity interval training (HIIT) in phase II cardiac rehabilitation patients. However, the results from these studies have conflicting results. Therefore, there was a need for further research on the topic. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate if HIIT leads to greater improvements in peak volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) when compared to MCT in a group of phase II cardiac rehab patients. Both exercise groups, MCT and HIIT, improved their peak VO2, 12MWT distance, resting systolic blood pressure, resting diastolic blood pressure, score of depression, score of anxiety, score of stress on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale -21, and the Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 with no significant difference in improvements between the two exercise groups. There was a statistically significant difference in improvements between the two exercise groups resting heart rate with the HIIT group improving greater than the MCT group. The results of this study suggest that HIIT can be used as an effective alternative to MCT on improving functional capacity in a group of phase II cardiac rehabilitation patients.

Committee: Todd Keylock PhD (Advisor); Dalynn Badenhop PhD (Committee Member); Matt Laurent PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Aging; Health; Health Sciences

Doctor of Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2017, Washkewicz College of Engineering

High Intensity Laser Power Beaming is a wireless power transmission technology developed at the Industrial Space Systems Laboratory from 2005 through 2010, in collaboration with the Air Force Research Laboratory to enable remote optical `refueling' of airborne electric micro unmanned air vehicles. Continuous tracking of these air vehicles with high intensity lasers while in-flight for tens of minutes to recharge the on-board battery system is not operationally practical; hence the recharge time must be minimized. This dissertation presents the development and system design optimization of a hybrid electrical energy storage system as a solution to this practical limitation. The solution is based on the development of a high energy density integrated system to capture and store pulsed energy. The system makes use of ultracapacitors to capture the energy at rapid charge rates, while lithium-ion batteries provide the long-term energy density, in order to maximize the duration of operations and minimize the mass requirements. A design tool employing a genetic algorithm global optimizer was developed to select the front-end ultracapacitor elements. The simulation model and results demonstrate the feasibility of the solution. The hybrid energy storage system is also optimized at the system-level for maximum end-to-end power transfer efficiency. System response optimization results and corresponding sensitivity analysis results are presented. Lastly, the ultrafast supply/extended energy storage system is generalized for other applications such as high-power commercial, industrial, and aerospace applications.

Committee: Hanz Richter Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Taysir Nayfeh Ph.D. (Committee Member); Lili Dong Ph.D. (Committee Member); Majid Rashidi Ph.D. (Committee Member); Petru Fodor Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Electrical Engineering

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2017, Exercise Science

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if a creatine supplement prevents the decrease in performance while consuming a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet during high-intensity exercise. Compared to the placebo group where the low CHO diet was expected to result in reduced exercise tolerance, it was hypothesized that creatine supplementation would offset the adverse side effects of a low CHO diet, as demonstrated by a similar or improved exercise capacity. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects (8 males, 12 females; 27 ± 7 yrs, ±SD) were randomly assigned to a low CHO plus creatine monohydrate supplement (L-CHO+Cr), low CHO diet and placebo (L-CHO) group, or control (CON). Each subject performed 2 high intensity exercise tolerance tests (HIETT) to fatigue at 90% peak power output (PPO), separated by a 10 days where the subject followed a low CHO diet (<30% total consumption). Subjects completed a progressive exercise test to volitional fatigue to establish baseline fitness determined as peak O2 uptake (VO2peak) and to determine 90% of the peak work. The HEITT was on a 1:1 ratio of 30-seconds at 90% peak work rate followed by 30-seconds of no load active recovery. Heart rate was collected at baseline and every interval during both exercise sessions. Subjects consumed a loading dose of creatine monohydrate (20 g/day) or placebo (5g/day), while adhering to a low-CHO diet of <30% CHO total daily consumption. Subjects kept detailed food and exercise logs for the duration of the study. Results: The L-CHO+Cr group was of a similar fitness (36.1 ± 5.3 ml/kg/min) compared to the L-CHO group (36.9 ± 5.8 ml/kg/min) as determined by the progressive test to volitional fatigue. There was a statistically significant difference between the L-CHO+Cr group and the L-CHO HEITT performance pre- and post-dietary intervention (p=0.001). On average the L-CHO+Cr group demonstrated a 20% increase in the total number of bouts performed (pre/post), whereas the placebo group exhibi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Barry Scheuermann Ph.D (Committee Chair); John R Thistlewaite PhD (Committee Member); Debra J Boardley PhD (Committee Member); Jakob D Lauver PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Kinesiology

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 0, Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services: Health Education

Study One Abstract: High-intensity low-volume exercise training (HILVET) has been shown to improve health-related outcomes while reducing the time required to exercise. However, the effects of HILVET while incorporating a weight-supported kinetic chain resistance training (WSKCRT) modality are unknown. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of a novel high-intensity low-volume WSKCRT program on health-related fitness through measurements of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), muscular strength, muscular endurance, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BF%), and lower body flexibility. Six recreationally active undergraduate college students completed high-intensity low-volume WSKCRT three days per week for six weeks. Participants performed 4-9 intervals of WSKCRT, for 30 seconds at 90% of heart rate reserve (HRR) followed by 60 seconds of treadmill exercise at 40% of HRR. Significant improvements in BF% (23.1 ± 8.7 to 20.3 ± 7.6%; p = 0.004) and muscular strength (504.9 ± 223.01 to 596.2 ± 206.1 kg; p = 0.0001) were observed from baseline. Changes in VO2 max, muscular endurance score, and WC failed to reach statistical significance. There were no changes in BMI or lower body flexibility. These results indicate the potential efficacy of HILVET, using WSKCRT, for college students seeking to improve their health. Future research is warranted to determine if HILVET, utilizing a novel WSKCRT modality, is comparable to nationally recommended exercise guidelines. Study Two Abstract: High-intensity low-volume exercise training (HILVET) has been shown to be a time efficient method for improving measures associated with being overweight or obesity. However, the impact of HILVET using a novel standing weight-supported kinetic chain resistance training (WSKCRT) modality on these measures is unknown. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the impact of HILVET utilizing a novel WSKCRT modality on factors related to lo (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Bradley Wilson Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Laura Nabors Ph.D. (Committee Member); Thomas Palmer Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Health Education

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2017, Physics

In the interaction of high intensity (> 10^18 W/cm^2), ultrashort (< 1 ps) laser pulses with solid targets, the laser couples energy into the target through a population of energetic electrons. An electrostatic sheath field is formed along the target surface due to the induced charge separation between the expanding energetic electron cloud and relatively heavy, slow ions. This electrostatic field is capable of accelerating ions to energies greater than 10 MeV/nucleon through the physical mechanism known as target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA). Since its discovery in 2000, TNSA has been widely studied throughout the High Energy Density Physics community in order to understand and enhance this process for its potential applications ranging from cancer therapy to radiography. However, much of this work has been conducted on thin (1s to 10s of microns thick) metal foils exploring optimization only through critical laser parameters such as intensity, energy, and prepulse. This thesis addresses the development of novel micro-structured targets for the enhancement of TNSA ions. These targets were developed through the use of optical lithography techniques to pattern micron-scale structures onto thin substrates at the OSU Nanosystem Laboratory (NSL) user facility. These targets permit on-demand patterning of designs with 1 µm lateral resolution, heights varying between 0.5-2 µm, on substrates ranging from 0.5-2 µm thick with high throughput. An experiment was conducted at the Scarlet laser facility to characterize the effect of structuring the laser-target interface on the energy spectrum of TNSA protons. A comparison of the proton dose from structured versus at photoresist on silicon nitride substrates was performed. Results obtained using radiochromic film demonstrate an increase in proton dose by a factor of 2.3 through the use of structured photoresist as compared to unstructured photoresist of the same thickness. Two dimensional absorption simulat (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Douglass Schumacher (Advisor); Louis DiMauro (Committee Member); Jay Gupta (Committee Member); Ulrich Heinz (Committee Member); Kurt Koelling (Committee Member) Subjects: Physics

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2015, Engineering and Applied Science: Biomedical Engineering

Echo decorrelation imaging, a pulse–echo method that maps heat-induced changes in ultrasound echoes, was investigated for in vivo monitoring of thermal ablation in a liver cancer model. In open surgical procedures, rabbit liver with implanted VX2 tumor were imaged by image-ablate arrays and treated with bulk ultrasound (unfocused) ablation (N=10) or high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) (N=13). Echo decorrelation and integrated backscatter (IBS) images were formed from pulse-echo images recorded during rest periods following each sonication pulse. Echo decorrelation images were corrected for motion- and noise-induced artifacts using measured echo decorrelation from corresponding sham trials. Sectioned ablated tissue was vitally stained with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and binary images were constructed based on local TTC staining. Analysis was performed for the focused exposures, unfocused exposures and for all exposures combined. Motion correction significantly reduced echo decorrelation in non-ablated liver regions. The reduction was significant in non-ablated VX2 tumor regions for focused exposures and all exposures combined. The reduction was not significant in ablated VX2 tumor regions for unfocused exposures. Echo decorrelation reduction was marginally significant in ablated regions for focused and unfocused exposures and was significant for all exposures combined. Prediction of ablation by echo decorrelation and IBS imaging was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Areas under the ROC curve (AUC) were significantly greater than chance for ablated liver prediction by corrected echo decorrelation and IBS. Echo decorrelation did not predict ablated VX2 tumor significantly better than chance for focused exposures. IBS did not predict ablated VX2 tumor better than chance for focused exposures and unfocused exposures. Corrected echo decorrelation predicted ablated liver significantly better than IBS for the focused exposu (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: T. Douglas Mast Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Syed Arif Ahmad M.D. (Committee Member); Marepalli Rao Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Biomedical Research

Master of Education (MEd), Bowling Green State University, 2015, Human Movement, Sport and Leisure Studies /Kinesiology

The literature addressing the glycolytic contribution to overall energy expenditure has primary been utilized during resistance training and cycling. There is a paucity of data examining the glycolytic contribution to overall energy expenditure (EE) in the form of high-intensity intermittent sprint work. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the variation in oxidative and glycolytic contribution during two HIIT protocols using a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio and a 2:1 work-to-rest ratio. Seventeen physically active participants performed three exercise testing sessions. The first session involved an incremental maximal exertion treadmill test along with a sprint familiarization. Sessions two and three involved a 30:30 and 30:15 HIIT protocol performed in a counterbalanced order. The HIIT sessions involved four sets, of four sprints with three minutes of recovery between each set. During both HIIT sessions, oxygen consumption accumulation, carbon dioxide production, and respiratory exchange ratio were measured to calculate overall oxidative and EPOC contribution. Blood lactate concentration was measured to calculate overall glycolytic contribution. Total EE was determined by summating oxidative, glycolytic and EPOC measurements. Relative contribution of energy system involvement was analyzed using a 2 x 4 repeated measures ANOVA. Paired t-test determined significant differences in total EE between sessions. Comparing total session EE, independent t-test revealed no significant difference between HIIT sessions (p = .947). There was a significant difference between the two sessions with respect to overall kCal expenditure from the oxidative system (p = .037), glycolytic system (p < 0.01), and EPOC (p <0.01). Independent t-test revealed a significant difference in glycolytic (p < 0.01), oxidative (p < 0.01), and EPOC contribution (p < 0.01) between both HIIT sessions. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between sets and the two HIIT session (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Matt Laurent Ph.D (Advisor); Adam Fullenkamp Ph.D (Committee Member); Kutz Matt Ph.D (Committee Member) Subjects: Kinesiology

BA, Kent State University, 2015, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Psychological Sciences

Aerobic exercise has benefits on both physical and mental health, including a reduction of stress. However, the differential effects of specific types of aerobic exercise are unclear. We compared the effects of two different types of aerobic exercise (high-intensity interval training; HIIT, and endurance training; ET) with an active control group (relaxation) on mood and cognition following a stressor. Participants were healthy undergraduates (aged 18-25). Physiological tests (e.g., heart rate; HR, and blood pressure; BP) were administered, followed by psychological tests of mood and cognition (e.g., Visual Analogue Scale; VAS, and Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics; ANAM). Participants completed a negative mood-induction/stressor task (e.g. impromptu public speaking), and were then randomly assigned to complete one of three interventions (e.g. HIIT, ET, control). Physiological and psychological tests were then re-administered. We predict that the two forms of aerobic exercise (e.g. HIIT, ET) will have independent effects on mood and cognition, from the control and from each other. Our results will inform whether certain types of aerobic exercise (e.g. HIIT, ET) differentially impact mood and cognition and may promote the development of exercise-based interventions for stress-related emotional disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety, etc.).

Committee: Misty Hawkins PhD (Advisor); Joel Hughes PhD (Advisor); Shannon Ciesla PhD (Committee Member); Heidi Johnson M.Ed (Committee Member); Gianna Commito BFA (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2015, Exercise Science

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is characterized by short bursts of vigorous physical activity, interspersed by periods of rest or low-intensity exercise of varying durations. HIIT may be used as an effective alternative to traditional endurance training, resulting in similar or greater improvements in a number of physiological, performance, and health-related indices in both healthy and in individuals with chronic diseases. The present thesis examined the effects of a two-week HIIT program on measures of aerobic fitness, vascular function (Chapter 3) and insulin sensitivity (Chapter 4). The first study demonstrated no effect on flow-mediated dilation or peak oxygen uptake following two weeks of HIIT with L-arginine supplement compared to HIIT alone, although both groups improved time to exhaustion and the peak work rate during progressive ramp exercise to fatigue. The results of the second study demonstrated six session of HIIT had no effect on glucose appearance and removal (i.e. oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT) or insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals with family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or in healthy individuals without a family history of T2DM. However, results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly predicted insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals with a family history of T2DM. In order to prevent chronic diseases, such as T2DM, as well as other diseases that have a sedentary lifestyle as a primary risk factor, it is critical that individuals engage in regular physical activity in an effort to curb the rising trends in the prevalence of hypokinetic diseases. Although the results of the present investigation did not provide significant findings in this group of young, healthy adults, further investigations are necessary, including an examination of the physiological adaptations and compliance associated with longer term HI (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Barry Scheuermann Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Suzanne Wambold RN, Ph.D. (Committee Member); Abraham Lee PT, Ph.D. (Committee Member); David Weldy MD, Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Health Sciences

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2014, Exercise Physiology-Research (Health Sciences and Professions)

The purpose of this study was to determine the acute and residual effects of high intensity interval training on a cycle ergometer on fasting glucose and insulin and postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses; a secondary purpose was to determine the effects of the exercise training on body composition and aerobic fitness. The exercise sessions consisted of six 20-second sprints on a cycle ergometer performed against a resistance equivalent to 7.5% of subjects' body weight; each sprint was separated by 4 minutes of active recovery. Exercise sessions were performed 2 to 4 days apart. A meal challenge was performed prior to the first exercise session, during which time a baseline blood sample was obtained, a standardized mixed meal was provided, and subsequent blood sampling occurred over a 3-hour period. This was repeated 48-72 hours after the final exercise session, and again 5-7 days later. In conclusion, in this group of apparently healthy, but sedentary men, six sessions of high intensity interval training on a cycle ergometer was not sufficient to improve fasting or postprandial glycemia or insulinemia but was sufficient to elicit an improvement in body fat percentage and cycling performance.

Committee: Michael Kushnick (Advisor); Michael Clevidence (Committee Member); Rika Tanda (Committee Member) Subjects: Alternative Medicine; Health Sciences; Kinesiology; Physiology; Sports Medicine

Master of Science, University of Toledo, 2014, Exercise Science

This study examined pulmonary function, ventilation, exercise tolerance and the fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in healthy controls (CON; n=7) and asthmatics (ASTH; n=7) following two-weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT). An increase in FeNO above basal levels is associated with lung inflammation and is gaining popularity as a reliable diagnostic tool for the treatment of asthma. PURPOSE: The extent that HIIT decreases FeNO and thus, exercise tolerance in asthmatic subjects has not been previously investigated. METHODS: Pulmonary function was assessed using peak expiratory flow [PEF], forced vital capacity [FVC], and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to FVC [FEV1/FVC]. FeNO was measured noninvasively using a NIOX portable device. Both groups performed a progressive exercise test (20 W/min) on a cycle ergometer to determine peak values of O2 uptake (VO2peak), CO2 output (VCO2peak), ventilation (VE) and time to exhaustion (TTE). Each subject completed six sessions of HIIT, which included 8 minutes of loadless cycling warm-up, 10 x 60 s bouts of exercise interspersed with 60 s periods of recovery at a low intensity of cycling. The intensity of the HIIT protocol was set at a target equivalent to 75% peak WR for ASTH and 80% peak WR for CON. Each training session was followed by 5 minutes of loadless cycling cool down. Following completion of all HIIT sessions, each subject repeated the pulmonary and exercise tests that were performed prior to training. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA-RM) was used to examine main effects, group (CON vs. ASTH) and time (Pre- vs. Post-HIIT) and significant interactions (Group x Time). A Student Newman Kuels post hoc test was used to determine specific differences as appropriate. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the groups in FeNO, VO2peak, TTE, and peak WR. No differences were found between or w (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Barry Scheuermann (Committee Chair); Craig Black (Committee Member); Suzanne Wambold (Committee Member) Subjects: Anatomy and Physiology; Experiments; Health; Health Sciences; Kinesiology

Master of Education (MEd), Bowling Green State University, 2014, Human Movement, Sport and Leisure Studies /Kinesiology

Exercise has been known to impact affective states, however there is a discrepancy in the field regarding an optimal exercise intensity. It has been tradition to recommend moderate exercise intensities over high intensities and to promote cardiovascular activity over resistance training to individuals seeking desirable mood changes. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the affective changes that occur during and after a bout of CrossFit exercise, which the CrossFit community touts as a high intensity form of exercise, and includes aspects of cardiovascular and resistance training. The secondary purpose of the study was to examine exercise enjoyment as well as ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The independent variable was experience (current CrossFitters; novice CrossFitters). Participants included 16 CrossFitters (n = 8 men, n = 8 women) and 13 regular exercisers (n = 6 men; n = 7 women); mean age = 33.0 ± 11.6 years. The CrossFit workout "Cindy" was selected in accordance with the Berger and Motl (2000) taxonomy for enhancing the psychological benefits of exercise. Participants reported affect prior to, during, and after (0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes) exercise. No differences in affect were observed between the experienced and novice groups, but there was a significant change in affect over time. Specifically, negative affect and fatigue increased during exercise, and returned to baseline immediately post-exercise and 30 minutes post-exercise, respectively. Positive affect remained stable during and after exercise while tranquility remained stable until 60 minutes post-exercise, at which time it was reported to be greater than at baseline and remained elevated 120 minutes post-exercise. Similarly, participants reported no differences in RPE between novice and experienced participants, but ratings increased at 10 and 15 minutes into the exercise bout. Finally, the groups did not differ in reported trait exercise enjoyment, but the greater amount of stat (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: David Tobar PhD (Advisor); Bonnie Berger EdD (Committee Member); Vikki Krane PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Kinesiology