Master of Arts, Case Western Reserve University, 2024, Psychology

While research examining common struggles of religious deidentification is growing, there is little research examining process variables of psychological adjustment. Individuals who deidentify from high-cost religions often experience anger or other negative emotions toward God, themselves, other individuals in the religion of origin, or the entire religion of origin. What role might forgiveness play in relation to these deidentification experiences? Event-specific forgiveness toward the self, God, specific others, and the entire community of origin was explored among 293 individuals who pulled away from ultra-Orthodox Judaism. Several factors accounted for unique variance in different types of forgiveness, which in turn had implications for mental health. In a few cases, levels of spiritual harm and abuse moderated the relationship between specific forgiveness and wellbeing outcomes. Overall, situation-specific forgiveness toward multiple transgressors may be an important factor when considering the psychological adjustment of those who pull away from high-cost religions.

Committee: Julie Exline (Advisor); Arin Connell (Committee Member); Norah Feeny (Committee Member) Subjects: Clinical Psychology; Social Psychology; Spirituality

MA, Kent State University, 2011, College of Communication and Information / School of Communication Studies

Much forgiveness work has been based on Enright's theory of developmental forgiveness, but the communication of forgiveness literature has hitherto not represented a true extension of that theory. In particular, changes in one's method of communicating forgiveness across the span of moral development have been ignored. The purpose of this study is to link the forgiveness literature in communication to this theory by exploring these very changes and the forgiveness messages associated with them. Specifically, it will be determined if the three stages of Enright's developmental forgiveness model are related to Kelley's tripartite typology of forgiveness communication, consisting of direct, indirect and conditional messages. Additionally, the study attempts to expand the existing forgiveness communication literature on the relationship of forgiveness communication and the situational factors of transgression severity and relationship commitment.

Committee: Janet Meyer Ph.D. (Advisor); Mei-Chen Lin Ph.D. (Committee Member); Nichole Egbert Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Communication

Master of Applied Communication Theory and Methodology, Cleveland State University, 2009, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of communicating forgiveness within adult sibling relationships. Specifically, this study investigated the relationship between seeking forgiveness and attachment style, the relational outcomes of forgiveness, and forgiveness as a relational maintenance strategy. A total of 172 participants were surveyed in order to acquire as many participants as possible with adult siblings. Forgiveness seeking communication was represented by Kelley's (1998) typology of forgiveness tactics which included explicit acknowledgment, indirect tactics, and compensational-conditional tactics. In addition to Kelley's typology, a choice of “do nothing” was included to enable participants to express no forgiveness seeking tactic. Generally, the findings indicated that a significant relationship emerged between secure attachment style and the communication forgiveness tactics. The more positive individuals' attitude toward forgiveness the more relational satisfaction they experience in their adult sibling relationship. Furthermore, results indicated that individuals who use more positive relational maintenance strategies in their adult sibling relationships are more likely to use one of the three communication forgiveness message types of explicit acknowledgment, indirect tactics, and/or compensational-conditional tactics when seeking forgiveness from their adult sibling. In addition, the findings indicated that attitude toward forgiveness is a mediator in the relationship of forgiveness message type and two of the three attachment styles (avoidant and secure). Lastly, an analysis of open-ended responses revealed that individuals sought out forgiveness from their adult siblings most often in incidences where verbal aggressive messages occurred. Findings indicate that actively seeking forgiveness using one of Kelley's (1998) forgiveness tactics is related to secure attachment style, however avoidant and anxious-ambivalent attachment styles we (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Jill E. Rudd PhD (Advisor); Guowei Jian PhD (Committee Member); Kimberly A. Neuendorf PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Communication; Families and Family Life; Personal Relationships; Psychology; Social Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2008, Psychology

Recent literature shows that self-forgiveness may promote psychological health and well-being. Because of the potential benefits of self-forgiveness, researchers have attempted to identify factors that may facilitate the self-forgiveness process. One such facilitator may be the experience of feeling forgiven by God. Feeling forgiven by God, or the experience of divine forgiveness, has been linked with feelings of self-acceptance and other markers of well-being. Accordingly, the present study examined the relationship between divine forgiveness and self-forgiveness in two samples of participants: college students and a general sample of adults. Two hundred sixteen participants (n=108 per sample) wrote about an incident where they might have offended someone and completed questionnaires in an online format. Separate analyses were conducted for each sample of participants. Because the experience of divine forgiveness has not been studied extensively in psychological literature, as a first step the present study examined the structure of a scale that assesses people's experience of divine forgiveness. Factor analysis revealed that the experience of divine forgiveness as measured by the Divine Forgiveness Scale falls into two factors: having a positive experience of divine forgiveness versus seeing God's response as punitive. As predicted, the experience of divine forgiveness (both positive and punitive factors) predicted self-forgiveness over and above other predictors of self-forgiveness in both samples. Numerous spiritual, intrapersonal, and interpersonal factors were correlated with the experience of divine forgiveness. For example, having a positive experience of divine forgiveness was linked with greater indicators of religious commitment in both samples. Perceiving God's response as punitive was positively related to religious strain and negatively related to intrapersonal well-being in both samples.

Committee: Julie Exline (Advisor); Norah Feeny (Committee Member); TJ McCallum (Committee Member); Timothy Beal (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychology; Psychotherapy

Doctor of Ministry , Ashland University, 2023, Doctor of Ministry Program

The purpose of this project was to impact Christian couples from New Life Church in Colorado Springs through an eight-week workshop to practice prayer and risk taking to deepen their intra and interpersonal connection with each other and God. The post-test measures included qualitative measures of participants' awareness connecting their capacity to be aware of and participate with the work of the Holy Spirit. The quantitative post-test instrument showed that the participants' awareness regarding what interferes with their identity security with God was increased due to the study. The qualitative post-test instrument showed an increase in the participants' awareness regarding how their relationship with God impacted their intra and interpersonal relationships.

Committee: Shane Johnson Dr. (Advisor) Subjects: Counseling Psychology; Pastoral Counseling; Spirituality

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), University of Dayton, 2022, Theology

Women who have been physically, psychologically or sexually abused often do not completely process the trauma of their wounds. As a result, some women may display physical and psychological manifestations of their continued trauma. In a contemporary setting that adheres to a dualism that separates mind and body, the symptoms reported by these women are often not associated with their previous trauma. This continued trauma often interferes with the woman's ability to relate to her family, her community, and her faith. This dissertation names this trauma, “the wounds of women,” and explores the varied manifestations of these wounds. It then uses Scriptural and theological lenses to explore wounds, identity, and the meaning of wounds in resurrected bodies. An examination of theologies of forgiveness provides wounded women, and those called to attend to them, a pathway forward. In the end, an exegesis of the story of the healing of the woman with the hemorrhage in Mark 5:23-34 encourages women to open their wounds to God's healing grace.

Committee: Jana Bennett (Committee Chair); Meghan Henning (Committee Member); Neomi DeAnda (Committee Member); Sandra Yocum (Committee Member) Subjects: Gynecology; Health Sciences; Medical Ethics; Mental Health; Pastoral Counseling; Religion; Social Psychology; Spirituality; Womens Studies

PHD, Kent State University, 2021, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Psychological Sciences

Friendships are among the most important interpersonal relationships in emerging adulthood. Indeed, high-quality friendships have been linked to increased happiness (Demir et al., 2015) and better adjustment (Barry et al., 2016). The mechanisms that might predict these high-quality friendship experiences are not yet well-established, however. Buhrmester et al. (1988) proposed five domains of interpersonal competence (conflict management; emotional support provision; initiation; self-assertion; self-disclosure); more recent literature has identified forgiveness and gratitude as possible additional interpersonal competencies that might influence close peer relationships (see Algoe, 2012; Worthington et al., 2017). The current study examines the measurement of these seven proposed interpersonal competencies and whether they are related to emerging adults' friendship quality experiences using both in-lab (global) measures and nightly report (daily) measures. Results provide preliminary evidence suggesting that measures of Buhrmester et al.'s (1988) interpersonal competency domains, and the two additional domains of forgiveness and gratitude, are reliable, valid, and are somewhat distinct. Additionally, each of the domains of interpersonal competence was found to be relevant for the quality of emerging adults' friendship experiences, though the relevance of each domain appears to vary depending on whether one is interested in predicting positive or negative friendship experiences, and whether one examines these experiences through global reports or reports of daily experiences.

Committee: Kathryn Kerns (Advisor); Judith Gere (Committee Co-Chair); Angela Neal-Barnett (Committee Member); Nichole Egbert (Committee Member); Molly Merryman (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychology

BA, Oberlin College, 2021, Religion

Finding peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict has been a daunting and, thus far, impossible task for the past 75 years. Many countries have attempted to negotiate and mediate peace between the two conflict groups, including the United States, Norway, and most Arab nations. With each of these failed attempts, Israelis and Palestinians sank deeper into violence and destruction, believing that retributive justice was the only solution to this conflict. This paper addresses the possibility of a different, non-violent solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict – forgiveness. Forgiveness offers Israelis and Palestinians a path to peace, co-existence, and reconciliation through personal relationships that the conflict has shaped; and allows those affected by the conflict the space to acknowledge their situation and move forward peacefully. By analyzing three personal relationships between Israelis and Palestinians, I will demonstrate that interpersonal forgiveness is the most productive solution to the conflict. I will also stress that forgiveness must be had authentically by all those touched by the conflict such that each Israeli and Palestinian has the opportunity to find peace, co-existence, and reconciliation. Further, this paper provides a means of achieving interpersonal forgiveness by embracing the conditions of forgiveness – understanding, compromise, and recognition.

Committee: Corey Ladd Barnes (Committee Member); Cynthia R. Chapman (Advisor) Subjects: Peace Studies; Regional Studies; Religion

Doctor of Ministry , Ashland University, 2021, Doctor of Ministry Program

The purpose of this project was to impact Christian married couples from Foundational Counseling Services through participation in an eight-week study on communication, conflict resolution and forgiveness. The project included quantitative and qualitative pre-test, post-test design that assessed knowledge, cooperation, and the importance of unity in the participants' marriage. The pre-test assessment showed participants had a genuine desire to resolve conflict in their marriage but with little application of Biblical principles and values within the marriage. Upon completing the eight-week experience, the post-test assessment demonstrated that participants exhibited understanding of the importance in resolving conflict to develop forgiveness and unity.

Committee: Jacquelyne Bailey Dr. (Advisor) Subjects: Pastoral Counseling; Personal Relationships; Religious Education

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2020, Individual Interdisciplinary Program

Joey Connor Larry Darrell: A Television/Streaming Series a Clef is a semi-autobiographical, limited-run scriptment/teleplay that draws upon the disciplines of Media Arts and Studies, English, and Philosophy, and is an exploration of the themes of mental illness, stigmatization, family dysfunction, psychological manipulation, diabetes, and forgiveness. It is about a man in his late adolescence who has awful family experiences and afterwards follows a path through life that is far from straight and smooth. Besides mental illness stemming from gaslighting, Joey also develops the chronic illnesses of diabetes and renal insufficiency, plus he suffers from various periods of homelessness. Despite these challenges, Joey never stops pursuing higher education, which he finds to be a great source of stability and solace. In this respect, Joey Connor Larry Darrell is an extended encomium to the powerful role higher education can play in helping individuals who face similar, significant personal challenges.

Committee: Jenny Nelson Dr. (Committee Chair); Robert Miklitsch Dr. (Committee Member); James Petrik Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: African Americans; Aging; Education; Families and Family Life; Film Studies; Health; Health Care; Higher Education; Mass Media; Mental Health; Motion Pictures; Psychology; Psychotherapy; Therapy

Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Education, Cleveland State University, 2019, College of Education and Human Services

In spite of extant research on the impact of zero-tolerance policies on racial disparity and negative academic outcomes, exclusionary discipline still abounds, which urges the need for alternatives to this policy. Current research suggests approaches like restorative justice and restorative practices as a promising alternative to zero-tolerance policies where, through its use, students can find acceptance for who they are and learn how to handle conflict, accept responsibility, repair relationships, exercise forgiveness, and belong to a community. The specific problem becomes identifying the factors that make implementation of restorative justice programs in the educational setting impactful. The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore use of the elements of the restorative practices continuum and the factors of restorative practices implementation, and to investigate relationships that might exist between implementation of restorative practices and forgiveness, and the impact of implementation on suspensions at the school level. Instruments administered were a Restorative Practices survey that consisted of a combination of items developed by RAND and items developed by the International Institute of Restorative Practices (IIRP) and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to identify strongly related restorative practices survey items that grouped together as factors, particularly, factors of restorative practices implementation. Multiple regression was used to investigate relationships between these factors and the forgiveness scale score, to determine if forgiveness was a predictor of implementation, and relationships between these factors at the school level and out-of-school suspensions, to indicate the overall impact of restorative practices implementation. Results of the study indicated: 1) the elements of the restorative practices continuum that are more informal are implemented closer to “often” than thos (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Anne Galletta (Committee Chair); Brian Harper (Advisor); Adam Voight (Committee Member); Frederick Hampton (Committee Member); Ronnie Dunn (Committee Member) Subjects: Education; Education Policy; Educational Leadership

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2018, Antioch Santa Barbara: Clinical Psychology

There is a lack of research in regard to the impact of forgiveness practices in overcoming psychological trauma of date rape survivors. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the use of forgiveness practices and overcoming the trauma of date rape. This study explored the progress of eight women who were survivors of date rape as they process their own personal trauma in relation to forgiveness practices. Qualitative data were collected by semi-structured and follow-up interviews. Data analysis identified five key themes: 1) Forgiveness means letting go of the hurt and pain; 2) Forgiveness is for the benefit of the survivor and not the perpetrator; 3) Forgiveness relieves a survivor from experiencing anger and other negative emotions; 4) Forgiveness shifts one's view of self from victim to survivor; and 5) Forgiveness empowered the survivor to show empathy towards others. Descriptions of themes are provided along with participant quotes. The results of the study indicate that forgiveness practices can be included in psychotherapy for the benefit of the date rape survivor. Implications of forgiveness practices in a psychotherapeutic environment for date rape survivors, strengths, limitations, and directions for future research are further discussed in this study. This Dissertation is available in Open Access at AURA: Antioch University Repository and Archive, http://aura.antioch.edu and OhioLink ETD Center, http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd

Committee: Daniel Schwartz PhD (Committee Chair); Juliet Rohde-Brown PhD (Committee Member); Claudia David PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychology; Psychotherapy; Therapy

Master of Arts in Psychology, Cleveland State University, 2017, College of Sciences and Health Professions

Malpractice litigations in the medical field are common occurrences. In fact, across specialties, 7.4% of physicians annually have a malpractice claim. Malpractice risk exists for all physicians regardless of their medical training, gender, specialization, or severity of damage caused to patients. Data from nearly 20 years of research revealed that male physicians face malpractice claims at a significantly higher rate than female physicians, but that female physicians pay more in malpractice settlements than their male counterparts. To date, we have found no research that investigates why this gender discrepancy among malpractice settlements occurs. This study examines Social Role Theory and investigates physician- patient apologies to see if physician gender may influence the disparities that are present in indemnity paid in malpractice claims. Using a 2 (male physician vs. female physician) 2 (remorseful apology vs. apology without remorse) experimental design, 146 participants read a malpractice scenario and rated their levels of apology expectancy, perceived sincerity present in the apology, and forgiveness following the apology. Results indicated no significant relationship between gender role prescriptions and the perceived expectancy and sincerity of apologies presented by physicians following medical malpractice. My results found that the offendee's age, rather than the offender's gender, lead to differences in the perceived sincerity of an apology.

Committee: Michael Horvath Ph.D. (Advisor); Chieh-Chen Bowen Ph.D. (Committee Member); Kenneth Vail Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychology

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2017, Antioch New England: Clinical Psychology

This dissertation describes a qualitative study exploring associations between self-forgiveness and pain perception in the narratives of women with chronic pain. Quantitative research has demonstrated strong relationships among chronic pain, affect, and health, and among forgiveness, affect, and health. The largely unexplored overlap between these areas suggests the possibility of an inverse relationship between self-forgiveness and pain perception. A single preliminary study was found in the research literature supporting this relationship (Carson et al., 2005). A literature review explores the construct of forgiveness, differentiates religious and psychological conceptualizations, distinguishes other from self-forgiveness, and touches on the connections among forgiveness, health, and wellbeing. Chronic pain is defined, advances in the understanding of pain, pain pathways, and the evolutionary co-opting of the sensory system for affective signals are discussed, as are the multiple impacts of chronic pain. The individual experience of chronic pain and self-forgiveness has not yet been represented in the research literature. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) design was used to understand how self-forgiveness appears in the narratives of four women experiencing chronic pain and if it interacts with the pain experience. Self-report instruments were used descriptively to supplement the interviews. Narratives were consistent with the pain and forgiveness literature but the anticipated overlap was not clear. Survey results also did not demonstrate a clear relationship between pain severity and self-forgiveness. The reasons why this might be the case are discussed.

Committee: Martha Straus PhD (Committee Chair); Barbara Belcher-Timme PsyD (Committee Member); Victor Pantesco EdD (Committee Member) Subjects: Clinical Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2002, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Religion

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2016, Psychology

Interpersonal forgiveness is a burgeoning area of research in psychology and has been linked to lower levels of depression and perseverative cognitive states such as rumination. As much of the extant research employs self-reported assessments of forgiveness, the aims of the present work are to test a novel operational definition of forgiveness using behavioral outcomes from economic games—specifically, the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG)—and to explore how such behavior corresponds with phasic heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), individual differences, and psychosocial variables. Participants (n = 89; age M = 19 years; 46% female) were instrumented with continuous electrocardiogram and were seated for a 5-minute resting baseline, a pre-post adaptation of the DG and UG with digital opponents, randomization to forgiveness or rumination imagery, and a 5-minute recovery period. Participants reported affective ratings as a manipulation check as well as questionnaires on state and trait forgiveness, hostility, and rumination. Forgiving behavior was operationalized as more generous monetary offers to previously unfair, provoking opponents (positive value for post- minus pre-manipulation DG offer). As hypothesized, individuals who imagined forgiving previously unfair, provoking opponents showed more behavioral forgiveness in their return offers and reported less negative affect compared to those instructed to ruminate. The Forgive group also showed reduced HR reactivity and increased HRV during imagery and when instantiating forgiveness behavior compared to the Ruminate group. Behavioral forgiveness was positively correlated with trait forgiveness and benevolence motivation, and negatively correlated with hostility, revenge motivation, and avoidance motivation. No individual differences by gender or baseline HRV emerged in forgiving behaviors, and no gender differences emerged in physiological responding; however, rumination surprisingly predicted for (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Julian Thayer Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Ruchika Prakash Ph.D. (Committee Member); Amelia Aldao Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Health; Psychobiology; Psychology; Social Psychology

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2016, Business: Business Administration

Brand failures—that is, violations of implicit or explicit expectations we have for brand performance —are inevitable and can come with a hefty price tag to companies. Yet why is it that seemingly minor brand failures can have significant repercussions, whereas comparably major violations can go relatively unnoticed? Drawing from research on brand personalities, I propose that (i) brand personalities impact consumers' expectations regarding brand performance, (ii) violating these expectations heightens the severity of the brand failure, and (iii) this difference in severity determines brand forgiveness. In particular, I propose that the brand's dominant personality—namely, whether warm or competent—elicits different expectations regarding brand performance, such that consumers should expect their interactions with warm brands to align with communal brand dimensions and their interactions with competent brands to align with functional brand dimensions. Moreover, a brand failure that violates these expectancies (i.e., a communal brand failure committed by a warm brand, a functional brand failure committed by a competent brand) should be viewed as more severe and thus less forgivable than one that does not violate these expectations (i.e., a communal failure committed by a competent brand, a functional failure committed by a warm brand). Three experiments test these hypotheses and, in doing so, surprisingly reveal that consumers more readily forgive, rather than censure, brands failures which violate their expectations (Experiments 1 – 3). Moreover, these failures are shown to induce this unexpected result by heightening the credibility of the brand (Experiment 2). Finally, this effect is shown only for those consumers most likely to use brand failures to re-evaluate the brand (Experiment 3). These findings then, though contrary to expectations, offer novel insight into the importance of brand personality as a basis for brand forgiveness as well as the most effective m (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Joshua Clarkson Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Chung-Yiu Chiu Ph.D. (Committee Member); Frank Kardes Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Marketing

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Akron, 2016, Marriage and Family Counseling/Therapy

This quantitative research study investigated forgiveness in adult sibling relationships. The goal of this study was to investigate forgiveness in adult sibling relationships and the role of relational ethics and relational satisfaction. A thorough review of the literature on Contextual theory and forgiveness in the MFT field is presented. One hundred and seventy-eight participants were included in the study to address the hypotheses, which include: (1) higher levels of relational ethics in sibling relationships are positively and significantly correlated with higher levels of forgiveness; (2) relational satisfaction in sibling relationships is significantly and positively correlated with forgiveness in sibling relationships; (3) relational ethics in sibling relationships is significantly and positively correlated with relational satisfaction in adult sibling relationships; and (4) relational satisfaction mediates the relationship between relational ethics and sibling forgiveness, such that higher levels of relational ethics will in turn lead to higher levels of relational satisfaction, which would in turn lead to higher levels of forgiveness. A discussion of the findings, limitations of the study, research and clinical implications, and direction for further research are addressed after the conclusion of the study.

Committee: Karin Jordan PhD (Committee Chair) Subjects: Behavioral Sciences; Clinical Psychology; Counseling Psychology; Developmental Psychology; Families and Family Life; Individual and Family Studies; Personal Relationships

Bachelor of Arts (BA), Ohio University, 2016, Philosophy

In this philosophical thesis, I explore the theories of forgiveness for both Aurel Kolnai and Jean Hampton in reference to Kolnai's Paradox. I analyze and critique each of these philosophers then assert my own theory of forgiveness.

Committee: James Petrik (Advisor) Subjects: Ethics; Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2015, Counselor Education and Supervision

Depression is a leading cause of illness and disability among adolescents worldwide (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014b). Adolescent depression is associated with higher rates of its reoccurrence in adulthood (Gladstone et al., 2011), and represents a significant cost burden on personal and societal scales (Greden, 2001; Tuisku et al., 2014). Researchers have sought to identify positive and negative correlates for the reduction of depressive symptoms among adolescents (Allison et al., 2005; Bilski et al., 2013; Koivumaa-Honkanen et al., 2004; Muris et al., 2001). Religiousness/spirituality has been consistently identified as a negative correlate in adult depression (Bonelli et al., 2012; Koenig et al., 2001) as well as adolescent substance use and other health related problems (Amoateng & Bahr, 1986; Dew et al., 2008; Kent, 1990; Knight et al., 2007; Rew & Wong, 2006; Ritt-Olson et al., 2004). However, the relationship between religiousness/spirituality and adolescent depression remains ambiguous and requires further study (Dew et al., 2008). Recently, the nature of the religiousness/spirituality construct was recognized as multidimensional and inter-related (Fetzer Institute, 2003; Wong et al., 2006). Forgiveness, as one of the dimensions of religiousness/spirituality, has been vigorously researched in adult health-related outcomes (Toussaint et al., 2008), including adult depression (Thompson et al., 2005). However, only a few studies have examined the relationship between forgiveness and depressive symptoms among adolescents (Dew et al., 2008; Dew et al., 2010). The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between forgiveness and depressive symptoms reported by 12 to 18 year old adolescents who routinely visited three ethnically diverse family medicine clinics in the New England area. The study focused on three dimensions of forgiveness: intrapersonal (forgiving self), interpersonal (forgiving others), and divine (knowing that God forgive (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Nick Piazza PhD (Committee Chair); Christopher Roseman PhD (Committee Member); Jennifer Reynolds PhD (Committee Member); John R Knight MD (Committee Member) Subjects: Counseling Education