Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2018, Communication Studies (Communication)

This dissertation examines the differences of discourses-in-use regarding the topic of faculty diversity among faculty and administrators at Ohio University. I conducted a study of the rhetoric of faculty diversity at OU, exploring administrative statements about faculty diversity, such as the OUFSHI (Ohio University Faculty Staff Hiring Initiative) on the President's webpage, and the webpages of the Office for Institutional Equity, the Office for Diversity and Inclusion, and Human Resources. In examining these public statements of OU administration regarding faculty diversity and hiring practices, I sought to discover how administration was framing the concept of diversity, and the type of mandates in place for faculty search committees to use in screening applicants and choosing interviewees. I found that OU administration primarily conceptualized diversity as women and people of color, and these were the underrepresented groups that search committees were encouraged to target in their recruiting and hiring practices. In addition to examining the online resources, I conducted interviews with three administrators, one each from Diversity and Inclusion, Institutional Equity, and Human Resources. To examine the discourses of faculty, I conducted 25 interviews with OU faculty members, asking them to describe their ideas of how OU administration understood faculty diversity, and how they themselves understood it and engage in discourse about it. The resulting data revealed that a number of OU faculty were either unaware of how administration framed the idea of faculty diversity, or they were aware but had concerns about administration's commitment to creating a truly diverse culture at OU. Faculty expressed concerns that targeted hiring practices might not result in the hiring of the most qualified candidate, and that other contributors to diversity, besides race and sex, were being overlooked. The results of my data collection and analysis are presented as respo (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Environmental Science, Miami University, 2010, Environmental Sciences

The species-area relationship (SAR), a vital tool in community ecology, attempts to quantify the biodiversity of an area by identifying the species richness from sample patches. Diversity within a patch is known as α-diversity while diversity among patches is known as β-diversity. Some ecologists argue that differences in area explain all β-diversity in independent sampling while others argue β-diversity partially results from other factors, such as habitat heterogeneity or stochastic factors. In this meta-analysis of SAR data, β-diversity was partitioned into area-dependent and area-independent components; it was determined factors besides area explain a large portion of β-diversity in independent SAR samples. It was surprising that neither the sampling effort nor study scale had a significant effect on the diversity components.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2009, Higher Education Administration

This research study describes the set of student pre-college and college characteristics that contribute to or predict students' orientation towards diversity as measured by the four scales of the Miville-Guzman Universality Diversity Scale Short Form (M-GUDS-S) instrument: Diversity of Contact, Relativistic Appreciation, and Overall Attitudes toward Diversity. Findings from this study were consistent with the literature. First, students who identified as female, first-generation, and non-White, were significantly more likely to have a positive orientation toward diversity. Second, many of the academic and engagement pre-college and college variables were also significant as contributors and predictors of students' orientation towards diversity. In addition to being female, there were two pre-college variables that positively predicted students overall attitude toward diversity; attending a high school that was predominantly White and participating in community service/volunteer work. One pre-college variable, having a high school peer group that was predominantly White, was a negative predictor of students' overall attitude and orientation toward diversity. Of the five college variables that predicted a student's overall attitude toward diversity, four were positive and one was negative. The variables predicting students' overall positive attitude toward diversity as college students were: (a) a major strength in discussing controversial topics, (b) often interacting with race/ethnicity groups different from one's own, (c) took a diversity course, (d) completing the required cultural diversity general education course at Bowling Green State University. However, students who reported often feeling discomfort around racially diverse peers while in college were predicted to have a more negative orientation toward diversity. Recommendations for increasing students' positive orientation toward diversity include: Increase or maintain structural or physical diversity of (open full item for complete abstract)

MFIS, Kent State University, 2024, College of the Arts / School of Fashion

Fashion brands play a crucial role in shaping consumer perceptions in an industry dominated by advertisements. This study investigates the profound influence of diversity in fashion ads on the attitudes, perceptions, and brand affinities of underrepresented consumers, specifically focusing on college-aged Black and Latina females. This study draws on existing literature; encompassing consumer demand for representation, body diversity, ethnic diversity, self-congruity (Sirgy, 1985a), and the Minority stress theory (Meyer, 2003), to uncover connections between diverse representation and consumer behavior. By utilizing a qualitative approach, this research engages participants in an exploration of three sets of fashion advertisements, with the opportunity to answer open-ended prompts. Through thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), the study aims to determine which factors shape consumer attitudes, perceptions, and brand affinities. Altogether, it was found that diverse advertising is a determining factor of positive brand affinity. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform marketers and brands about the relationship between diversity representation and consumer behavior, fostering more inclusive advertising strategies. As the fashion industry learns to integrate evolving societal norms, this research contributes insights that may continue to redefine conventional beauty standards and empower consumers in choosing which brands to support.

Master of Science in Botany, Miami University, 2020, Botany

Midwest oak savannas contain some of the highest plant diversity in the U.S. and are one of the rarest terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed to understand the role of canopy cover and canopy heterogeneity in influencing plant alpha and beta diversity within these ecosystems. This is important for conservation and restoration because these systems must be maintained through active management. This study took place in remnant and restored oak savannas of the Indiana Dunes. Vegetation surveys took place across gradients of canopy cover and canopy heterogeneity. Alpha diversity was highest in plots with intermediate canopy cover (25-50%) and high canopy heterogeneity. However, plant functional groups varied in their response to canopy cover. Woody species diversity was highest in areas with a high canopy cover (>75%). C3, C4, and sedge species diversity was highest in areas with low canopy cover (<25%). Forb and legume diversity were highest with low to intermediate canopy cover (25-50% and 20-35%). There was no relationship between canopy cover or canopy heterogeneity with beta diversity. However, beta diversity was exceptionally high within all sites. From a management perspective, an average canopy cover of 25-50% is the optimal cover for promoting high plant diversity across many functional groups.

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Akron, 2018, Psychology-Industrial/Organizational

Sexism has been a persistent workplace issue for many decades, with a variety of proposed solutions and theoretical explanations throughout recent years. While the prevalence of sexism is well documented, much debate remains about how to best address it. Studies of diversity climate have shown promise in impacting outcomes, but much is still unknown about how and why diversity climate is related to other constructs. The current study aimed to contribute to the diversity climate literature in several ways, including through a multi-level, multi-method approach to examining the relationships among diversity climate components, psychological perceptions, and two outcomes: satisfaction and commitment. The first portion of the study was comprised of several focus groups where qualitative data was collected and analyzed. The second portion of the study involved a survey that was sent to faculty members and department chairs at a large Midwestern university. Results showed that diversity climate components did not impact outcomes indirectly through psychological perceptions as predicted, but did directly impact outcomes. Many of the supported relationships existed at both the individual and group level, and many also depended on demographic variables such as tenure and gender. Possible explanations for these findings, as well as implications, are discussed.

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Ohio University, 2012, Business Administration

The objective of the study is gain a better understanding of gender diversity efforts within organizations and their effectiveness. To this end the study develops a framework for characterizing and measuring the effectiveness of organizational efforts for gender diversity using a comparative case study. An extensive framework is developed that encompasses effort characteristics including catalysts, objectives, methods and practices, and measurement strategies. The framework also captures factors that help gauge effort effectiveness including perceived effort outcomes, barriers and challenge for women in IT, and informal ways women in IT overcome these barriers. The framework is further developed using an empirical comparative case study that evaluates the characteristics of nine organizational efforts. The data proves to be rich and full of interesting trends, as it was analyzed across different companies, industries, initiative types, and employee role types. As a result of the analysis, this study provides five recommendations to improve the current state of gender diversity in the IT workforce.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2008, Communication Studies

Communication scholars have acknowledged that racial diversity does not receive adequate examination from organizational communication scholars. This study examined race-related diversity training at a predominantly white Northwest Ohio university from the perspectives of undergraduate African, Latina/o, Asian, Pacific Islander, and Native American (ALANA) students. Research demonstrates that on predominantly white campuses, ALANA students may face unique challenges that may differ from the experiences of their white peers. However, race-related diversity training programs are frequently developed without assessing the needs of ALANA people. This research used open-ended surveys with 127 ALANA students, audiotape recorded interviews with seven ALANA students, and a diversity training manual. Grounded theory was used to develop themes. The manual themes were compared to ALANA-generated themes to assess whether students needs were being met by the current diversity training program. There were three race-related themes that materialized as unmet needs for the participants. The three unmet needs were assistance with coping with the biases of others; the ability to recognize support and develop richer interpersonal relationships; and the obligation to educate others about ALANA people while simultaneously representing all people from their respective ALANA groups. There were two themes that manifested differently in the manual and student data. These themes were examining natural behaviors and actions and making connections with life experiences. In conclusion, the diversity training activities contained in the manual do not fully meet the needs of ALANA students. This dissertation concludes with a discussion of the findings, implications, and future recommendations.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2007, Communication Studies

Promoting media diversity in a society is imperative for the social benefits that allow citizens to make informed decisions through exposure to a broad range of viewpoints. In spite of its significance, two major hindrances to media diversity identified so far are conceptual disagreement, that renders divergent approaches to the diversity analysis, and market forces, in which media are centered on a profit seeking mechanism. Responding to these two major issues of media diversity, the study explored the policy effectiveness within the notion of the First Amendment conflict and assessed diversity in both the public and commercial broadcast television industries. This study proposed the integrated theory of diversity, which could identify multiindicators of the dimension of the diversity, such as source, content, and audience diversity; thus, it allowed assessment of the multi-levels within political and economic contexts. The application of the public sphere model helped establish public interest criteria and thus could provide more consistent policy goals in promoting media diversity. The structural conduct model allowed assessment of source diversity by identifying the relationship among the market structure of the broadcast television industry, product strategies, and diversity. The application of the public policy model and the program choice model allowed measurement of content diversity distinctively produced by both public and commercial broadcast television by identifying different programming The analyses of the study provided three major substantial findings: 1) Conceptual disagreement of media diversity and ineffectiveness of the policies on media diversity largely stemmed from the FCC's inconsistency in establishing public interest criteria.strategies.This inconsistency hindered justification of any regulatory intervention to protect public interest and to effectively respond to market failure in terms of media diversity. 2) The diversity offered by publi (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2024, Biological Sciences

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbo-Orthoflavivirus belonging to the Japanese Encephalitis Complex that was first discovered in a febrile woman of the Uganda district in Africa. Following its initial discovery WNV has been detected on every major continent, except Antarctica, officially being detected in the Western hemisphere in the fall of 1999 in the Queens District of New York City. Since entering the western hemisphere 25 years ago, WNV has been reported in over 300 different avian species. In addition to avian cases, WNV has been detected in humans within all 50 states totaling 58,981 cases (both neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive) and 2,776 deaths. An RT-PCR protocol was developed and optimized to reproducibly generate cDNA for sequence analysis. Forty cDNA sequences were assembled from RT-PCR products of WNV origin, and the corresponding amino acid sequences predicted. Sequence variations at the nucleotide level were evident as 173 polymorphic sites; when translated these polymorphisms resulted in 18 polymorphic amino acid residues relative to the original New York reference strain. There were 42 total (36 different sites) instances where nucleotides present were ambiguous, suggesting that some of the samples analyzed contained material from more than one virion. Predicted polypeptide sequences indicated high conservation of specific envelop protein regions. These conserved regions were concentrated in envelope domain II, a region recognized to be essential for productive infection of host cells. My results suggest the number of WNV genomes recovered for analysis varied relative to local weather conditions during the 2018 collection season. Together these observations support the contention that environmental conditions have the potential to select variant genotypes of WNV.

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 0, Environment and Natural Resources

Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem caused by the overuse of antibiotics. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) into the environment, which further worsens the situation. Understanding the characteristics and impacts of ARB and ARGs in aquatic environments is essential to develop effective management strategies. However, directly measuring ARB and ARGs in water is challenging and expensive. Therefore, alternative, cost-effective methods are required to evaluate water quality parameters. One proposed method involves investigating microbial communities in aquatic environments, as they play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles, nutrient transformations, and pollutant degradation. Additionally, aquatic macroinvertebrates, which are bioindicators for assessing freshwater ecosystem health, may have the potential to track ARB and ARGs. This study aims to determine the relationship between the diversity of macroinvertebrate and microbial communities in multiuse rivers and the occurrence and prevalence of ARB. Water samples were collected from six WWTPs discharging into three rivers in Ohio from May to August 2021. Bacterial analysis was conducted, targeting gram-negative bacteria carrying ARGs. Also, aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled from standardized locations and sorted into vials for later identification. The Hill, Shannon, and Simpson's diversity indices were used to assess biodiversity. Scatterplot analyses were employed to visualize the relationship between biodiversity indices and ARB concentration. The results of the study showed variations in macroinvertebrate and microbial diversity indices associated with ARB. Higher Hill numbers correlated with lower ARB concentrations, but the variability made it difficult to establish a consistent pattern. This highlights the importance of continued investigation to mitigate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2023, Educational Studies

Worldview diversity education is an integral aspect of preparing students to negotiate difference in an interconnected world and to work together toward solving global problems. It intersects with diversity and intercultural learning, contributing the missing piece of religious, secular, and spiritual worldviews to global learning. This study utilized a survey and comparative case study to explore non-U.S. global liberal arts colleges and universities' engagement in worldview diversity education, common approaches, and how senior campus leaders expressed worldview diversity education in relation to larger education purposes, policyscapes, and priorities. Incorporating a view of education practice as policy and of worldviews as representing not just systems of belief but also cultures of belonging, this study contributes to the identification and development of worldview diversity education policy and practice among global liberal arts colleges and universities.

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2016, Antioch New England: Clinical Psychology

In today's society, an accurate representation of female minority leadership is needed. This study explored the (a) leadership development of African American women, (b) means and hindrances that African American women leaders met on their pathway to success, and (c) role of resilience among African American women. The current research was guided by the Smith (2010) study; Smith completed research on this subject matter using African American males. The current research used women rather than men but maintained the same methodology. The Consensual Qualitative Research Method (CQR; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997; Hill et al., 2005) was used to analyze archived interviews of two past African American female presidents of a national diversity mental health association to identify themes and constructs that emerged from the interviews. The themes and constructs were used to identify the leadership development, the means and hindrances, and the role of resilience among African American women. The results of the current study also indicated that (a) positive feedback/success experience, (b) mentorship, (c) good educational experiences (d) early leadership involvement, and (e) attendance at conventions were instrumental for the participants' leadership development. The results of the current research are consistent with the Smith (2010) findings.

Master of Science (MS), Bowling Green State University, 2023, Biological Sciences

Microbes in the gut have diverse roles in influencing the host metabolism, including nutrient provision, immune system protection, and gut barrier integrity. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from alcohol Non-preferring (NP) rats on alcohol drinking behavior and the gut microbiome of selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats. The rats were given choices between 15%, 30% alcohol solutions and water. FMT was conducted using a mixture of powdered feces and chow to facilitate the transfer of the gut microbiota. Fecal samples were collected at various time points, including before, during and after FMT, and were analyzed through sequencing to evaluate the composition and alteration in the gut microbiome over time. The R programming language and KBase were used to analyze the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and to assess the changes in microbial composition and abundance within the gut microbiome of P rats following FMT. The results showed a significant reduction in total alcohol consumption (measured as g/kg/day) in the P rats after FMT, suggesting that the gut microbes influenced drinking behavior. Furthermore, alpha diversity analysis was conducted using the Shannon diversity index (SDI) and observed OTUs. The results revealed that alpha diversity was higher in the pre-FMT samples compared to post-FMT samples, suggesting that FMT contributed to a decrease diversity, more stable and uniform bacterial community composition among the P rats. To assess the dissimilarity between bacterial communities, beta diversity analysis was performed through non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). The NMDS plot which is based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index showed less variation in P rats after FMT. Further analysis demonstrated that the gut microbiota of the P rats through FMT from NP rats led to significant increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decrease in Lachnoclostridium. Ot (open full item for complete abstract)

Bachelor of Science, Wittenberg University, 2023, Biology

Species diversity has become of more importance to ecological community surveys and conservation efforts globally. Use of such methods of assessing species in target groups of particular concern, such as herpetofauna, have increased in frequency in recent decades, incorporating mathematical indices and measures in an attempt to analyze community composition as a trend over time. The goal of this study was to report herpetofauna species found in the region, their diversity, dominance and rarity, richness, and other measures throughout the four separate survey trips, showing trends over the periods of time in order to better inform the timing and methods of the survey in future years. Ex-situ data analysis of the detections over four years thus far have found 86 herpetofauna individuals across 26 distinct species. Reptilian species make up the larger portion of detections than amphibian, with a ratio of detections and relative abundance of 1.39:1, respectively. Dominant species across trip years included the southern two-lined salamander, the southern cricket frog, and the little brown skink. Dominant species across seasons included the Mississippi slimy salamander, southern cricket frog, and little brown skink. Highest herpetofauna abundance was found in 2018 and in the fall season, while highest species richness was detected in 2018 and in the spring season. Species evenness was maximized in 2019 and in the fall season. Shannon-Weiner and Simpson's Diversity were both maximized in the 2018 and spring trips and lowest in the 2021 and fall trips overall. Diversity of amphibians in particular was maximized in 2022 and in fall, while diversity of reptiles in particular was maximized in 2018 and in spring season. Reptiles were detected at higher average substrate temperatures and similar air temperatures to amphibians. The highest and lowest temperatures at detection for amphibians were lower than those for reptiles when adjusting for the summer season anomaly found. Dev (open full item for complete abstract)

Undergraduate Honors Program, Malone University, 2022, Honors Thesis

Bogs are rare naturally occurring wetlands that formed from the movement of glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Bogs are supplied by their own underground water source, which creates a unique ecosystem. In this study, I examined the functional microbial communities of a local North Canton bog in relation to the water's pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Microbial growth is dependent on the condition of the environment, which results in some bacteria being better adapted to live in more acidic environments. I hypothesized that microbial diversity and pH would be positively correlated because fewer species can grow in acidic environments, so as the pH increases more species will colonize the area leading to an increase in diversity. To test this hypothesis, samples were collected from three different sites around the bog and inoculated on Biolog Ecoplates. Ecoplates use 31 different carbon sources and provide a general classification of the microbial community present in each site of the bog. Using the Ecoplates, I measured the microbial functional diversity and species evenness and compared those values to variation in pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. There was no relationship between diversity and pH, but diversity positively correlated with total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Additionally, species evenness, which is a component of diversity, increased with pH. Bogs are important carbon sinks and support a wide variety of flora and fauna. Their microbial diversity, however, has rarely been explored. This is one of the first studies to estimate the functional diversity of a bog's microbial community. Microorganisms are important in nutrient cycling and understanding what impacts microbial diversity can have implications for the entire ecosystem.

Doctor of Education, Ashland University, 2022, College of Education

Across the United States, an imbalance exists between the percentages of White educators and minority students. This disproportion has led to the need for more educators to learn and acquire the skills necessary to effectively navigate and lead in diverse environments and respond in ways that resonates with diverse learners. This study focused the experiences of cultural humility on the lived experiences of African American boys and their parents and the behaviors and experiences of culturally humble teachers at a predominantly White, private Catholic high school. This study was chosen to fill a gap in the literature on cultural humility and its impact on school students and teachers. The research consisted of focus groups and interviews with 25 African American students, 20 African American parents and four teachers identified by students and parents as rating high in cultural humility. A qualitative case study was implemented with a structured protocol. Upon careful analysis of the data, five major themes emerged: (a) Humility—the role of voice, flexibility, and reimagining; (b) Authenticity—the power of vulnerability and visibility in building relationships; (c) Advocacy—the role of empathy in building non-judgmental safe spaces; (d) Presence—the role of partnership and the power of availability; and (e) Intentionality—the role of belief, accountability, and high expectations. The findings are significant in that they revealed some of the benefits and positive effects of the cultural humility framework on culturally responsive leadership, cultural safety, and academic success of African American students.

Master of Science (M.S.), Xavier University, 2021, Psychology

In a study conducted by Shore et al. (2018), two management methods that aimed to promote diversity and inclusion were described: the management prevention orientation and the management promotion orientation. The management prevention orientation focuses on complying with employment law and avoiding litigation, whereas the management promotion orientation focuses on embracing and maintaining diversity and inclusion by adhering to six themes of workplace inclusion (feeling safe, involvement in the workgroup, feeling respected and valued, influence on decision making, authenticity, recognizing, honoring, and advancing of diversity). Using hypothetical vignettes, this study examined how inclusive and sincere minorities perceived the management prevention orientation to be compared to the management promotion orientation. It was hypothesized that minorities would find the management promotion orientation more inclusive and more sincere compared to the management prevention orientation. Using a sample of 79 minorities recruited via MTurk, the study's hypotheses were supported. These findings confirm that the six themes of workplace inclusion described by Shore et al. seem to be a reflection of an inclusive climate, and that sincerity matters when it comes to favorable perceptions of a management style. A noteworthy result was that most participants who met this study's requirements for being considered minorities did not self-identify as minorities, implying that although people may be considered a minority by others, they may not necessarily self-identify as a minority. Future research should explore more ways to determine who should be considered a minority, as well as further examine if the term “minority” may be outdated.

Master of Arts, Miami University, 2021, Speech Pathology and Audiology

Thousands of technological apps have emerged in the past decade. Little research has been done to examine how apps are used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs), their effectiveness, and feelings regarding their use. SLPs must consider current research as a principle of evidenced-based practice when integrating technology into speech and language service delivery. The current study investigates SLPs pattern of app use and feelings towards their use in a school setting. This study aims to uncover correlations between app use and these feelings, as well as considerations made by SLPs prior to implementing apps in their sessions. A survey was distributed to school-based SLPs in Ohio, yielding 69 valid responses. Results showed 77% of SLPs reported using apps in their treatment sessions. SLPs reported generally positive feelings regarding the use of apps. SLPs considered factors such as age, cognitive ability, and disorder of the students with whom they are using apps. For the SLPs who reported not using apps, the most common reasons were personal preference and price. Results of this study carry clinical implications for evidence-based practice as the age of technology continues to develop. These results warrant future research on the efficacy and effectiveness of apps in school settings.

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2020, Leadership and Change

The purpose of this research study is to share scholarly data that may assist in the recognition and cultural understanding of LatinX Chief DOs in higher education institutions. This multi-phase, qualitative study critically considers the participants' sociopolitical, psychological, and, cultural situated-ness as equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) leaders in higher education institutions (HEIs). Despite the psychological stressors, the participants described how and why they are energized by their commitment to creating change as social justice campeonas (champions). This study explains why LatinX DOs leading EDI institutional change in the 21st century, places them in precarious sociopolitical circumstances. Cultural values are identified by the research study participants as foundational to their identity, sources of motivation, tenacity, and, strength for leading EDI, institutional change. An interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) methodology is applied to this study describing, interpreting, contextualizing, and gaining in-depth insights into specific concepts of the phenomena; of “being” LatinX DOs in HEIs leading EDI. Eight participants were identified through a purposive process. Referred to here as “co-researchers,” they engaged as experts of their own interpretations, and as narrators of their own stories. This study included non-Westernized epistemological and ontological perspectives. A hermeneutic, subjective-reflective process of interpretation explored the co-researcher's social, contextual, and cultural truths—the wholeness of their experiences. The co-researchers engaged in a multi-phase, qualitative study which included individual interviews, and, two facilitated focus groups held over multiple days. The co-researchers developed a co-constructed, collective narrative highlighting the urgency to interrupt and change oppressive patterns and behaviors in themselves, in their respective institutions, and, the communities to which they belong. (open full item for complete abstract)