MFA, Kent State University, 2018, College of Communication and Information / School of Visual Communication Design

The intention of this investigation is to ascertain a process for creating culturally resonant brands and marketing them on social media successfully. This thesis proposes innovative commerce—the intersection between cultural innovation and social commerce—as a design strategy for doing so. A brand is a product or service that includes a culmination of the experiences and expectations consumers have attributed to it. In its most established form, the brand is a product of design thinking that encourages innovation. There are several methods of creating innovation however, this thesis focuses on cultural innovation. A cultural innovation is an “innovative cultural expression,” and cultural expressions are the conventions that help us understand the world; they are made up of ideology, myth and cultural codes (Holt & Cameron, 2010). It is a relevant tool for businesses and consumers today because commerce and technology have played and continue to play an essential role in shaping society and brands that deliver cultural innovations may have better chances of success in this technology and trade driven world. The social media and the physical worlds have begun to interconnect in significant ways within the last few years. Because traditional origins of cultural expression have been taken over by in large part mass media, social networks provide consumers and brands with sovereignty by presenting a single territory where commerce and technology intersect. This intersection is called social commerce, and social commerce is the use of social networks in the context of e-commerce. This research provides practical instructions on how brands can connect with consumers on an emotional and functional by implementing a design strategy that promotes innovations for social commerce.

Committee: Jessica Barness MFA (Advisor); Ken Visocky-O'Grady MFA (Committee Member); Gretchen Rinnert MFA (Committee Member) Subjects: Design; Entrepreneurship; Information Systems

Master of Fine Arts, The Ohio State University, 2016, Design

“Design is a problem–solving process and the fundamental skills of the designer are the ability to look for meaningful problems, frame them into appropriate contexts, and design a process for developing and implementing a solution” (Irwin, 2015). This definition of design and the role of the designer are a significant departure from its original definition by the Bauhaus where the objective of all creative effort in the visual arts was to give form to space and where the source of creative imagination was in developing a proficiency in the craft (Gropius, Bayer, & Gropius, 1938). Design as a discipline has evolved and is expanding its impact from individual physical objects and spaces to experiences and organizations. There is increasing interest in design thinking and human-centered design methodologies. Organizations are discovering the value and potential of design. Although definition and the sphere of design influence have changed, design education has remained rooted in the craft skills. Design education has two trains of thought: the foundation and the progression. The foundation skills of observation and application have remained consistent through the history of design but the progression of design is in constant change (Foster,O.,2015 as cited by Currey, 2015). “If design is to live up to its promise it must create new, enduring curricula for design education that merge science and technology, art and business, and indeed, all the knowledge of the university” (Norman & Klemmer, 2014). What is that promise that design has to offer? How can design schools lay the foundation to deliver that promise? How can or should design education prepare future designers for this expanding sphere of design influence? This research attempts to addresses these questions by exploring the future and value of graduate design education. This multidisciplinary research and design thesis combined design research methodologies with business strategy concepts and tools for de (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Elizabeth Sanders (Advisor); David Staley (Committee Member); Mary Anne Beecher (Committee Member) Subjects: Design; Education

MFA, Kent State University, 2014, College of Communication and Information / School of Visual Communication Design

No matter how an entrepreneur defines failure, statistics on the success rate of start-up businesses is disheartening. Around 30 to 40 percent of start-up businesses liquidate all assets, losing all investor funding, while 70 to 80 percent fail to produce the projected return on investment. There is a strong need for effective incubation facilities which compress the learning curves of the start-ups and provide them with necessary initial support in order to improve their sustainability. There are around 1,200 business incubators operating in the United States. Joining an incubator is a great way for inexperienced entrepreneurs to receive funding and guidance to help get their ideas off the ground. It blends office spaces with mentoring programs, financial assistance, business services and the opportunity to network with experts and fellow entrepreneurs. Most incubator facilities in the U.S. are public-private partnerships, with initial support coming from the federal, state and local government bodies. Approximately half of these total facilities are affiliated with universities. While traditional business models are adequate for many established companies, the types of problems that face new businesses have changed. A decade ago, entrepreneurs were not expected to start their own brands from scratch, they were simply too hard and expensive to create and could survive by simply differentiating themselves based on product or service. Since then, expectations have risen as the start-up field has grown. It's not enough to stand out with a single idea; you have to combine it with a great product, engaging consumer experience and a voice that sets it apart from the competition. Creating a brand isn't a project with a beginning, middle and end. Instead it requires constant vigilance and must be monitored throughout the course of the brand's life. In the process of starting a company, people are often too focused on raising the capital to grow, rather than building (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Ken Visocky O'Grady (Advisor); David Middleton (Committee Member); Julie Messing (Committee Member) Subjects: Business Administration; Business Community; Business Education; Design; Entrepreneurship

MFA, Kent State University, 2013, College of Communication and Information / School of Visual Communication Design

At the onset of a project, the first question designers like to ask is: why? It seems like such a simple question and yet far too often it goes unanswered, or the answer is, 'Because we have always done it like this.' What has always attracted me to the concept of design strategy is that it provides a platform to help design better understood goals, objectives, and possibilities, while also providing tangible results showing better outcomes. Having seen the design process in a political campaign firsthand, I saw how the emerging challenges and unique problems facing communications for a presidential campaign could be improved through the inclusion of design strategy. This thesis is an examination of the political campaign process, its communication history, how the private sector has utilized design strategy and how implementation can better improve the core brand, messaging, and communications of a campaign. The aim is to better understand the campaign process and how innovation will be a key factor in determining the success of future candidates. By defining the current problems and emerging challenges facing political campaigns, an explanation as to why implementing design strategy for a political campaign becomes relevant. Information gathered and researched for this thesis is meant to provide an understanding of why design strategy can be valuable to a campaign, as well as showing how it can be valuable.

Committee: Ken Visocky O'Grady MFA (Committee Chair); Sanda Katila MFA (Committee Member); Dave Middleton MA (Committee Member) Subjects: Design

MCP, University of Cincinnati, 2001, Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning : Community Planning

This thesis identifies alternative urban design strategies for commercial development along the Milford Parkway in Milford, Ohio. Characteristics of suburban sprawl are defined in specific attributes of the development designed along the Milford Parkway. Urban design principles based upon ecological and social considerations are established from current literature and applied to the Milford Parkway property to illustrate an alternative design process. This alternative process allows the Milford Parkway to become developed by commercial uses while maintaining qualities unique to the property and surrounding community. This enables the property to serve the regional users as well as the local community in a fashion more ecologically and socially responsible than sprawl. This thesis ultimately discusses necessary modifications to the current Milford Zoning Ordinance needed to achieve this alternative design approach.

Committee: Kiril Stanilov (Advisor) Subjects: Urban and Regional Planning

MDES, University of Cincinnati, 2012, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning: Design

Overwhelming consumption has resulted from bad user–product relationships and bad service, which allow consumers to easily get frustrated, and abandons otherwise fine products. This paper proposes a new emphasis on designing a service model, moving from ownership to leasing. A service model by leasing puts emphasis on designing products with an extension of the user–product relationship, providing users with products that will be personal treasures. This is a major change in business-as-usual for most product categories, but results in creating new and different design goals that may have significant impact on achieving economic viability and environmental stewardship. This model ultimately provides user satisfaction by advocating the design of meaningful products that facilitate long-term use, and reduces the numbers of products being made, being sold, becoming obsolete, and ending up in landfills. This concept is introduced with sustainable design principles through precedents, and is then applied in the cellular phone industry for testing, in the hope of appropriate appreciation for a sustainable service model as well as providing ideas for its application to current industry.

Committee: Dale Murray MA (Committee Chair); Gerald Michaud MA (Committee Member) Subjects: Design

MDES, University of Cincinnati, 2011, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning: Design

This thesis focuses on the interaction between design and business, exploring its impact on the success of organizations through two case studies of design managers, Dan Harden, Chief Executive Officer for Whipsaw Inc and Sam Lucente, Global Vice President of Design for Hewlett-Packard. Through an analysis of organizational strategy and design, this thesis proposes a theoretical model that identifies how design becomes a dynamic capability for any organization when its promotion and support shifts from a person to a function. Finally, based on this model, this thesis analyzes the effectiveness of design thinking in supporting design as a dynamic capability and offers conclusions for the elevation of a design function in support of a sustained competitive advantage in organizations.

Committee: Craig Vogel MD (Committee Chair); Dale Murray MA (Committee Member); Martha Ann Welsh PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Design

MDes, University of Cincinnati, 2007, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning : Design

Asia has become a hub of activity with many international corporations are increasingly turning to this region for solutions to effective management and more importantly as a vast yet untapped market of consumers with growing spending capabilities, heightened awareness for quality brands and products. Many foreign companies have already set shop in China and many more have business plans for India, whose winning demographic mix and unexpected growth have made it the flavor of the season. Transnational corporations have already learnt in China that the Chinese consumer has a unique identity. And early entrants to India are learning a similar lesson. Though large, the Indian market is a tough nut to crack. The Indian consumer is the end product of his socio-cultural milieu. His consumption habits have been tempered by tradition and modernity, consumerism and frugalness, knowledge and ignorance. Such a consumer craves for all that a foreign brand name portends—quality, snob value and internationalism—but relates better to products that are localized, customized and tailored to meet his needs. Contrary to larger perceptions, based perhaps on India's rampant poverty, such a consumer is not always price sensitive. Instead, he can always loosen his purse-strings, provided the company is able to convince him that what they have is the very best his money can buy. And in order to touch that emotional chord, companies wanting to do business in India have no option but to understand the Indian market and the Indian consumer inside out. India is undoubtedly a country ripe for picking. But a country which readily rewards foreign companies that have made the effort to understand its cultural ethos, even while summarily rejecting the offerings of those who have entered the market with shoddy, careless and indifferent preparation. This research project will look at some popular domestic and foreign brands in India, scrutinize some current market trends and evaluate the reason why s (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Craig Vogel (Advisor) Subjects:

Master of Science (MS), Wright State University, 2022, Computer Science

Promoting awareness of social determinants of health (SDoH) among healthcare providers is important to improve the patient care experience and outcome as it helps providers understand their patients in a better way which can facilitate more efficient and effective communication about health conditions. Healthcare professionals are typically educated about SDoH through lectures, questionaries, or role-play-based approaches; but in today's world, it is becoming increasingly possible to leverage modern technology to create more impactful and accessible tools for SDoH education. Wright LIFE (Lifelike Immersion for Equity) is a simulation-based training tool especially created for this purpose. It is a mobile app that would be available on both Google Play and Apple Store for easy access to the providers. This highly realistic, interactive, and captivating app is essential for creating mindfulness about SDoH and generating long-lasting compassion and empathy in health care workers for their real patients and helping them to build a good clinician-patient relationship. An important aspect of this simulation is the realism of the characters and their behavior. This thesis specifically focuses on the strategy and experience of designing and developing realistic human character models and animations so that the players connect naturally and deeply with the virtual characters. This contributes to the generation of a greater level of empathy in the providers and decreases the level of biases. In addition to its contribution to creating efficient design methodologies, this effort also resulted in a portfolio of high-quality, low-memory multi-modal avatars resembling diverse people of various ethnicities, ages, body types, and gender.

Committee: Yong Pei Ph.D. (Advisor); Paul J. Hershberger Ph.D. (Committee Member); Thomas Wischgoll Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Computer Science; Design; Educational Software; Health Care; Information Technology; Systems Design

MDES, University of Cincinnati, 2019, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning: Design

Since the first album that Black Sabbath released in 1970, the 50-year-long history of heavy metal music makes it has developed into a diversified but controversial subculture all over the world. Even though several big names, such as Metallica, Iron Maiden or Judas Priest, have gained commercial success and mainstream exposure, most of the heavy metal bands, fans and communities are still far from a stable status. The market scale is threatened by poor social acceptance and incorrect stereotypes and is too limited to develop an operational model for heavy metal music communities as mature as mainstream music production in this current state. The goal of this thesis is to: 1) explore the core value of heavy metal subculture and design an organizational strategy to strengthen the connection between various roles within the community. The research was divided into three parts. The first part is the quantitative research on the development of heavy metal music in different regions, shows the regional trends of heavy metal subculture. The second part is the qualitative evaluation of heavy metal albums' covers and lyrics, and documentary films about heavy metal music. The third part is the interviews with record shop owners. The first part Borrowing the CIS (Corporation Identity System) from the business field, the data collected during the second stage could be categorized into visual identities, communication identities, and behavior identities. The data collected from interviews are organized into a system map to show the current organizational strategy. The conclusion, this thesis proposes a new type of organizational strategy that supports the local heavy metal subculture community, in order to help stabilize the market and strengthen connections of community members through participation in it. Furthermore, inspired by the proposed strategy, more universal strategies and guidelines for other types of subculture are discussed.

Committee: Ashley Kubley M.A. (Committee Chair); Gerald Michaud M.A. (Committee Member) Subjects: Design

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2018, Economics

Mechanism Design Theory, introduced by 2007 Nobel laureates Hurwicz, Maskin, and Myerson, has guided economic institutions worldwide to achieve desirable goals in allocating scarce resources. However, most of the literature on Mechanism Design Theory that guides its application, in reality, assumes that people are fully rational; this omission of people's bounded rationality raises doubt over the reliability of the theory's empirical implications. To bridge this gap between theory and reality, we introduce new formalizations to characterize new types of boundedly rational behavior that is missing in existing models but supported by experimental evidence. NLK, the first formalization we propose, is a new solution concept in Game Theory that connects two existing ones, Nash Equilibrium (NE) and Level-K model. Of these two, NE, introduced by 1994 Nobel Laureates John Nash has revolutionized the economics of Industrial Organization and has influenced many other branches such as the theories of monetary policy and international trade. However, there is mounting and robust evidence from laboratory experiments of substantial discrepancy between the predictions of NE and the behavior of players. Among all the alternative models that retain the individual rationality of optimization, but relax correct beliefs, Level-K model is probably the most prominent. Absent in NE, Level-K model explicitly allows players to consider their opponent as less sophisticated than themselves. But Level-K does not allow players to use an important element of strategic thinking, namely, “put yourself in the others' shoes” and believe the opponent can think in the same way they do. Bridging NE and Level-K, NLK allows a player in a game to believe that her opponent may be either less- or as sophisticated as they—a view supported by various studies in Psychology. We compare the performance of NLK to that of NE and some versions of Level-K by applying it to data from three experimental papers pub (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: James Peck (Committee Member); Dan Levin (Committee Member); Paul Healy (Committee Member) Subjects: Applied Mathematics; Behavioral Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Cognitive Psychology; Economic Theory; Economics; Epistemology; Ethics; Experimental Psychology; Neurosciences; Philosophy of Science; Psychology

Master of Science in Engineering, University of Akron, 2017, Electrical Engineering

The permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) can be defined as a hybrid motor which utilizes the advantages of both the synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) and the interior permanent magnet motor (IPM). PMa-SynRM's ability to have a wider flux weakening range and less risk of demagnetization makes it a perfect candidate for high-speed applications. However, one of the main challenges for PMa-SynRM operating as a high-speed motor is the stress generated in the rotor. This thesis presents an optimal design procedure and rotor shape modification of a high-speed multiphase PMa-SynRM for stress reduction. In this study, a high-speed design of a five-phase PMa-SynRM has been done based on a low-speed benchmark model. An overall design procedure consisting of a lumped parameter model (LPM) and a differential evolution strategy (DES) was developed. In this study, a lumped parameter model (LPM) is used to initially design the five-phase PMa-SynRM. By using LPM and design parameters of stator and rotor with given ranges, thousands of design have been generated. From these designs, an optimal high-speed model was developed with the help of a differential evolution strategy (DES). To facilitate high-speed design, a stress function and other performance parameters are included in the objective function (OB). The optimized 25krpm five-phase PMa-SynRM is implemented in the finite element analysis (FEA) for simulation. Simulation results of the average and cogging torque high-speed model have been analyzed. Another high-speed model has been developed without considering stress function in the design. Comparison of stress has been done between the two high-speed models by doing stress analysis. Simulation results indicated that stress can be reduced by 30.14% if it is included in the design process. To reduce the stress of the high-speed PMa-SynRM more, a mini flux barrier (FB) has been added to the rotor. By using DES, the design parameters of (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Seungdeog Choi (Advisor); Yilmaz Sozer (Committee Member); Joan Carletta (Committee Member); Siamak Farhad (Committee Member) Subjects: Engineering

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2016, Industrial and Systems Engineering (Engineering and Technology)

This dissertation aims to fulfill the gap of designing the supply chain system as a whole and looking at overall design across the supply chain of the company in the long term rather than short term. This dissertation is inspired from the window manufacturer which manufactures and distributes vinyl windows to meet new construction and replacement/remodeling sector demand. In this dissertation, complementary analytical models are discussed to determine efficient way to design a supply chain network. Mainly, design aspect and operational aspect of a supply chain system are considered. In the design aspect, number of manufacturing facilities, location/allocation decisions are determined. Then, the number of distribution centers, location and allocation decisions are made. Continuing with that, manufacturing configuration of each individual manufacturing facility is designed in detail and analyzed. In the proposed layered cellular manufacturing system design, based on the demand and processing requirements, products are grouped into product families and assigned to dedicated, shared and remainder cells. In the operational aspect, based on the designed manufacturing system, cell loading and product sequencing are performed. Moreover, vehicle routing system is designed to reach out the end customers in the supply chain system. All in all, this dissertation is unique in the sense of covering different levels of supply chain planning and decisions with nested approaches of facilities location, manufacturing system design, network design and vehicle routing design. New mathematical models and various new heuristic approaches are proposed to design a supply chain system in the presence of high-volume and low-volume windows demand.

Committee: Gürsel A. Süer PhD (Advisor); Faizul Huq PhD (Committee Member); M. Khurrum Bhutta PhD (Committee Member); Dale Masel PhD (Committee Member); Diana Schwerha PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Engineering; Industrial Engineering; Operations Research

MDES, University of Cincinnati, 2011, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning: Design

Innovation refers to incremental, radical changes in thinking, products and processes. Innovation, important to business, economics and technology, is extensively studied because it leads to an increase in companies' organic revenue growth and their bottom lines. Although the importance of design driven innovation is acknowledged in the United States, the value of design in innovation is underestimated internationally, especially in a developing country like China. That is why it is essential to understand how design could drive innovation in a different cultural context. The purpose of this thesis is to raise an awareness of how design driven innovation could be used as an important innovation strategy to help Chinese companies gain sustainable benefits. To achieve this goal, the relationships among innovation, design driven innovation and the traditional values based in Chinese culture are illustrated and a successful design driven innovative Chinese Cosmetic Company is employed as case study in this thesis. As a conclusion, this thesis identifies a unique element, Chinese traditional values, that could be used as one of key elements to achieving successful innovation for Chinese companies. This research is not only significant for showing the possibilities for Chinese businesses to achieve innovation, but also for suggesting possible strategies for international companies dealing with emerging markets issues.

Committee: Craig Vogel MD (Committee Chair); Steven Doehler , (Committee Member) Subjects: Design

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2009, Industrial, Interior, and Visual Communications Design

Street Art is an illicit sub-cultural activity that has permeated into various design applications in recent years. These ranges from design motifs on products to themes on television commercials. In 2008, Barack Obama commissioned Street Artist Shepard Fairey to design the posters for his presidency campaign. Barack Obama was elected as the president of United States in 2009 and Fairey's HOPE poster has since been acquired by the U.S National Portrait Gallery; it was also officially made a permanent collection. This thesis intent to use the framework of the Blue Ocean Strategy to identify characteristics that have facilitated Street Art's translation into mainstream design applications. Understanding these characteristics can provide designers with foresight to similar emerging cultural phenomena. In addition, this thesis attempts to contribute to the existing body of work on Street Art.

Committee: Jim Arnold (Advisor); Jeffrey Haase (Committee Member) Subjects: Design

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2008, Mechanical Engineering

The essential function of a mechanical assembly is the removal of degrees of freedom (DOF) and transfer of load between two bodies. Assemblies using integral attachments are composed of unilateral mating surfaces, where quality is greatly affected by the location and orientation of assembly features. Feature-level design is concerned with the dimension, stress, and strain of individual assembly features. This dissertation is concerned with attachment-level design, where design decisions are made on the type, location, and orientation of assembly features. Previous research in theoretical kinematics, robotic grasping, and fixture design have produced either a binary test for form closure or design optimization for a specific loading condition. There is currently no tool available to: (1) analyze an assembly's quality with a quantitative metric and (2) optimize the design of the assembly constraint configuration (location and orientation of features) to resist motion effectively. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to develop an analysis and design tool to address these needs. The analysis tool models the assembly features as wrench systems. The point, pin, line, and plane constraints in assembly are modeled with equivalent first, second, and third order wrench systems. The methodology used is based on composing a five-system pivot wrench combination to which a screw motion is reciprocal. The resistance effectiveness of each constraint to these motions is calculated as the ratio of the reaction forces at each resisting constraint to the input wrench magnitude. Based on these individual resistance values, a set of rating metrics is calculated to evaluate an assembly's quality from different perspectives. A design tool based on this analysis methodology is developed to optimize assembly design by constraint modification, constraint reduction, and constraint addition. A set of case studies is used to verify commonly known design principles, explore the desi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Anthony Luscher Ph.D. (Advisor); James Schmiedeler Ph.D. (Advisor); Gary Kinzel Ph.D. (Committee Member); Krishnaswamy Srinivasan Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Mechanical Engineering

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2013, Mechanical and Systems Engineering (Engineering and Technology)

Strategy denotes actions or patterns of actions intended for the attainment of goals. In an organizational setting, the term strategy covers more than just intended or planned strategy; it also includes the sequence of decisions that exhibit posteriori consistencies in decisional behavior, involving the selection of product markets or industries and the allocation of resources among them. Within the broader purpose of developing a decision making framework for competitive strategy development practices, the thrust of this study is to investigate the impact of environmental uncertainty on corporate strategy, and the influence of corporate strategy on business performance, operational structure and market dynamics. Another incidental purpose of the study is to review, classify, clarify, define, and integrate ideas and concepts from diverse disciplines including Engineering, Economics and Business Administration to consequently establish a strategic decision making framework. The factors influencing the short term and long term standing of companies in a particular market are focused with the objectives of increasing the business capability and profitability as well as improving the market share. The case studied is the global blood sugar monitoring industry. The demand structure of the market is modeled considering four major companies in three regional markets; Asia, Europe, North America. LifeScan Inc., a Johnson & Johnson Company, is selected as the focus of greater discussions. The decision making framework is established for LifeScan Inc. incorporating a layered cellular manufacturing design integrated with different supply chain alternatives. The framework is then employed in a multi-period strategic analysis where competition games are developed and studied in three categories; price competition, quality/reputation competition and product competition. The outcomes of different competition strategies are presented and evaluated in terms of profitability and (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gursel Suer (Advisor); Douglas Adie (Advisor); David Koonce (Committee Member); Dusan Sormaz (Committee Member); Namkyu Park (Committee Member); Ana Feger (Committee Member) Subjects: Business Administration; Economics; Industrial Engineering

Master of Education (MEd), Bowling Green State University, 2013, Career and Technology Education/Technology

Since responsive web design is such a new technique, there is a significant lack of information and research regarding this approach within a university setting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to discover the status of responsive web design and other mobile strategies at Ohio state-funded universities, and to explore the viability of using responsive web design to serve web content to mobile users on university websites. The objectives of this study were to determine whether or not Ohio state-funded universities are currently implementing responsive web design and what additional strategies they are implementing to serve web content to mobile users. This study utilized qualitative research methods, and focused on web industry professionals who work directly with the websites of Ohio state-funded universities. The researcher collected data through phone interviews with participants, and the interviews consisted of mostly open-ended questions. This study concluded that the majority of Ohio state-funded universities are indeed making a move towards responsive web design, although many are still in the early stages of implementation. Most of these universities are also utilizing mobile applications and separate mobile websites to serve content to mobile users in some form. Based on participant response, it appears that mobile apps are continuing to see growth and improvement, while use of separate mobile websites is decreasing.

Committee: Paul Cesarini PhD (Committee Chair); Jerry Schnepp PhD (Committee Member); Jodi Hagg MEd (Committee Member) Subjects: Technology