Bachelor of Arts, Ohio University, 2021, Political Science

Mass incarceration is a widely recognized problem not just in the United States but around the world. However, in the United States in particular, there is a widespread consensus that too many people are being incarcerated and for too long. This thesis aims to examine the issue of mass incarceration in the United States while analyzing both the power of and the role that prosecutors have as they contribute to the issue of mass incarceration. Specifically, this thesis examines the role of the prosecutor both as a contribution to mass incarceration in the United but also as a source of reform. However, it is only through the organizing of voters that reform-minded prosecutors may be elected and have the opportunity to reform the system in the United States. This thesis suggests that we are at a critical moment in time as the birth of a reformative movement begins and the future of both the criminal justice system and mass incarceration in the United States can be determined by both the role of the prosecutor and voters in the United States.

Committee: John Gilliom (Advisor) Subjects: Criminology; Law; Legal Studies; Political Science

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1975, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Sociology

Master of Science in Criminal Justice, Youngstown State University, 2011, Department of Criminal Justice and Consumer Sciences

Crime drama television shows have been a source of programming for television companies for decades. It is the aim of this research to help determine whether or not crime drama television shows support or hinder people's knowledge of the criminal justice system. A survey containing various hypothetical crime scenarios was administered to students enrolled in summer classes at a major state university in Ohio. A total of 87 participants were asked to answer true or false questions about scenarios found in the most recent seasons of several popular crime drama programs and questions about actual U.S. Supreme Court rulings that are taught in most introduction to criminal justice classes. The results indicate no significant correlation between crime drama program consumption and correct answers on the survey's exam. Correlations were performed on the various demographic information the participants provided and correct test answers on the survey's exam. Several of the demographic variables yielded weak correlations at best with correct test answers on the exam, however age and correct test answers yielded a moderate correlation.

Committee: Patricia Wagner JD (Committee Chair); John Hazy PhD (Committee Member); Robert Wardle MS (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2024, Leadership and Change

The correctional officer (CO) has one of the most critical roles in the correctional setting and is one of the least studied topics amongst criminal justice professionals (Butler et al., 2018). In the United States, a CO's primary responsibility is to ensure the safety and well-being of an incarcerated individual and the staff that work in the prison setting (Cheek, 1984). Paradoxically, in the United States, the CO works in an organizational system based on deprivation and punishment toward incarcerated people. The United States Prison system's current structure does not support rehabilitation efforts of incarcerated people and ultimately impacts any attempts at a successful re-entry into the community (Ahalt et al., 2019). Furthermore, this punitive-oriented organizational structure has acute and deleterious effects on the mental and physical health of the CO. This study used critical incident technique to examine humanizing interactions between corrections officers and incarcerated people, from the perspective of the COs. Participants were asked to identify moments where they felt an incarcerated person (IP) saw their (the COs) humanity, they saw an IPs humanity, and suggestions regarding how corrections leaders could further support a humanizing approach. Findings included three overarching themes which describe the essence of these humanizing interactions: Being Emotionally Available, Responding with Active Support, and Interacting with Intention. Exploration of these critical incidents also revealed that COs experienced a range of positive outcomes from taking a humanizing approach. The goal of the study was to gain insight to the humanizing practices of COs in the United States from the officers' perspectives, which is largely underrepresented. This dissertation concludes with recommendations for COs and corrections leaders to further support and develop humanistic approaches to corrections culture and practice. This dissertation is available in open access (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Harriet Schwartz PhD (Committee Chair); Aqeel Tirmizi PhD (Committee Member); Timothy Eklin PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology

BA, Oberlin College, 2021, Politics

Elected prosecutors in the United States have facilitated mass incarceration, especially since 1994. In response, activists have helped to elect progressive prosecutors at the local level. This thesis examines whether prosecutors can achieve progressive goals, including increasing the fairness of the criminal justice process, prosecuting police abuse, and reducing incarceration. Based on three case studies, I find that prosecutors can reduce incarceration and increase the fairness of the criminal justice process, but that they currently face significant constraints in prosecuting police abuse. A prosecutor's capacity to collaborate with more conservative agents is the most crucial factor for success and depends on not prosecuting police abuse, limiting the extent to which they reduce prosecutions, and, to a lesser degree, limiting how far they go toward promoting a fairer criminal process.

Committee: M. David Forrest (Advisor); Michael D. Parkin (Advisor); Amy Berg (Committee Member) Subjects: Political Science

Master of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 2021, Social Work

Reentry programs seek to reduce reoffending behavior of formerly incarcerated adults by utilizing effective interventions, including the Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) model. The RNR model was developed to assess the risks and needs of the individual so the best intervention or treatment response can be identified. Formerly incarcerated individuals are able to offer insight into the utility of community interventions and their ability to help reduce recidivism. A scoping review was conducted to assess the availability and scientific rigor of recidivism-based interventions, and their applicability to formerly incarcerated adults. This review considers the availability of empirical evidence about effective interventions to reduce recidivism and reoffending among adults. The review also includes a review of the RNR model, which has an emerging evidence base. Ultimately, the scoping review for this thesis explores whether current interventions for those reentering their communities following after their release from prison are helpful for keeping them from reoffending in the future.

Committee: Camille Quinn PhD (Advisor); Susan Yoon PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology; Social Work

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2020, Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services: Criminal Justice

Three relationships have drawn varying degrees of interest in the criminal justice literature. The relationship between age and crime is central to criminology. The relationship between age and psychosocial maturity has become increasingly important for discussions of juvenile justice punishment policy. Little work has been done examining how these three variables interact together. Specifically, the dual systems model and theories of psychosocial maturity suggest that increases in age should attenuate the strength of the relationship between psychosocial maturity and age, but this has not been tested. Using the Pathways to Desistance data, likely moderating relationships between age, psychosocial maturity and criminal behavior are assessed, and implications for punishment policy are discussed.

Committee: Christopher Sullivan Ph.D. (Committee Chair); J.C. Barnes Ph.D. (Committee Member); James Frank Ph.D. (Committee Member); Kevin Wolff Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2014, Leadership and Change

The purpose of this study is to explore the way(s) in which the disproportionate return of ex-prisoners to socially and economically disadvantaged communities impact(s) specific community structural factors identified in the study. After three decades of withstanding the enduring effects of the mass incarceration, communities stand at the edge of a new era. Economic realities, and the failure of policies designed to deter crime through imprisonment are rapidly ushering in an era of mass prisoner reentry. The complexity of the challenges surrounding the successful integration of offenders to communities requires a new leadership paradigm for justice leaders. This study posits that communities are complex adaptive systems and examines the applicability of complexity leadership theory to the interactive impact of prisoner reentry. Existing academic literature is replete with research examining the ability of community institutions to ease the transition of citizens returning home from prison and contributing to their ability to achieve success within the community. Additional studies have identified the negative effects of mass incarceration on elements or structural factors often define the viability of a community. These include, but are not necessarily limited to: employment, crime, poverty, and family relationships. This study builds upon previous academic research in the area of prisoner reentry. It steps in a new direction that focuses on the impact the concentrated return of ex-prisoners exerts on elements that contribute to the collective efficacy of neighborhoods. In order to effectively examine the interactive or reciprocating impact of prisoner reentry, a mixed methodological approach using both qualitative and quantitative research, situated in a case study, is employed. The research design incorporates the constructed realities of those experiencing the interactive impact of reentry and provides a statistical analysis of the attitudes of a broad representa (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Lize Booysen DBL (Committee Chair); Carol Baron PhD (Committee Member); Edward Rhine PhD (Committee Member); Morris Jenkins PhD (Other) Subjects: Criminology; Families and Family Life; Public Administration; Public Policy; Rehabilitation; Social Research; Urban Planning

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2008, Arts and Sciences : Philosophy

Mandatory sentencing has not resolved the problem of disparity in sentencing in our criminal justice system, as originally thought when it was first implemented. However, Aristotle's concept of particularism can help alleviate the situation when it is agreed that mandatory sentencing has failed. This is because particularism involves a feature called equity in Aristotle's idea of justice. One of the most noticeable impediments created by mandatory sentencing is the lack of discretionary powers on the part of judges, resulting in a strictly retributivist form of justice, a one-size fits all approach to those who are found guilty of violating certain kinds of laws. With Aristotle's concept of equity developed to encompass discretionary powers for judges, a means is provided for the spirit of the law to be the dominating force in its application and not just the letter of the law. In this thesis I hope to show that Aristotle held such a view, to consider what modern particularists are saying about it, and synthesize my own version of it. This involves a review of how strict sentencing came about, as well as explaining why Aristotelian Particularism offers a better solution to the problems plaguing our criminal justice system than we have in place today.

Committee: Lawrence Jost PhD (Committee Chair); John Martin PhD (Committee Member); Robert Richardson PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology; Law; Philosophy

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2008, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2024, Arts and Sciences: Political Science

Legalizing marijuana is often advocated as a measure to address the persistent racial injustices within the American criminal justice system. Previous research indicates that support for marijuana legalization has become increasingly entrenched. However, there has been no prior study that directly evaluates the influence of pro- and anti-legalization arguments by elites, specifically those framed in terms of their impact on the African American community. Considering this, the primary objective of this study is to understand how deeply rooted opinions about marijuana legalization are. I do so by examining the extent to which elite racial appeals prime voters' racial predisposition to marijuana policies. Specifically, I investigate the effect of explicit elite racial framing on respondent's policy position on the extent of legalization (recreational use nationwide, medical use nationwide, illegal nationwide, or leave the decision to the states), social equity-focused policies (reparative justice), and beliefs about whether legalization would help improve underrepresented communities. I further study why some sectors of the population are fiercely opposed to marijuana policies even when exposed to positive information about legalization, thereby investigating whether the American public is willing to change their beliefs towards marijuana policies in the face of countervailing information that confounds stereotypes. To address these research inquiries, I employ a two-step methodology. Initially, I analyze support for marijuana policies utilizing nationally representative surveys. Subsequently, I incorporate a novel survey-embedded experiment to assess the impact of elite racial communication on voters' views about marijuana. The experimental manipulation revealed statistically significant differences across the three conditions on several dependent variables. These include respondents' policy positions on the extent of legalization, opinions on th (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Stephen Mockabee Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Brian Calfano Ph.D. (Committee Member); David Niven (Committee Member) Subjects: Political Science

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2024, Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services: Criminal Justice

This dissertation seeks to augment research in crime, health, and wellbeing by introducing life satisfaction, or subjective wellbeing into criminological framework. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamic's (PSID) supplemental file, Transition to Adulthood, this study tests 1) the relationship between criminal justice contact and life satisfaction, 2) the moderating influence of religiosity, and 3) the racial/ethnic variance of these relationships. Agnew's 1992 General Strain Theory (GST) is employed as the theoretical underpinning. These relationships are assessed across six waves of data using multiple imputation for missing cases and ordered logistic fixed effects. Findings from this study suggest that criminal justice contact did not have any effect on reported level of life satisfaction across the general sample. Further, religiosity did not significantly moderate the relationship between criminal justice contact and reported level of life satisfaction. However, when stratifying these relationships across race/ethnicity, significance emerged. First, evidence suggests that Blacks who have experienced arrest history relative to never having this experience had higher log odds of reporting higher life satisfaction. Hispanics who had experienced jail incarceration relative to never having experienced this, had lower log odds of reporting higher life satisfaction. Second, religiosity held a positive moderating effect on probation and jail incarceration for Hispanics. Greater importance and higher frequency of service attendance moderated the effect of jail incarceration on reported level of life satisfaction while higher frequency of service attendance moderated the effect of probation history on reported level of life satisfaction. Conclusively, this study found that criminal justice contact is associated with reported level of life satisfaction when considering race/ethnicity. Further, religiosity is evidenced to be a salient factor for Hispanics (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Hexuan Liu Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Byron Johnson Ph.D. (Committee Member); Ben Feldmeyer Ph.D. (Committee Member); Sarah Manchak Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2024, Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services: Criminal Justice

Prior research has identified many collateral consequences people face after coming into contact with the criminal justice system. These consequences include negative outcomes in employment, education, physical and mental health, housing, and family relationships. One collateral consequence that has received less empirical attention is the impact of criminal justice contact on financial well-being. Financial well-being is a broad term that represents an individual's objective (e.g., amount of debt) and subjective (e.g., satisfaction with their financial situation) financial health. People with better financial well-being tend to experience more positive life outcomes (e.g., economic, health, social, familial) than those with poor financial well-being. Thus, financial well-being could be a key causal mechanism explaining the impact of contact with the justice system on adverse outcomes later in life. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the current study sought to comprehensively examine the impact of criminal justice involvement on salient constructs of financial well-being (e.g., financial assets, debts, and satisfaction) over two decades of the life course. Although nuanced relationships emerged, the global conclusion from the study is clear: criminal justice contact, and more frequent and lengthier contact, harms financial well-being in both the short- and long-term.

Committee: J.C. Barnes Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Jillian Turanovic Ph.D. (Committee Member); Joshua Cochran Ph.D. (Committee Member); Christina Campbell Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology

Bachelor of Arts, Wittenberg University, 2023, Sociology

Recidivism, or the tendency of individuals to re-offend after release from incarceration, is a complex and multifaceted issue that has significant implications for the criminal justice system, the communities affected by crime, and the individuals who are justice-impacted. Each day, a substantial number of individuals in the United States are released from correctional facilities. Despite efforts to prevent their return to incarceration, more than half of paroled individuals end up going back to prison or jail, perpetuating a vicious cycle of criminality that poses a threat to their communities. The issue of recidivism is a pressing concern that demands effective solutions to prevent further harm to society and promote the successful reintegration of those impacted by the criminal justice system. The United States has created various systems to combat recidivism including two different forms of community supervision, known as probation and parole. For this study, I interviewed parole officers in order to learn their perspectives. This study is designed to investigate the impact of various factors, specifically attitudes toward reintegration into society, on positive recidivism outcomes. The interviews revealed that factors such as correctional programs, substance abuse, mental health, social support, and even newer factors such as aging out all affect recidivism outcomes. While those factors are important, this research also shows a singular factor that seems to have one of if not the biggest effect on recidivism outcomes. The parole officer's belief in the returning citizen attitude is underappreciated in past literature and, when focused, can be huge in increasing positive recidivism outcomes. From a parole officer's point of view, a returning citizen's attitude can affect how seriously they take the educational programs and if they even care to better themselves. This belief can change how a parole officer views the returning citizen in a more negative or positiv (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Nona Moskowitz (Advisor); Julius Bailey (Committee Member); David Nibert (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology; Social Work; Sociology

Master of Science in Criminal Justice (MSCJ), Bowling Green State University, 2023, Criminal Justice

Many universities have been experiencing a decline in student enrollment, retention, and persistence. As a result, programs and initiatives such as learning communities have been used to entice students to enroll or stay enrolled in post-secondary education. Learning communities have been shown to provide positive impacts for students involved by building connectedness among students, easing the transition into post-secondary education, and increasing academic performance, thus increasing student persistence and retention. This study extends the current literature and examines how involvement in a learning community specific for criminal justice majors has the potential to lead to encouraging outcomes for its members. To assess this premise, data from two sources: (1) a survey administered to all criminal justice students in the fall of 2021 and spring of 2022 and (2) institutional data gathered in the spring of 2023 representing the fall 2021 and fall 2022 cohorts at a midwestern public university were used to determine the benefits of a learning community. Results from the survey data found that students involved in the criminal justice learning community are significantly more likely to feel connected to campus, faculty, and peers. Students who commute to campus were more likely to feel as if they do not belong and that the transition into post-secondary schooling was not the easiest. Findings from the institutional data indicated that prior college credit or semester GPA is a greater predictor of student persistence and retention than learning community involvement. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Committee: Melissa Burek Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Catherine Pape M.S. (Committee Member); Eric Cooke Ph.D (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology; Curriculum Development; Education; Higher Education

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2023, Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services: Criminal Justice

African Americans have always had diverse opinions about different facets of American life, including how to solve America's problems. Diversity of ideology and solutions has persisted in the decades since the Civil Rights Era. Many Blacks report perceiving and experiencing racial discrimination in a variety of areas, including housing, employment, education and criminal justice system sentencing. Conversely, there is a notable segment of the African American community who are satisfied because they do not perceive or experience racial discrimination in America and these areas. However, there is a dearth of research into what is contributing to these divergent views within this community. This dissertation addresses this gap by assessing whether political ideology – particularly political conservatism -- predicts divergent perceptions and experiences related to African American experiences in America, broadly speaking, and the criminal justice system specifically. Given prior research, I expect to find that political ideology will be a significant predictor across outcomes, with Black conservatives holding more favorable views of America, race relations and the criminal justice system. Gender, age, income and education will be used as control variables because they can also predict experiences and perceptions on these topics. Results support both hypotheses. Ideology was a robust predictor of experiences and perceptions regarding America, race relations and the criminal justice system. The robustness remained strong even when controlling gender, age, income, and education. The most important implication is that ideology trumps race. Consequently, Blacks should be portrayed as an ideologically diverse group with a wide range of views on those three areas. The second implication is that Black conservatives resemble other conservative Americans. This is particularly true of holding favorable perceptions in those three areas. These more favorable perceptions (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: John Wright Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Jay Kennedy Ph.D. (Committee Member); Francis Cullen Ph.D. (Committee Member); Sandra Browning Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology

PHD, Kent State University, 2023, College of Public Health

Background: People with schizophrenia (PWS) face a substantial risk of criminal justice system (CJS) encounters. Understanding PWS's behavior that attracts CJS's attention, and the role substance use disorder (SUD) and long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics treatment play on the risk is critical to prevent the vicious cycle of CJS encounters. Methods: PWS (N=976) who received services at the Community mental health centers in Summit County, Ohio, from 2010-2017, were included. Offenses from their first CJS encounters through 2018 were characterized. The role of SUD on the risk of CJS encounters was assessed using the time-to-event analysis. Rates of CJS encounters were compared between first-generation antipsychotics LAI (FGA-LAI) and second-generation antipsychotics LAI (SGA-LAI), across LAI antipsychotics, and treatment and non-treatment periods fitting Poisson regression models. For the former two comparisons, separate models were fitted for PWS with and without prior CJS encounters and PWS with and without SUD. Results: About 51% had > 1 encounter (median: 4.5) during 32.22 years of median follow-up. PWS were booked for an array of offenses and the most common were non-violent related to public disorder (23.28%), court order (17.45%), property (12.74%), and substance (11.07%). Two-fifth of the study sample had SUD (40%). Compared to the no SUD group, the hazards of getting CJS encounters were 1.88 and 1.83 for those with 1 (21.09%) and > 2 SUD (18.99%), respectively. Alcohol-alone (HR: 2.90), other single drug-alone (HR: 2.82), and polysubstance (HR: 1.91) use disorders had a significant negative effect on time-to-first CJS encounters. SGA-LAI vs. FGA-LAI treatment groups comparison showed no significant differences in the rates of CJS encounters. However, specific LAI comparison showed higher encounter rates among the risperidone treatment group compared to the PP1M group among those with prior CJS encounters (RR: 2.14) and SUD (RR: 1.95). PWS durin (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Madhav P. Bhatta (Committee Chair); Deric R. Kenne (Committee Member); Tianyuan Guan (Committee Member); Douglas A. Smith (Committee Member) Subjects: Epidemiology; Mental Health; Public Health

MA, Kent State University, 2023, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Sociology and Criminology

Research confirms that the support system is vital for incarcerated populations in how their support affects recidivism rates, drug and alcohol use, and employment rates; however, few studies have focused on the perspective of the support system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the support systems of incarcerated people encountered unprecedented challenges. This study examines the experiences of the individuals who support incarcerated persons during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data from the study was collected from posts in a public Facebook page dedicated to those who act as the support system for incarcerated persons. Posts from March 2020 to June 2021 were collected and analyzed using conventional content analysis. This research will center on the voices of the support system and gain a better understanding of their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings suggest that the stressors from the COVID-19 pandemic expounded existing issues for the support system. The implications of these findings will be discussed.

Committee: Kamesha Spates (Advisor); Christopher Dum (Committee Member); Richard Adams (Committee Member) Subjects: Sociology

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2022, Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services: Criminal Justice

This dissertation seeks to understand how national origin and legal migration status of noncitizen defendants in federal criminal courts shape incarceration and sentence length decisions. Using the annual United States Sentencing Commission Monitoring of Federal Criminal Sentences datasets (2011–2016), this study examines the impact of defendant's (1) national origin, (2) legal versus illegal migration status, (3) gender, and (4) race/ethnicity on incarceration and sentence length decisions in federal criminal courts. For its theoretical basis, I use Focal Concerns theory and Racial/group threat arguments. Findings indicate that, for the incarceration decision, noncitizen defendants have higher odds of incarceration than U.S. citizens, net of other factors. However, these effects are less consistent in the sentence length decision. These relationships systemically differ across national origin and legal migration status. In regards to gender, the noncitizen disadvantage in incarceration appears to exist for both men and women, however, the prison sentence length analysis shows no consistent effect for both male and female defendants. Lastly, in regards to race/ethnicity, when the defendant's race/ethnicity aligns with the most prominent race/ethnicity from their country of origin (e.g., Hispanics from Latin American countries and Mexico; Black defendants from African countries), defendants have particularly high odds of incarceration. However, outside of this pattern, there did not appear to be other consistent race/ethnicity effects. In conclusion, punishment disadvantages based on one's citizenship are particularly pronounced for defendants from Mexico, Latin America, and Africa and especially for those with “illegal” migration status. As noncitizen populations continue to grow in federal courts and in the United States more broadly, understanding and addressing these citizenship disparities in punishment will be increasingly important.

Committee: Ben Feldmeyer Ph.D. (Committee Member); John Wooldredge Ph.D. (Committee Member); Noah Painter-Davis Ph.D. (Committee Member); Joshua Cochran Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2022, Industrial Engineering

The main objectives of this dissertation are to investigate the effects of arrests and officers on the Great American Crime Decline, estimate short-term and long-term effects of arrests and policing officers on major crimes, and identify the causal directions between crime, arrests, and officers. Statistical and econometric models such as Fixed Effects Poisson Regression, Panel ARDL Estimation and Panel Granger Causality Testing methods are employed. To avoid spurious regression, tests for cross-section dependency, unit roots, slope-homogeneity and co-integration are conducted to identify the best modeling approaches for effect estimation and causality detection. Data from various sources such as U.S. Census Bureau, F.B.I, Vera Institute of Justice, ICPSR were collected and prepared. In order to carry out a fine-grained analysis, policing agencies are divided into different groups based on population. The dataset for GACD study consisted of 1778 policing agencies from 1990-1999. Arrests of violent, property, disorder, drug sale and possession offenses, and police officers were the predictors while incarceration served as the control variable. For causality study, data on 1553 policing agencies from 1974-2020 was gathered and violent and property arrests, and officers were the independent variables. Results of the GACD study reveal that across all agencies, drug possession and disorder arrests, and officers had deterrence effect on crime, mostly on property crime. Interestingly, officers had a significant deterrence effect on both violent and property crimes only in very large and large agencies. Also, property crimes started to decline at least 3 years earlier than violent crimes. It can be insightful to further examine this delay to understand if property crimes have any effect on violent crimes. From the second study it was observed that both short-term and long-term significant relationships exist between arrests and crime across all agencies. Granger te (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Matthew Franchetti Dr. (Committee Chair); Ahalapitiya Jayatissa Dr. (Committee Member); Yue Zhang Dr. (Committee Member); Benjamin George Dr. (Committee Member); Alex Spivak Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Criminology; Industrial Engineering; Statistics