Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2022, Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies

Similar to the space race or nuclear arms race, Olympic competition was a battle between East and West in the Cold War. This thesis examines Soviet engagement in the 1952 Summer Olympics as a form of early Soviet cultural diplomacy and originally claims that Soviet propaganda portrayed the Cold War as a battle for peace. It also identifies the Soviet Union's 1952 Olympic debut as a precursor to the Soviet Union's engagement in international cultural diplomacy emerging in 1956. By analyzing publications of the Soviet press, this thesis argues that the Soviet Union aimed to prove the ideological supremacy of socialism not only through excellent athletic performances, but also by demonstrating the superior moral consciousness of Soviet athletes. To do so, the Soviet press applied its ‘peace offensive' to sport and highlighted parallels between core tenants of Olympism and socialist ideology, such as egalitarianism and international friendship. Soviet newspapers lauded Soviet athletes as fierce defenders of the Olympic Games and invoked the memory of World War II to condemn the ‘capitalist perversion' of sport by ‘warmongering' Western nations—most commonly, these criticisms targeted the United States. The thesis then examines the depictions of individual Soviet athletes. Patriotic biographical sketches presented Soviet Olympians as hero athletes who exemplified the New Soviet Person. These inspirational depictions urged Soviet youth to pursue sport and mobilize for the battle for peace—that is, the Cold War. This research is increasingly relevant in 2022 following the Russian Federation's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, as Russian media eerily presents a narrative of fascist aggression against Russian athletes.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2023, History (Arts and Sciences)

After the Vietnam War, the US Army pivoted from counter-insurgency in Southeast Asia towards the renewed possibility of war with the USSR in Central Germany. This shift in perspective coincided with dramatic shifts in Army policy, most importantly the transition from conscription to the All-Volunteer Force, as well as the introduction of new battlefield technologies which transformed the battlespace. This dissertation analyzes the complicated military relationship between the US Army and an important European ally. It argues that during this period of intense reform, the US Army and the West German Bundeswehr used both new and preexisting institutions to engage in a period of intense, sympathetic, and mutually inspired reforms which developed significant new concepts in land warfare. This is significant because this period of cooperation helped to reaffirm a special relationship between the US and West Germany, which transformed to become the most significant within NATO and Western Europe. The focus of this dissertation is on the mechanics of the transatlantic exchange and how this shaped both forces through the last decades of the Cold War.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2018, American Culture Studies

This dissertation examines the experiences of the final Cold War generation. I define this cohort as a subset of Generation X born between 1965 and 1971. The primary focus of this dissertation is to study the ways this cohort interacted with the three messages found embedded within the Cold War us vs. them binary. These messages included an emphasis on American exceptionalism, a manufactured and heightened fear of World War III, as well as the othering of the Soviet Union and its people. I begin the dissertation in the 1970s, - during the period of detente- where I examine the cohort's experiences in elementary school. There they learned who was important within the American mythos and the rituals associated with being an American. This is followed by an examination of 1976's bicentennial celebration, which focuses on not only the planning for the celebration but also specific events designed to fulfill the two prime directives of the celebration. As the 1980s came around not only did the Cold War change but also the cohort entered high school. Within this stage of this cohorts education, where I focus on the textbooks used by the cohort and the ways these textbooks reinforced notions of patriotism and being an American citizen. The dissertation ends with a textual analysis of the various popular television, film and music that reinforce the three messages found within the us vs. them binary, and the ways these texts served to continue this cohort's socialization.

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2012, History

Wilsonian liberal internationalism has provided a consistent, sustaining ideological basis for U.S. foreign policy since America's entry into the First World War. Since Woodrow Wilson's day, however, the credo he originated has undergone several substantial reformulations in response to changing circumstances—reformulations that necessarily involved successive reinterpretations of those precepts that comprise the credo: the imminent threat to international order; democratic self-determination, collective security, an integrated world economic system, and American exceptionalism. Through an historical study of liberal internationalists from the American peace movement, the organizations they created, and the political leaders they sought to influence, the origins, divergent evolution, and demise of alternative Wilsonian systems can be understood. Between 1917 and 1968, internationalists in the American peace movement significantly shaped an ongoing process of formulating and reformulating Wilsonian ideals, variously cooperating with dominant policy-making elites or promoting alternative Wilsonian foreign policy prescriptions as they did so. The overall picture, then, is one of contending internationalist elites that can trace their intellectual roots back to Wilson, even as they clashed over the ultimate meaning of his legacy. Liberal internationalism originated as a response to World War I. In conjunction with internationalists from the peace movement, Wilson formulated and promoted the first iteration of Wilsonianism—and, in a number of ways, planted the seeds of future conflict over its interpretation. That conflict would arise only in the second half of the twentieth century, however, with the emergence of two subsequent reformulations of Wilson's ideals. The first of these was a progressive Rooseveltian interpretation that emerged in the years just before and during World War II. The second, a more conservative interpretation, came together in the late nineteen (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2021, History

This thesis investigates the numerous installments of the Godzilla film franchise, created by Toho Studios from 1954 through the present day, that contributes to the overall historiography and understanding on a post-World War II Japan. This study complicates previous scholarship on these films and Japan as a whole, which asserts that these films were primarily geared towards children and rarely offer substantive socio-political messages. By examining the numerous films of this franchise, this study demonstrates not only that there were themes reflective of Japanese memory, fear, and anxiety throughout the franchise, but that these films aim to bring about changes in society as a whole. All of these films display to some degree uncomfortable memories of the Second World War and mounting fears of the Cold War, both of which many Japanese people saw their country at the mercy of. The films captured the Japanese zeitgeist and transformed these attitudes and emotions into thematic elements, openly displaying them on screen in the hopes of involving great societal change within Japan and the international sphere. Ideas such as fears of thermonuclear devastation, worry over the spread of Communism and Communist regimes, the growth of science and technology, musings over man's place in nature and the world and many others are openly present throughout the Godzilla franchise. The efforts of the numerous filmmakers to display these ideas and invoke societal change throughout the franchise led to many national and international policy changes towards bettering Japan's place in a growing world. As a result, the Godzilla franchise contributes to a better understanding of the Japanese zeitgeist during and after the Cold War and how the moods and emotions of a people can be openly displayed on screen.

MA, Kent State University, 2020, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of History

In response to the beginning of the Egyptian-Israeli peace process, Algeria, Libya, Syria, South Yemen, and the PLO formed the Steadfastness and Confrontation Front at Tripoli in December 1977. This group sought to oppose the peace process—they were essentially a radical rejectionist spoiler movement. Scholars have paid little attention to the group as a whole, and certainly haven't examined its relations with the United States. On the one hand, this is unsurprising, given that the Front failed to attain its initial objectives. On the other hand, the countries comprising the Front each played a role in the strategic shift away from the Arab-Israeli conflict and toward the Persian Gulf region, making this absence rather confusing. This thesis examines American relations with the Front, a subject that has hitherto received no serious, focused scholarly treatment. I present several arguments throughout this study. First, the United States did not engage with the Front as such, but instead lumped all the “radicals” and “rejectionists” together. This was mostly due to Egyptian President Sadat's dismissive attitude toward the rejectionists. Second, the United States largely refrained from engaging bilaterally with the Front's members, and when it did, it was often in ways divorced from the peace process. Relatedly, this general lack of engagement resulted in strained relations between the United States and the rejectionists. This is clearest in the cases of Libya and—especially—Syria, both of which the Reagan administration came into significant conflict. Above all, this study shows that the peace process and the coming of the Second Cold War were intimately connected. Most accounts of Carter's Middle East policy split it between Carter the Peacemaker from 1977 through the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty in March 1979, and Carter the Cold Warrior from mid-1979 through 1981, and never the twain shall meet. I show how these were intimately connected, a (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2017, History (Arts and Sciences)

This dissertation argues that U.S. economic strategies and policies were effective means to wage the Cold War during its final years and conclude the conflict on terms favorable to the United States. Using recently declassified U.S. and British government documents, among other sources, this analysis reveals that actions in East-West economic relations undermined cooperative U.S.-Soviet relations in the 1970s, contributed to heightened tensions in the early 1980s, and helped renew the U.S.-Soviet dialogue in the late 1980s. Scholars have focused on the role arms control initiatives and political actions played in the end of the Cold War. Arms control agreements, however, failed to resolve the underlying ideological and geopolitical competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. Through economic statecraft, the United States strengthened Western security and moved beyond containment to aid the democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe, help settle U.S.-Soviet political differences, and encourage the transformation of the oppressive Soviet system. In effect, this analysis highlights the ways in which U.S. economic statecraft served as an instrument to promote national interests and peace. Between the 1970s and early 1990s, the Soviet Union intended to overcome its economic decline through deeper commercial relations with the West. But, the United States continually sought to block Soviet moves, fearing deeper East-West economic relations would enhance Soviet military potential and grant Moscow leverage over the Atlantic alliance. While working with its West European allies to strengthen the regulation of East-West trade and protect alliance security, the United States also attempted to place further pressure on the Soviet economy and punish Moscow for its aggressive international behavior. In the late 1980s, trade restrictions and limited economic engagement helped the United States negotiate with the Soviet Union from a position of strength, moving bey (open full item for complete abstract)

BA, Kent State University, 2014, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of History

The United States Air Force Security Service (USAFSS), created in 1948, was the first signals intelligence organization to be created post-World War II and played an integral role in Cold War intelligence gathering. Indeed, despite its relatively young age compared to its Army and Navy counterparts, the USAFSS soon became the premier agency for signals intelligence in the early Cold War and was responsible for hundreds of secret listening posts around the world. This thesis argues that the USAFSS was able to have such a large impact on the post-World War II intelligence community due to a high level of technological proficiency, dedication, and a close working relationship with the National Security Agency (NSA) after its establishment in 1952. Using oral history interviews and declassified government documents, this thesis explores how the USAFSS was established and how it grew to leave a lasting impact for both contemporary Cold War intelligence agencies and the modern incarnation of Air Force intelligence.

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2008, Comparative Studies

This thesis attempts to locate the role of Berlin in American discourse during the height of the Cold War using a theoretical model based on the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. It analyzes the historical background of the American investment in Berlin from wartime negotiations through Kennedy's Berlin visit in 1963, and it draws on official and media representations in order to develop a sense of how Berlin, its people and its events were represented to the American people at the time. Discourse theory is then explained and its key terms illustrated with reference to the role of Berlin within American Cold War discourse. Finally, I argue that Berlin helped to fix the meaning of key terms such as "freedom," "democracy" and "anticommunism," thereby contributing to the coherence of American Cold War discourse and the subject positions it produced.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2023, History

This dissertation seeks to unearth the inherent complexity of relations among evangelical missionaries, their filial churches, Catholics, and secular actors in the context of Protestantism's precipitous rise in Brazil between the 1910s and 1960s. It argues that American Protestant missionaries proved to be crucial agents of cultural change who successfully imparted to their Brazilian believers facets of their anti-Communist, paternalistic, and intermittently apolitical ideologies over the course of several systems of government, including two dictatorships. Crucially, this dissertation situates missionaries as intersectional, transnational, and non-state actors within the larger framework of U.S.-Brazilian religiopolitics, cultural transfusion, and the construction of gender, economic, and racial norms. Although far from passive recipients of American evangelical ideas, Brazil's newly-converted Protestants embraced U.S. missionaries' thought to a considerable extent, thereby cementing the incisive cultural change that American missionaries had sought to foster in Brazil. In doing so, Brazilian church workers and leaders refashioned U.S. norms of evangelicalism while also increasingly advocating for the nationalization (indigenization) of evangelical denominations. Basing itself on four case studies of U.S.-founded or influenced evangelical churches, this dissertation unravels the many contradictions and complications inherent to U.S. missionary work in Brazil. These factors include Brazilian evangelicals' wavering between apoliticism and political activism, a vying for influence with the Catholic Church, the legacy of Jim Crow and its consequences to mission work in Brazil, as well as a series of intra-church disputes that ultimately resulted in the nationalization (indigenization) of each church. At the core of the evangelical experience between the 1910s and 1960s stood an identitarian quest to gain legitimacy among Brazil's secular and religious authoritie (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2022, History (Arts and Sciences)

This dissertation explores the evolution of organized escape and evasion training in Britain and the United States from its origins during World War II until the latter half of the 1950s. Both nations spent a great deal of time and effort developing, or trying to develop, advanced escape and evasion programs, and these early origins set the course for modern survival, escape, and evasion training programs in both countries. How each nation viewed its air force's mission shaped the evolution of their respective programs, with the United States' Strategic Air Command's becoming well-funded, robust, and responsive to change. SAC adopted the attitude that it was already at war, and that it needed combat ready aircrews who could carry out their missions on very short notice, which drove the organization to keep combat ready crews steeped in escae, evasion, and survival techniques. In the United Kingdom, budgetary and manpower restraints, coupled with a different vision of the Royal Air Force's mission, produced a small, sometimes ad hoc survival, escape, and evasion program. The evolution of organized escape and evasion training in the British and American militaries also reflects continued military and intelligence cooperation between the two nations after World War II, exemplifying another link that binds the two nations together in one of the world's most stable alliances. Finally, the evolution of this training demonstrates continuities between iv American and British ideas about strategic bombing during World War II and the Early Cold War.

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2022, History

Hockey holds a central place in Canadian national identity. Despite the traditional dominance of Canadian teams in the pre-war and immediately post-war years, European nations such as the USSR, Sweden, and Czechoslovakia developed their hockey programs quickly in the post-war years, challenging Canadian dominance, and thus jeopardizing, in the eyes of Canadians, one of the most central aspects of their national culture. This loss of hockey supremacy compounded an already challenging period in which Canadians struggled to define what it meant to be Canadian in the US-led Cold War world. This thesis examines the Canadian cultural dynamics of Canadian participation in international hockey competitions during the 1960s and 1970s. These tournaments and exhibition tours played against foreign teams were commonly detailed by the Canadian press using no uncertain terms to express their contempt for their opponents. This thesis suggests the public focus on international hockey during this period reflects the uncertainty of Canadian culture and politics at home. Faced with trouble defining Canadian national identity in the Cold War world, Canadians looked to their national sport as a means of reaffirming their identity, rooted in northern masculine toughness and “Canadianness.” This work uses sports periodicals from the period between 1955 and 1975, to assess the shifting attitudes towards Canadian hockey in international competitions, and how Canadians viewed themselves in relation to the wider Cold War world when confronted with a domestic cultural crisis. This work expands on the diligent work of scholars of Canadian culture and those in the expanding subfield of hockey studies by providing a look at the thoughts of Canadians, and how their attitudes towards hockey reflect their attitudes towards Canadian culture.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2019, Music

For members of the United States Armed Forces, communicating with one's loved ones has taken many forms, employing every available medium from the telegraph to Twitter. My project examines one particular mode of exchange—“audio letters”—during one of the US military's most trying and traumatic periods, the Vietnam War. By making possible the transmission of the embodied voice, experiential soundscapes, and personalized popular culture to zones generally restricted to purely written or typed correspondence, these recordings enabled forms of romantic, platonic, and familial intimacy beyond that of the written word. More specifically, I will examine the impact of war and its sustained separations on the creative and improvisational use of prosthetic culture, technologies that allow human beings to extend and manipulate aspects of their person beyond their own bodies. Reel-to-reel was part of a constellation of amateur recording technologies, including Super 8mm film, Polaroid photography, and the Kodak slide carousel, which, for the first time, allowed average Americans the ability to capture, reify, and share their life experiences in multiple modalities, resulting in the construction of a set of media-inflected subjectivities (at home) and intimate intersubjectivities developed across spatiotemporal divides.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2019, Music

This dissertation examines music in US-Korea relations from 1941 to 1960. Beginning during World War II, the US government disseminated Western classical and American music in Korea. After the war, the United States also gained the confidence of Koreans by supporting Korean traditional music that had been suppressed under Japanese colonial rule. Yet South Koreans were not merely passive recipients of US propaganda. As the Korean War divided Korea into North and South, South Korean officials used music to affirm the anti-Communist alliance between South Korea and the United States. American music spread rapidly in South Korea, contributing to the formation of South Korean identities different from those of the Communist North. By tracing a history of musical relations in the transitional period from the colonial era to the early Cold War, this project emphasizes that US Cold War music propaganda programs were not an entirely new initiative but built on the foundations laid in the 1940s. By demonstrating that a peripheral country used music as a tool for political negotiations with a superpower, this project also expands the horizons of scholarship on music propaganda, which has focused overwhelmingly on US and Soviet interventions in Europe. The US government's desire for hegemony provided both the political impetus and the resources for disseminating American music abroad, for music was an effective tool for cultural propaganda. The South Korean government's ambition of rebuilding a nationalist identity against the Communist North enabled the alliance and encouraged the acceptance of American music. Music diplomacy eventually supported a bilateral relationship based on shared political interests. The political purposes of the US and South Korean governments shaped listeners' experiences of Western music in South Korea.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2019, History (Arts and Sciences)

This dissertation analyzes military innovation through the lens of the US Army's Cold War aviation program and its development of tactical airmobility. Army planners originally conceived of the airmobility concept in the 1950s. Staff officers argued that helicopters allowed ground forces to assault rapidly into enemy territory with personnel, equipment, and supplies to seize and hold key objectives. Beginning in the 1960s, that revolutionary doctrinal concept triggered innovative approaches that transformed the aviation program and its aircraft into a cornerstone of the Army's way of warfare. The rise of the organization and the airmobility concept, therefore, provide a useful case study of modern military innovation. Due to the Army Aviation branch's unique history, this examination adds to existing scholarship on institutions. Despite conflicting pressures internally and dissent externally, the aviation program managed not only to establish itself, but exploited new opportunities, adapted, and reformed in ways throughout the Cold War that guaranteed its continued existence. This dissertation also finds that one of the largest hurdles on the road to an airmobile Army was technology. Until the state of the art met the demands of the concept, doctrinal development stalled. The gas turbine engine fitted to conventional helicopter designs unlocked the potential of an airmobile Army, not an ultra-complicated cutting-edge airframe. Finally, this dissertation asks what role industry plays in the process of innovation. Heretofore unmined archival records from the principal manufacturers that helped make airmobility possible reveals how the helicopter industry grew alongside the Army, partners in progress toward airmobility. Connected from the beginning, they have long considered their successes as mutual accomplishments. As this dissertation demonstrates, understanding the role that technology played in military innovation requires analysis of the relationship (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2017, History

Toward the end of World War II, the United States government initiated Operation Paperclip which set out to secretly secure the top rocket scientists from Nazi Germany. To accomplish this, officials manipulated policy procedures, covered their tracks, and years later misrepresented their knowledge of the project's details. The resulting problematic immigration policy enabled the government to allow former Nazi scientists to travel to the U.S. and be employed by the military well ahead of executive approval, and amidst strong dissent. This thesis will take these arguments a step further by contextualizing it within two personal narratives of participants of Operation Paperclip. The two examined scientists, Wernher von Braun and his colleague Arthur L. Rudolph, became highly regarded in their field and were bestowed with public praise, titles, and awards, yet their fates were drastically different. As this thesis tracks the constantly shifting immigration policy that was shaped by America's national interests in the immediate post-WWII era, it will explain the unchecked and unstable procedures that resulted in skewed perceptions of von Braun and Rudolph. Although von Braun worked alongside Rudolph, and held powerful positions of authority, his prominence and importance to the U.S. space program allowed for his Nazi past to be rehabilitated. Moreover, while he remained alive this protection also extended to those close to him, including Rudolph. When he passed, however, this veil of protection was lifted, exposing his colleagues to a different fate. This thesis does not question the contributions that von Braun and Rudolph made to the U.S. space program and development of NASA. Instead, it calls to question how much officials manipulated policy to grant von Braun, and subsequently Rudolph and his team, wide ranging liberties after escorting them out of Nazi Germany. This immigration policy is what first began the crafting of von Braun's “veil of protection,” an (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2017, History (Arts and Sciences)

The change in U.S. naval strategy from 1989 to 1994 was the most significant of its kind since the end of the Second World War. The end of the Cold War, the provisions of the Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986 and the effects of the First Gulf War of 1991 combined to radically alter U.S. and naval strategic thinking. The end of the Cold War brought about a review of U.S. naval strategy, but the personalities involved created a new process that greatly hampered the re-creation of strategy designed to combat peer competitors. The provisions of the Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986 indirectly affected the Navy staff where strategy documents had heretofore been produced. Talented officers that had sought service on the Navy Staff gravitated instead toward the Joint Staff and regional Commander Staffs as these positions offered better chances for promotion and advancement. Finally the First Gulf War caused a crisis of confidence among the Navy's senior leaders in that they did not get to validate traditional naval warfare concepts against Saddam Hussein's limited Iraqi naval forces. This feeling seems to have further convinced leaders to leave behind traditional concepts and the service staff structures that created them in favor of Army and Air Force methods of organization for combat. Those services appeared to have confirmed their warfare doctrines in the 1991 conflict. Congress agreed and the Navy was concerned that vital funding in the post-Cold War-era required the seagoing service to also adjust to a warfare organization more favorable to legislative support. These factors combined to produce a different kind of new naval strategy in the form of the “From the Sea” white paper. It eschewed blue water naval operations for those in the coastal regions of the world know as the littorals. U.S. Marine Corps forces, which had almost always had a secondary role in naval strategic planning in the past, were in many cases given the leading role in From the Sea with the regular Na (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2016, History

This study examines the establishment of the United States Air Force as an independent service, through the lens of General Laurence Kuter. Covering from his birth through the end of the Second World War, it yields five observations. First, Laurence “Larry” Kuter played an unappreciated role in shaping the United States Air Force and its antecedents. Second, the Air Corps Tactical School's impact on its students was likely minimal, but the school's impact on its faculty—particularly its most junior members—was almost inestimable. Third, fighter pilots dominated the senior ranks of the Air Force and its antecedents from the Interwar Period through well into the 1950s. Fourth, the Army's interwar personnel policies had disproportionately negative impacts on Air Corps development, but very positive impacts on Kuter's career. The effects of those policies, combined with the massive army air corps/army air forces expansion from 1939 through 1944, provided a greater justification for service independence than strategic bombing did. Finally, the first major war that the Air Force fought, wherein it had reasonably full control over the selection and professional development of its people, all the way up to its senior leaders, was the First Gulf War in 1991.

MA, Kent State University, 2016, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of History

This thesis explores the early history of the U.S. Air Force Security Service (USAFSS), an early Cold War military communications intelligence (COMINT) agency established by the Air Force on October 20, 1948. Using bureaucracy theory, the study seeks to understand why the U.S. Air Force was motivated to create a separate COMINT capability at this point in time, how the capability would be organized, and what functions the organization was expected to provide. Drawing upon a number of declassified Air Force and Executive Branch documents, congressional testimony, official historical studies and oral history materials, this study argues that the Air Force developed the USAFSS to resist dependence upon other military intelligence efforts and that the organization successfully accomplished Air Force objectives for a separate, communications intelligence capability.

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2016, History

M*A*S*H is an iconic, eleven season (1972-1983), American television series that was produced on the tail end of the Vietnam War during a period of upheaval for the American public. Set in Korea during the Korean War, M*A*S*H was a satire on the war in Vietnam. As a result, M*A*S*H presents numerous Asian (Korean) characters throughout the series, but often in limited, stereotypical roles. Despite producing America's most watched final season episode; "Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen," and being granted several Emmy nominations and awards, M*A*S*H has all but evaded lengthy academic study. This thesis primarily uses newspapers, both local and national, to understand how Asian stereotypes are presented in M*A*S*H with relationship to American society. Through the analysis of seven Asian-centered character roles, including; farmer/villager, houseboy/housekeeper, prostitute, war bride, peddler/hustler, orphan, and enemy, I explore the foundations of these stereotypes as well as how they were being utilized to reassure Americans of their own communal, Cold War, beliefs in a time of distress. I explore how these roles change and adapt over the course of the series and what may be motivating these changes, such as the Asian-American, Civil Rights and women's rights movements, and changing Cold War ideologies and objectives.