Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2023, East Asian Studies

This thesis discusses the role of the gold standard in Japan's shift to militarism in the 1930s. Since its adoption in Japan in 1897, the gold standard and the price stability inherent in it had advantaged Japanese creditors and helped them finance Japan's empire in Asia. At home, however, the gold standard generated deflation and prevented the Bank of Japan from responding to economic turmoil with interest rate decreases. Japan's ill-advised return to gold in January 1930—amidst a recession—caused the nationalist and fiscally expansionist Rikken Seiyukai party to gain the upper hand in public opinion over the liberal internationalist and fiscally conservative Rikken Minseito party. This economic miscalculation was a major—perhaps the major—reason for the overwhelming loss of the liberal internationalists in the 1932 elections, setting Japan on its path to militarism. The paper begins with an outline of the history of money in Japan prior to 1897, using Japanese-language materials from the Japanese Currency Museum in Tokyo. Next, it provides a theoretical description of the gold standard and its variants and follows the history of the gold standard in Japan from its adoption in 1897 through 1932. It ends with an analysis of the interaction between the economic situation in the late 1920s and early 1930s and the shift to militarism in Japanese politics at that time.

Committee: Ian Sheldon (Advisor); Christopher Reed (Committee Member); Hajime Miyazaki (Committee Member) Subjects: Asian Studies; Economic History

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2020, Leadership and Change

This qualitative research study explored the influence of life experiences and personal ethics of George Ciampa, a United States military veteran; his work in establishing American military cemeteries in Europe; and later work as a community leader committed to teaching American youth about the cost of freedom. Dimensions of ethical leadership and public service motivation served as the theoretical framework for the study. The research extended knowledge on ethical constructs within the fields of leadership studies and public administration; recorded personal experiences that were absent in military historical archives; and increased awareness of aspects of the U.S. military subculture. The research exploration was guided by an overarching question of how Ciampa reflected on his sense of public service over his lifetime. The study employed narrative life story methodology and visual research methods. Data collection was an iterative process and included segmented life story interviews and historical archival research. Findings included identification of a major theme (liberty) and three supporting sub-themes (duty, honor, and country) influencing Ciampa's life and leadership path. A comparative analysis of the themes discovered with shared tenets of ethical leadership and public service motivation is provided. This dissertation is available in open access at AURA: Antioch University Repository and Archive, http://aura.antioch.edu/, and OhioLINK ETD Center, https://etd.ohiolink.edu/.

Committee: Philomena Essed Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Donna Ladkin Ph.D. (Committee Member); Natalie Underberg-Goode Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Military History

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2020, History

The material culture of World War II has left a profound impact on American memory of the war at both a societal and familial level. This work examines psychological causes which motivated soldiers to collect battlefield souvenirs, as well as how those underlying psychological causes have affected American memory of the war at a familial and societal level. Five families which inherited World War II artifacts from family veterans were interviewed to ascertain the motivations of their veteran's souvenir gathering as well as how the souvenirs impacted their memory of both the veteran as well as the war. To ascertain war artifacts' impact at a broader societal level, surveys were distributed amongst militaria collectors asking them what initiated their collecting hobby and how war artifacts affect their interpretations of the war. The results of these interviews and surveys revealed two major unconscious motivations for World War II veterans' souvenir hunting motivations as well as how the souvenirs impact American memory of the war both at both familial and societal levels. Veterans took war souvenirs primarily as a manner to seek revenge upon the enemies and war implements that traumatized them in the course of the war, and as a way to perpetuate their memories by symbolically living on through their artifacts. This revenge motive collecting is examined through the lens of trauma theory and soldiers' attempts at recovery through it. The motive to collect to perpetuate memory after death is examined through the lens of terror management theory. The impact of these motivations, especially terror management, has led to the artifacts in family memory becoming catalysts for the “Good War” narrative of World War II in American memory. The artifacts, as viewed by families and collectors, perpetuate this narrative of veterans fighting the “Good War” in American history.

Committee: Walter Grunden Ph.D (Advisor); Rebecca Mancuso Ph.D (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; History; Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2019, Media and Communication

This dissertation focuses on the rhetorical discourse advocating for peace in the postwar intercultural community centering Japan in the succeeding 70 years since the end of WWII in Asia in 1945. It interrogates the rhetorical complexity of current engagements with intercultural peace-building through the analysis of three sets of speeches between 2015 to 2017. In doing so, this dissertation aims to contribute itself to the process of restoring and enhancing the relationship among the relevant intercultural communities. By employing generative criticism, the rhetorical investigation explores the hidden role of culture and social practices, and challenges the Western-dominant rhetorical approach and then broadens the rhetorical approach. The overarching research questions are: (1) How is peace discourse symbolically constructed and negotiated in the postwar intercultural community among Japan and its wartime enemies and victims, and (2) How does the peace discourse advocate for negative peace and positive peace in the postwar intercultural community? There are three case studies and three sub-questions. The first case study is Abe danwa by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan on the 70th anniversary of the end of WWII in Asia. This chapter unpacks the three primary rhetorical efforts around the expression of apologies, negative peace, and positive peace. The second case study is the statements in Hiroshima and Pearl Harbor by President Barack Obama of the U.S. and Prime Minister Abe. While applying ideograph, it elucidates how and persuasively warrant the use of rhetorical powers. The end of this chapter proposes the concept of intercultural ideograph. The third case study is the annual Hiroshima Peace Declarations. The chapter reveals that, through the process of guilt-redemption, Hiroshima Peace Declarations invite the audience to adapt the new perspective of living in the world where all human lives would co-exist without the fear of atomic weapons. (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Alberto González Dr. (Advisor); John Dowd Dr. (Committee Member); Ellen Gorsevski Dr. (Committee Member); Sheila Roberts Dr. (Other) Subjects: Communication

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2018, Educational Studies

What is the role of higher knowledge and education in molding the individual and in creating certain attributes of the individual? The attributes of the individual in question are derived from Marx and they signify an individual who is autonomous, free and capable to determine her own future and discover and actualize her own kinds of needs in the process of human development. I have labeled these attributes as the Marxian attributes of the individual. This study explores various components of the philosophy of education from Classical Marxism to Early Soviet Marxism and to Enver Hoxha. By analyzing the role of the revolution, praxis, and social structures that foster education such as the state, the party, the school, and the family in Hoxha's Veprat, this research provides a rich understanding of the philosophy of education, and the Marxian attributes of the individual within it. An analysis of Hoxha's writings has demonstrated that Hoxha undertook a revolution and constructed an idea of education to thwart the Marxian attributes of the individual which he found threatening. However, his idealistic idea/goal of revolution and education which had a planned outcome was incapable to eliminate these attributes. I have argued this to be justifiable because higher education and higher knowledge foster and develop the Marxian attributes of the individual which stand in contrast to a form of education and revolution that has an end in mind, and hence it undermined Hoxha's revolution. Hoxha's experience warns that higher learning cannot co-exist with a form/idea of education that has a determined end in mind, because, by definition, it will undermine it.

Committee: Bryan Warnick (Advisor) Subjects: East European Studies; Education; Education History; Education Philosophy; Education Policy; Educational Psychology; Educational Theory; Ethics; European History; Higher Education; Pedagogy; Philosophy; Political Science; Science Education

Bachelor of Arts (BA), Ohio University, 2010, French

This thesis examines the presentation of World War Two and the Holocaust in children's literature in French. From a number of French-Language books the images and text are examined to discern how this complicated subject is taught to children. Many shocking images such as the Swastika and the Star of David appear in most of the works selected for analysis. This study also examines the motivations of authors, the presence of Nature as a central theme of hope, and other resources available to children about these subjects. The sensitive subject of the Holocaust needs to be taught at some point in children's lives, especially those living in France. Although the young readers are not in the same situation as the characters of these books, the Holocaust is part of France's history. This present study supports the reason children need to be exposed to the truth instead of kept in ignorance. These resources are relatively new and extremely powerful in their messages and ideas. Authors and illustrators make important decisions about content and presentation. These illustrated books for young children are beautiful, heartbreaking, educational, and inspiring. Most importantly these books teach their young audience to ask the right questions and work towards preparing them for life's challenges and to never stop asking “why?”

Committee: Lois Vines PhD (Advisor) Subjects: Romance Literature

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2005, History

This project uses the history of the National Organization for Women (NOW) to explore the relationship of liberal and radical elements in the second wave of the U.S. women's movement. Combining oral histories with archival documents, this project offers a new perspective on second-wave feminism as a part of the long decade of the 1960s. It also makes location a salient factor in understanding post–World War II struggles for social justice. Unlike other scholarship on second-wave feminism, this study explores NOW in three diverse locations—Memphis, Columbus, and San Francisco—to see what feminists were doing in different kinds of communities: a Southern city, a non-coastal Northern community, and a West Coast progressive location. In Memphis—a city with a strong history of civil rights activism—black-white racial dynamics, a lack of toleration for same-sex sexuality, and political conservatism shaped feminist activism. Columbus, like Memphis, had a dominant white population and relatively conservative political climate (although less so than in Memphis), but it also boasted an open lesbian community, strong university presence, and a history of radical feminism and labor activism. San Francisco offered feminists racial and ethnic diversity, a progressive political climate, and a history of varied social movement activism. Most scholarship on the women's movement focuses on the East Coast, with scattered attention to larger cities across the nation, yet it purports to offer a national picture of feminist social movements. As my work suggests, such an analysis can emerge only when we attend to regional variance. Memphis, Columbus, and San Francisco constitute a range of political, economic, and social contexts in which to explore feminist activism. Second-wave feminists in these locations were rarely “liberal” or “radical” exclusively but rather embraced dynamic and multiple ideologies along with accompanying strategies, tactics, and goals to create meaningful feminist (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Leila Rupp (Advisor) Subjects:

Master of Fine Arts (MFA), Ohio University, 2002, Theater - General (Fine Arts)

This thesis is a study of two government-sponsored theaters: the Federal Theatre Project in the United States (1935-1939), and the national theater in Nazi Germany (1933-1945). It analyzes the policies that regulated the theaters and the performances and the degree to which these regulations were followed by each of the theaters. The study includes opinions from respected theater historians, quotes from individuals who worked for the Federal Theatre Project and the national theater in Nazi Germany, and conclusions of my own. The thesis asserts that, despite the differing philosophies of the United States and Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, the two government-sponsored theaters had more similarities than differences.

Committee: Ame Wilson (Advisor) Subjects: Theater

Master of Gerontological Studies, Miami University, 2011, Gerontology

The purpose of this narrative inquiry is to shed light into understanding how two ethnic Germans experienced expulsion, flight, or displacement at the end of the Second World War and how these experiences shaped their subsequent life course. I conducted in-depth interviews with two ethnic Germans aged 71 and 91 about these life course experiences. Their unique narratives show how events can be perceived differently due to age-period-cohort effects. The narratives give insight into how individuals overcome adversity and strive for opportunity. The results suggest implications for the conceptualization of the life course.

Committee: Kathryn McGrew PhD (Committee Chair); Glenn Muschert PhD (Committee Member); Jane Straker PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Gerontology

Master of Arts, Miami University, 2009, French, Italian, and Classical Studies

This thesis is an attempt to gain a more complete perspective about the plight of the poor, colonized Jewish intellectuals in twentieth century French North Africa, the obstacles they were presented with, and the few options that were available to them, through a literary and cultural analysis of Albert Memmi's strongly autobiographical novel La statue de sel. It is also an attempt to utilize Memmi's extraordinarily even-handed and sober analysis of the colonial situation in Portrait du colonise, Precede de Portrait du colonisateur to achieve a balanced understanding of the French colonial system in Tunisia that is absent from the majority of literature on the subject.

Committee: Mark McKinney PhD (Advisor); Jim Creech PhD (Committee Member); Claire Goldstein PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Literature; Philosophy

Master of Arts, Miami University, 2009, History

This paper examines the experiences of French people during World War II and the German occupation to discover whether the men and women had gendered constructs on what constituted patriotism and collaboration. The main sources used are memoirs authored by both men and women and demonstrates that the war and Occupation were gendered experiences. This paper argues that masculine patriotism continued to be directed towards militarism and service to the State and feminine patriotism emphasized their subservience to traditional gender roles. Despite the changes to their daily lives, both men and women continued to have distinctly gendered experiences. The definitions of collaboration changed after the Liberation and both men and women were punished differently. The conclusions of this paper demonstrate the difficulty in defining patriotism and collaboration as mutually exclusive categories.

Committee: Erik Jensen PhD (Advisor); James Creech PhD (Committee Member); Kevin Osterloh PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: History

Master of Arts, University of Toledo, 2013, History

It is a common belief the Jewish population of Europe did little to resist the genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany. However, there were many instances of armed resistance in both city ghettos and concentration camps. The most well-known ghetto uprisings took place in Vilna, Lithuania, and Warsaw, Poland. In 1943 Jewish prisoners staged rebellions in Treblinka and Sobibor camps, destroying portions of the facilities and managing short-lived escapes. Due to lack of outside support, each of these actions—ghetto and concentration camp—was doomed from the initial stages, and none had any long term success. Still, these were not the only examples of wartime Jewish resistance. Starting shortly after the city of Minsk, Byelorussia, was occupied by German forces, a resistance organization arose from within the Jewish ghetto in that city. Until the fall of the Soviet Union, and access to archival documents and individuals living in that area, this aspect of wartime Jewish resistance had evidenced little study. More recently, access to post-Soviet information sources has allowed for a better understanding of the depth of the Minsk ghetto resistance. Of particular interest in the Minsk Jewish resistance is its apparent reliance upon women for major support within the organizational makeup and at the uppermost levels of the ghetto underground command structure. This paper will study the contribution of Jewish women to the Minsk ghetto resistance. Primary resource material has been obtained from first-person published accounts of the resistance, wartime archival material, and direct interviews with Jewish women and men active in the partisan and underground movement.

Committee: Michael Jakobson PhD (Committee Chair) Subjects: European History; European Studies; Gender Studies; History; Holocaust Studies; Judaic Studies; Military History; Military Studies; Modern History; Russian History; Womens Studies

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2013, History

This work's focus is on the women who served as secret agents during World War II for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Great Britain and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in the United States. The argument presented herein states that the existing historiography featuring female agents oversexualizes and deprives the women of their agency by suggesting that the women would have been less successful in their missions if they were less attractive. The histories discussed in this work focused on the physical appearances and sexuality of their subjects, which resulted in volumes of information that detracted from the successes of the women throughout the war. This Thesis also examines the effect that society had on constructing the ideas of femininity and masculinity that encouraged the authors to depict the women and their accomplishments as abnormal for the time or as resulting from the use of their sexuality. The Introduction informs the reader about the lives of women in Great Britain and the United States prior to WWII, their entry into the workforce, the creation of the SOE and the OSS, each agency's selection process for potential agents, the training they received, and the historiographical issues that are found throughout the literature. By comparing the two nations and their treatment of women in the workforce, and more specifically in the secret spy organizations, this researcher found distinct differences in the ways women were discriminated against within the agencies based on how the societies in each nation viewed women in the workforce. Chapters Two and Three serve to retell the histories of nine female agents who worked for the SOE and the OSS during the war. Both chapters exclude reference to the beauty and sexuality of the women in order to focus on the missions and the accomplishments of the agents presented in other histories. Chapter Four details the policy changes that have occurred since World War I, policies adopted befor (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Beth Griech-Polelle PhD. (Advisor); Michael Brooks PhD. (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; Armed Forces; Comparative; European History; Gender; Gender Studies; History; Military History; Modern History; Public Policy; Womens Studies