Master of Arts (MA), Ohio University, 2010, Political Science (Arts and Sciences)

Alliance formation and cohesion have been a crucial factor shaping roughly all agendas in international relations with the growing effect of interdependency. By understanding the importance of alliances in world politics, one can see that alliances can promote peace and eliminate the tension and insecure environment of international relations. In this respect, this thesis focuses on the peace-promoting role of alliances rather than their war-promoting one. The Turkey-NATO alliance underlines this situation very well, starting with the Cold War. Accordingly, this thesis presents the alliance formation and cohesion behaviors of Turkey by looking at the Cold War and post-Cold War periods and attempts to discover how Turkey provides stability in the Middle East. In this respect, different alliance theories explain Turkey's alliance behavior in different time periods. Turkey's alliance behavior in contemporary history shows that it resolves conflicts and promotes stability through institutional cooperation with the Middle East while maintaining a military alliance with the West. Its western characteristics as a secular state with a western democracy and the only Muslim country in NATO make Turkey the only bridge between the West and the Middle East. In this respect, it will be argued that since interconnectedness increases by globalization, Turkey has been experiencing a high level of sphere of influence because of its historical, religious and ethnic ties and its geopolitical importance. Studying Turkey's alliance behavior and its close historical and cultural ties with the Middle Eastern states not only questions Huntington's clash of civilization theory but also promises to increase cooperation between the West and Islamic countries. Alliances, therefore, should be formed and operated as "proponents of peace" rather than “weapons of war”.

Committee: Patricia A. Weitsman Professor (Committee Chair); James Mosher Assistant Professor (Committee Member); Andrew Ross Assistant Professor (Committee Member) Subjects: Political Science

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 1950, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1953, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Economics

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1954, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Education

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Akron, 2016, History

My dissertation is a world history project that offers an historical perspective for understanding the existence and meaning of honor crimes. I focus on the history of honor-related violence in Turkey, which I contend can only be understood within the international context of twentieth-century modernization, state-formation, and nationalist projects. The Turkish nationalist state initiated an intensive process of modernization beginning in the late 1920s and lasting through the majority of the 20th century. My project examines the impact the nationalist modernization project had on the culture of honor and the existence of honor-related gendered violence, and argues against the ahistorical portrayal of Middle Eastern societies as “backward” bastions of patriarchy. Instead, I propose that honor-related violence has a very specific, yet complex recent history that has as much to do with “modernization” as it does with tradition. Although my project focuses on Turkey, I include a case study of honor crimes as discussed in Brazilian legal codes that were created or preserved by nationalist “modernizing” regimes. This study offers a nuanced historical explanation, on the one hand, of the ways in which the culture of honor and the nationalist state overlapped and often supported one another, and on the other hand, of how nationalist modernizing projects created the environments in which honor crimes tended to proliferate, such as during periods of civil war and in communities that are marginalized due to institutionalized racial, gendered, and ethno-nationalist discrimination.

Committee: Janet Klein Dr. (Advisor); Tracey Jean Boisseau Dr. (Committee Member); Martha Santos Dr. (Committee Member); Richard Steigmann-Gall Dr. (Committee Member); Maria Alejandra Zanetta Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Comparative; Gender Studies; History; Latin American History; Latin American Studies; Middle Eastern History; Middle Eastern Studies; World History

Master of Environmental Science, Miami University, 2013, Geology and Environmental Earth Science

The E-W-trending Ulukisla basin (UB) in Turkey occurs between the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex to the north and the Tauride carbonate platform to the south. It contains 5 km-thick, uppermost Cretaceous to Miocene-Pleistocene strata and Eocene magmatic rocks. The Cretaceous - Eocene sedimentary rocks comprise an upward shallowing sequence of clastics. The Eocene sequence includes marine turbidites and is transitional upwards into Oligocene rocks. The upward transition from Lower Oligocene shallow marine, deltaic deposits to Upper Oligocene-Miocene evaporate and terrestrial deposits indicates a record of a successor basin. The Upper Cretaceous and Lower Paleocene rocks and the Middle Eocene - Middle Miocene units are deformed by north- and south-vergent, upright and overturned folds and thrust, strike-slip faults. The E-W normal faults in the Middle Paleocene and Middle Eocene units represent extensional deformation coeval with slab breakoff and induced mafic magmatism. The Ulukisla depocenter initially developed as a successor basin in the latest Mesozoic-early Cenozoic and then evolved into a terrestrial basin in the late Tertiary.

Committee: Yildirim Dilek (Advisor) Subjects: Geology; Plate Tectonics; Sedimentary Geology

MCP, University of Cincinnati, 2010, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning: Community Planning

Istanbul, Turkey, is a city of exceptional significance. The history, culture, longevity, and evolution of the city have catapulted Istanbul into one of the world's most intriguing cities. Since its inception, Istanbul has been an ever-changing city with multiple layers, making urban planning critical to preserve the uniqueness of the city. As the economy in Turkey continues to succeed, Istanbul is faced with the reality of urban renewal in order to accommodate growing industries and an increasing population. Urban planning in Turkey is focused primarily on urban design, neglecting social considerations in the planning and implementation processes. As a result, targeted communities are left out of the planning processes and find themselves unaware of what their future holds should their communities be subjects of urban renewal projects. This study focuses on Tarlabasi community members and key informants who specialize in urban renewal projects in Turkey, specifically, the Tarlabasi Renewal Project. Through semi-structured interviews, respondents provided insight into their impressions of the Tarlabasi neighborhood, access to information opportunities to participate in the planning process, their opinions of the project, and, finally, their future should the project be implemented. Respondents confirmed that they have been left out of the planning process of the project and, as a result, are unaware of how to plan accordingly for their future. The findings from this study also revealed that property owners over forty years of age would have been in support of the project had they been offered a fair price for their property. Nonetheless, recommendations to integrate social considerations into the Turkish approach to planning as well as modifications to the academic approach to the planning curriculum in Turkey have been made based on the results from this research study.

Committee: Johanna Looye PhD (Committee Chair); Francis Russell MArch, BA (Committee Member) Subjects: Urban Planning

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 1970, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2024, Anthropology

Across three articles, this dissertation analyzes patterns of dental defect formation and childhood physiological stress within the population of Neolithic Catalhoyuk (ca. 7100-5950 BCE), in order to contribute to a better understanding of biological, temporal, and social variation within this important early “megasite” community. Article one addresses biological questions with important methodological implications regarding the impact of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) defects on inter- and intra-population variability in relationships between incremental enamel microstructures. Relationships between perikymata (PK) periodicity and distribution were tested from high-definition epoxy replicas and histological thin-sections of unworn mandibular canines (n = 15) with high LEH prevalence from Catalhoyuk. Findings re-affirm the existence of significant inter-population variability and suggest that high LEH prevalence likely increases PK distribution variability and weakens relationships with periodicity. PK distribution-based methods may nevertheless help narrow likely periodicity ranges and improve microstructure-based chronological age estimation accuracy even in highly LEH-impacted samples. To better understand relationships between population aggregation and physiological stress in early human settlements, Article two tests whether LEH prevalence or timing change significantly over time alongside population levels at Neolithic Catalhoyuk. LEH defect frequency scores (n = 109), defect-per-individual (DPI, n = 44), and defect initiation age (DIA, n = 44) were collected from epoxy canine replicas. LEH measures did not differ significantly by sex or age-at-death, nor did they significantly change over time in parallel with population size. Developmental stress episodes were very common (DPI: all defects M = 11, pronounced defects M = 6; DIA: all defect M = 3.9 years, pronounced defects M = 4.0 years), with 100% of observable individuals experiencing at least one de (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Clark Spencer Larsen (Advisor); Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg (Advisor); Mark Hubbe (Committee Member) Subjects: Ancient Civilizations; Archaeology; Histology; Human Remains; Near Eastern Studies; Physical Anthropology

Bachelor of Science (BS), Ohio University, 2023, Biological Sciences

Properties of the avian skeleton system such as histological organization and cross-sectional geometry have been used to make inferences about organismal biology, locomotion, ecology, and evolution. However, we lack a fundamental organization about how bone naturally develops. This study is the first of its kind, examining developments in vascular orientation, shape, and post-cranial pneumatization in a controlled turkey model. The use of such a model allows for the observation of natural bone development in the absence of ecological or locomotive factors. The humerus and ulna were examined using both micro-CT and a histological workflow. Our results indicate certain periods (weeks 5-7) characterized by notable increase in length and cross-sectional shape measured used to infer resistance to mechanical loading. There is also variation in cortical area (thickness) that may be due to redistribution of cortical bone around the neutral axis. Circumferential canals appear at the border of developing bone and later in the growth series, suggesting it is a normal part of bone development. However, regional differences in histological organization paint a complicated picture between canal orientation and factors such as growth or locomotion. Post-cranial pneumatization of the midshaft appears at week 4 in humeri and air-like space is found in the ulna, which has previously been interpreted as a non-pneumatic bone. This project lays a foundation for further studies into bone as a developing system, helping to understand how bone's appearance may be related to its environment, ecology, growth, and locomotion.

Committee: Patrick M. O'Connor (Advisor) Subjects: Anatomy and Physiology; Animal Sciences; Biology; Biomechanics; Biomedical Research; Developmental Biology; Evolution and Development; Histology; Morphology

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 1956, Sociology

Committee: Joseph K. Balogh (Advisor) Subjects: Sociology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2022, Animal Sciences

Satellite cells represent a heterogeneous population of muscle stem cells responsible for post-hatch muscle hypertrophic growth and the regeneration of injured muscle. As multipotential stem cells, satellite cells with appropriate extrinsic stimuli have the plasticity to convert to an adipocyte-like lineage. Different satellite cell populations can express different cell surface markers, of which syndecan-4 and CD44 can mediate the function and fate of satellite cells. During the first week after hatch, satellite cells have the peak mitotic activity, and their function and fate are highly responsive to environmental thermal stress. Changes in satellite cell function and fate during thermal stress are regulated by signal transduction pathways. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway were among the most affected pathways during both thermal stress and growth selection in turkey pectoralis major (p. major) muscle satellite cells. The central hypothesis of this study was both hot and cold thermal stress would differentially affect mTOR and Wnt/PCP pathways altering the function, fate, and expression of syndecan-4 and CD44 in different populations of satellite cells isolated from the p. major muscle of 1-week faster-growing modern-commercial (NC) turkeys and 1-week slower-growing historic Randombred Control Line 2 (RBC2) turkeys. The objective of specific aim 1 and 2 was to determine the effects of thermal stress and growth selection on the proliferation, differentiation, and adipogenic potential of 1-week-old turkey p. major muscle satellite cells. The NC line satellite cells have increased proliferation, differentiation, and lipid accumulation compared to the RBC2 line. Heat stress of 43°C further increased the proliferation, differentiation, and lipid accumulation in both lines compared to the control temperature of 38°C, while cold stress of 33°C had an (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Sandra Velleman (Advisor); Peter Reiser (Committee Member); Kichoon Lee (Committee Member); Pasha Lyvers Peffer (Committee Member) Subjects: Animal Sciences; Cellular Biology

Master of Fine Arts, Miami University, 2022, English

Orhan is a boy set upon by the tremendous pressure of growing up in a world that has known only conflict. The sultan has instituted a conscription of his people, called “sword debt”, which requires one member of each family to take up a sword and fight against the invading forces helmed by the ruthless General Yu. If the bearer of the sword dies, another in the family must take on the sword debt. And with no end to the war in sight, the debt can never be paid. When Orhan's family receives a sword debt, the sword is taken up by Orhan's older sister Rasheda, who is captured. When the sword returns to Orhan, he decides to shirk his duty with the sword debt and, instead of fighting in the war, takes it on a personal quest to rescue his sister. He is aided by Zeki, a mischievous young monk, and Aysu, a deserter with a mysterious past. Along the way they encounter a dragon who lives in the trunk of the Tree of Life, false prophets, true prophets, whirling dervishes who dance their way to a world beyond their own, and the horrifying effects of war without end.

Committee: Brian Roley (Committee Chair); Joseph Bates (Committee Member); Margaret Luongo (Committee Member) Subjects: Fine Arts

Bachelor of Science (BS), Ohio University, 2022, Geological Sciences

The Tavsanlı Zone high-pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) metamorphic belt exposed in NW Turkey represents the subducted northern margin of the Anatolide-Tauride Platform. The subduction of the Anatolide-Tauride Platform beneath the Pontides resulted in the closure of the Neotethys Ocean, a Mesozoic Ocean that separated Laurasia (Pontides) and Gondwana (Anatolide-Taurides). Numerous tectonic models have been proposed to explain how the closure of the ocean occurred, however, debate still exists as to the number of ocean basins and subduction zones involved and their ages. This research uses U-Pb geochronology and trace element data from zircons in three lawsonite blueschist and eclogite facies metamafic samples collected from the Tavsanlı Zone to constrain the timing of subduction initiation and metamorphism in the region. Zircons from one lawsonite eclogite sample lack older cores and yield ages of 88 Ma – 116 Ma, which are interpreted as metamorphic ages. Zircons from the other lawsonite eclogite sample and the lawsonite blueschist preserve older cores and younger rims. Core ages range from ~170 Ma – 907 Ma, whereas rim ages range from 69 Ma – 142 Ma. Probability density plots indicate common zircon growth events at ~95 Ma, ~110 Ma, ~130 Ma, and ~180 Ma. The ~95 Ma, ~110 Ma, and ~130 Ma age peaks likely represent metamorphic events, whereas the 180 Ma age peak likely represents the age of the protolith. Zircon cores with ages > 180 Ma are likely xenocrystic in origin. The U/Yb and Hf contents of the ~180 Ma zircon cores indicate that the protolith for both the lawsonite blueschist and lawsonite eclogite originated from an enriched mantle or continental source. Zircon cores with ages > 180 Ma have similar U/Yb and Hf contents as the ~180 Ma zircon cores, likely indicating a similar origin. The ~95 Ma and ~110 Ma zircon age peaks are consistent with previous 40Ar/39Ar phengite and Lu-Hf garnet and lawsonite geochronology results from the Sivrihisar Massif and indicate (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Katherine F. Fornash (Advisor); Eung Seok Lee (Committee Member); Alycia Stigall (Committee Member) Subjects: Geochemistry; Geology; Petrology

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2021, Comparative and Veterinary Medicine

Avian species often serve as transmission vectors and sources of recombination for viral infections due to their ability to travel vast distances and gregarious behaviors. Recently a novel deltacoronavirus (DCoV) was identified in sparrows. Sparrow deltacoronavirus (SpDCoV), coupled with close contact between sparrows and swine carrying porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) may facilitate recombination of DCoVs resulting in novel CoV variants. We hypothesized that the spike (S) protein or receptor-binding domain (RBD) from sparrow coronaviruses (SpCoVs) may enhance infection in poultry. We used recombinant chimeric viruses, which express S protein or the RBD of SpCoV (icPDCoV-SHKU17, and icPDCoV-RBDISU) on the genomic backbone of an infectious clone of PDCoV (icPDCoV). Chimeric viruses were utilized to infect chicken derived DF-1 cells, turkey poults, and embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) to examine permissiveness, viral replication kinetics, pathogenesis and pathology. We demonstrated that DF-1 cells in addition to the positive control LLC-PK1 cells are susceptible to SpCoV spike- and RBD- recombinant chimeric virus infections. However, the replication of chimeric viruses in DF-1 cells, but not LLC-PK1 cells, was inefficient. Inoculated 8-day-old turkey poults appeared resistant to icPDCoV-, icPDCoV-SHKU17- and icPDCoV-RBDISU virus infections. In 11-day-old ECEs, there was no evidence of viral replication, suggesting that differentiated cells are not susceptible to the virus infections. Collectively, we demonstrate that SpCoV chimeric viruses are not highly infectious in the turkey poults or the 11-day-old ECEs. Therefore, understanding the cell and host factors that contribute iii to resistance to PDCoV and avian swine chimeric virus infections may aid in the design of novel antiviral therapies against deltacoronaviruses.

Committee: Scott Kenney (Advisor); Qiuhong Wang (Committee Member); Linda Saif (Committee Member) Subjects: Comparative; Food Science; Veterinary Services; Virology

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2021, Anthropology

The Spetnagel Cache was discovered in a suburb of Chillicothe, Ohio in 1921 and contains more than 200 bi-pointed stone knives called Turkey-tails. Classified as ritual items, these artifacts have not been analyzed beyond attempted refitting. Patterns of resharpening and reuse evident on Turkey-tail bifaces from this cache suggest a more extensive period of use prior to being discarded. Primary evaluation of many of these artifacts occurred prior to the widespread application of microwear analysis which can reveal evidence of such use. This study employs microwear analysis to determine the frequency and diversity of tool use. Many artifacts in the cache show evidence of edge damage consistent with use and resharpening, but microwear polishes associated with specific activities could not be identified.

Committee: Richard Yerkes (Advisor); Robert Cook (Committee Member); Kristen Gremillion (Committee Member) Subjects: Archaeology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2020, Political Science

Policies aimed at restricting the language, religion, and culture of immigrants and minorities have become increasingly common in European democracies. These range from limits on the language of instruction in schools to bans on Muslim headscarves. While modernization theorists and nationalism scholars described the successful homogenization campaigns of European states during nation-building, sociological literatures on immigrant integration have begun to show that assimilationist approaches to diversity can cause backlash. Under what conditions are cultural assimilation policies an effective tool for integrating immigrants and minorities into the nation? This dissertation argues that depending on nationalism type, cultural restrictions conditionally impact minority national identification. In civic nationalist states where the boundaries of the national community are permeable, assimilation policies induce acculturation and increase attachment to the nation. In contrast, in ethnic nationalist states where membership rules are determined by ancestry and heritage, assimilation policies induce acculturation but also prompt resentment that reduces national identification. This project makes several contributions. First, I construct a novel dataset of language restrictions for 26 European countries, the first of its kind. Second, I develop a nationalism indicator that scores a country's relative civic and ethnic nationalism, for which there had been no previous quantitative metric. I incorporate insights from sociological literatures on nationalism to create a new theoretical framework for understanding the impact of cultural assimilation policies on minority identification, and introduce a mediating variable - types of nationalism. Finally, I offer three tests of the theory — cross-nationally with observational data, a subnational quasi-experimental causal analysis in Germany, and a historical case study in Turkey — which provide evidence for the interactive effect (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Amanda Robinson (Committee Chair); Philipp Rehm (Committee Member); Sara Watson (Committee Member) Subjects: Political Science

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2020, Near Eastern Languages and Cultures

This dissertation considers how individuals, families, societies and nations pursue connection and belonging. When the present appears, at best, to lack an essential, or, at worst, to denigrate possibilities for human flourishing, people glance backwards to identify what they are missing. Within cityscapes, this sense of lack or longing appears related to urban living: anonymity despite crowds, financial stress despite jobs, discomfort despite amenities, artificiality despite infrastructure. Responses to dissatisfaction include remembering one's own past or the pasts of forebears, and then revisiting, reevaluating, rehearsing and reclaiming them. “What do we need that we left behind?” “What is essential to our well-being?” Such questions and related activities may be analyzed via concepts of nostalgia. In light of developments in nostalgia studies since the “productive” turn of the late 1990s, there are numerous helpful approaches for contemplating how people discuss, leverage and utilize their real and imagined pasts. I situate my research in contemporary Turkey, claiming that Turkey is an apt case study for evaluating nostalgia on several registers. Contextual reasons include: 1) Nostalgia has been integral to nation-building processes, 2) The growth of cities along with rural-to-urban migration has occurred rapidly and recently, especially since the 1950s, and 3) Connections to places of origin are intentionally explored, cultivated and maintained. I also note that tendencies for nostalgic re-evaluation are inspired by disillusionment with state discourse, dissatisfaction with city life and disturbance over perceived geopolitical threats. Turkey is thus a promising context in which to observe a plethora of situated, overlapping and imbricated nostalgias. Such nostalgias are multi-scalar, as they facilely shift from the individual to the state and from the vernacular to the official. This renders them observable for analysis from numerous vantage points. Alt (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Morgan Liu (Advisor); Johanna Sellman (Committee Member); Katherine Borland (Committee Member); Kendra McSweeney (Committee Member) Subjects: Middle Eastern Studies

Master of Arts (MA), Wright State University, 2020, International and Comparative Politics

This research develops a novel theory for domestic diversionary violence, contending that the main drivers for this type of conflict are the specific characteristics of state-targeted domestic minority groups. Seven new variables measuring minority group characteristics are identified through a case study of the Kurdish minority in the Turkish Republic, then applied to a quantitative analysis of domestic diversionary violence in a dataset of 284 observations across 117 countries during the years 2004-2005, utilizing data from the University of Maryland's Minorities at Risk Project, the University of Illinois Cline Center SPEED Database, and World Bank. A proportional odds logistic regression model shows that the minority group's recent grievances with the base population and its geographic concentration have statistically significant positive correlations to the likelihood of targeting for diversionary violence, while the protest level of the minority group achieves a statistically significant negative correlation.

Committee: Liam Anderson Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Vaughn Shannon Ph.D. (Committee Member); Carlos Costa Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: International Relations; Political Science

Master of Arts (MA), Ohio University, 2020, Communication and Development Studies (International Studies)

In April 2015, more than one thousand people died while crossing the Mediterranean to reach Europe. The large numbers of people losing their lives turned this issue into a highly mediatized topic, which received the label “crisis.” These numbers became the center of a political and media debate in which displaced people were predominantly underrepresented and misrepresented. This thesis is an ethnographic account that attempts to paint a more humanistic picture of the so-called “European refugee crisis.” The work is composed of seven intimate ethnographies that bring into relief the powerful life stories of particular people who are generally left out of official and media reports about contemporary migration from the Global South to the Global North. By focusing on the personal stories of these seven individuals, this thesis sheds light on the social, historical, economic, and political dimensions of the contemporary “European Refugee Crisis” without losing sight of the people most affected by it. This is both possible and necessary because these intimate stories of the particular illustrate the macro histories of violence, colonialism, and capitalism that have resulted in the unprecedented global flows of people in the twenty-first century.

Committee: Matthew Rosen (Committee Chair); Risa Whitson (Committee Member); Brian Plow (Committee Member) Subjects: Communication; Cultural Anthropology