Master of Science (MS), Bowling Green State University, 2010, Geology

The aims of this study were to: 1) establish the concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sr, and Zn in arable soils in Wood County, Ohio, 2) determine if the fractions of sand, silt and organic matter and/or soil depth were related to the distribution of these trace elements, and 3) help establish trace element background concentrations in Ohio. Fifteen soil samples were collected at five depths using 10 cm interval from three locations within the former agriculture land. The grain size distributions in the soils were analyzed using a hydrometer. Organic matter analysis was conducted using a 3 % H2O2 solution. The soil samples were prepared for trace element analysis on an ICP-OES following EPA method 3051 A. Statistical analysis of the trace element concentrations, sand, silt, clay, fraction, and the percentage of organic matter were done using MINITAB 15.0 Statistical Software. The concentration of Mn, Ba, and Zn accounted for more than 82% of all the trace elements in the samples. The Co, Pb, Sr, and Cr concentrations did not change with depth, the Zn and Ba concentrations decreased with depth, and the Mn and Cu concentrations increased with depth. Statistically, Mn showed moderately significant correlation to Co and Cu, whereas the rest of trace elements displayed highly significant correlation each other. Similarly, Mn showed little association and no statistical significance to organic matter, whereas the rest of trace elements exhibited weak association and highly significant correlation. The trace element concentrations found in this study are lower than levels established by the US environmental agencies and are therefore not considered dangerous. The Mn, Ba, and Zn concentrations were probably elevated from the usage of fertilizers. Organic matter and clay content could be important parameters in controlling trace element concentrations and distribution in this study. However, since trace elements were relatively uniformly distributed in the soil profile (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Sheila Roberts PhD (Advisor); James Evans PhD (Committee Member); Enrique Gomezdelcampo PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Agricultural Chemicals; Biogeochemistry; Geochemistry; Geology

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1975, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1987, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1972, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1974, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2024, Anthropology

Weaning is a central factor in both infant morbidity and mortality in archaeological populations. While a relationship between weaning and physiological stress has been established in many living populations, the degree to which weaning is associated with infant stress is highly dependent upon living conditions, food availability, and nutritional quality. As such, the impact of weaning on infant health cannot be assumed in archaeological samples. The aim of this research is to use high-resolution longitudinal weaning profiles to explore variation in weaning timing and its impact on physiological stress in one historic complex society, specifically Imperial Roman Italy. Individual weaning timelines for 52 ancient Romans from the Lazio and Marche regions of Italy are reconstructed using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) based analyses of Sr/Ca and, to a lesser extent, Ba/Ca signal intensity (concentration) ratios within dental enamel. Weaning timelines are compared to the timing of accentuated lines, histologically observable physiological stress markers in enamel. Timing of both weaning and accentuated lines are examined to determine the relationship between weaning behavior and stress in infancy and early childhood. Results indicate that early infant feeding practices were highly variable, with infants being exclusively breastfed, exclusively bottle fed – likely with herbivore milk – and fed with a combination of breastmilk and herbivore milk. Counter to expectations, exclusive breastfeeding was not associated with fewer accentuated lines in enamel when compared to bottle feeding or mixed feeding, although the weaning period in general was associated with higher frequencies of accentuated lines when compared to exclusive breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and mixed feeding prior to the onset of weaning. Exclusive breastfeeding was also not associated with improved mortality rates. Interestingly, feeding behavior between sites varied (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg (Advisor); Douglas Crews (Committee Member); Mark Hubbe (Committee Member); Clark Larsen (Advisor) Subjects: Ancient Civilizations; Ancient History; Archaeology

Master of Science, Miami University, 2020, Geology and Environmental Earth Science

Apatite group minerals are ubiquitous in crustal carbonatites and can accommodate many elements useful for assessing the chemical provenance of these rocks. Apatite from c. 65 crustal carbonatite occurrences in Ontario, Quebec and New York were analyzed using single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) to determine the column anion composition (via structure and site occupancy refinement) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to assess the trace element composition. Four trends of crustal carbonatites are apparent (Bancroft, Frontenac, Lowlands and Highlands). Most crustal carbonatite apatite is hydroxyl-rich fluorapatite of the approximate composition c. 60:40 F:OH, although chlorapatite and hydroxylapatite also occur. Apatite from the Bancroft and Highlands trends is generally less enriched in Mg and Cl but more enriched in Fe, Mn, As, U, Th and REE than apatite from the Frontenac and Lowlands trends, which commonly contains Cl to c. 10% column anion site occupancy. Plots of 1/δSr vs 1/δEu suggest evolution towards larger Sr/Eu anomalies and higher U/Th/REE concentrations possibly resulting from lower degrees of crust partial melting during the Ottawan-Rigolet transition, whereas no geographic trend in U/Th/REE concentrations and Sr/Eu anomalies is observed in Frontenac and Lowlands samples. No correlations to wall rock chemistry were observed.

Committee: John Rakovan (Advisor); Claire McLeod (Committee Member); Mark Krekeler (Committee Member) Subjects: Geology; Mineralogy; Petrology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1987, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Geology

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2015, Geological Sciences

Interest in subglacial environments in polar regions has grown from a curiosity to a challenging scientific endeavor. However, there are few geochemical data from these environments due to the difficulty of clean sample collection. The project entitled Minimally Invasive Direct Glacial Exploration (MIDGE) was developed to perform chemically clean and biologically aseptic sample collection in the unusual subglacial environment Blood Falls, Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. The MIDGE project was conducted with the German-engineered thermoelectric melting probe “Ice Mole”. In this work, a number of activities were undertaken. Blanks from the Ice Mole were analyzed for biogeochemical cleanliness, an analytical technique was developed for trace element analysis, and the geochemical composition of hypersaline Blood Falls water was determined. Results indicate the Ice Mole is chemically clean for Cl, Br, F, SO4, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, B, Fe, Sr, U, organic carbon, P and Si when compared to the solute concentrations observed in the brine. The Ice Mole could introduce concentrations of As, Al, Ba, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, V, NH3, and NO3+NO2 N in greater amounts than what naturally occurs in Taylor Glacier ice. Blood Falls subglacial water samples contained concentrations of the above elements in the following amounts: Cl 72400 mg/L; Br 174 mg/L; F 2.40 mg/L; SO4 5620 mg/L; Li 4.73 mg/L; Na 38700 mg/L; K 1190; Mg 4850 mg/L; Ca 3140 mg/L; NPOC 590 µM; B 23500 µg/L; Fe 14800 µg/L; Sr 59700 µg/L; U 128 µg/L; P 1.27 µM; Si 484 µM. All trace elements measured in subglacial Blood Falls water were more concentrated than those measured in the Blood Falls surface expression and West Lobe Lake Bonney. Subglacial Blood Falls water remains more concentrated in major ions than the Blood Falls surface expression and West Lobe Lake Bonney at shallow depths, but the deeper waters of West Lobe Lake Bonney are more concentrated in Cl, Br, Li K, and Mg than subglacial Blood Falls.

Committee: William Lyons (Advisor); Yu Ping Chin (Committee Member); Joel Barker (Committee Member) Subjects: Analytical Chemistry; Earth; Environmental Science

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2001, Arts and Sciences : Chemistry

Statistical methods for the optimization of chemical procedures are a more appropriate approach compared to the univariate optimization. A factorial design was used for a slurry preparation in the determination of five different elements with ICP-AES determination. The chiral separation of nine selenoaminoacids using a crown ether HPLC column coupled to ICP-MS for detection is described. Three different temperatures were investigated for the separation of the enantiomers of individual amino acids and for a mixture of eight selenoamino acids. Although complete resolution was not achieved, better resolution of the mixture was obtained at higher temperatures. Selenium enriched onion; garlic and yeast were also analyzed. Two different extraction methods for the samples are compared, and some of the selenoamino acid enantiomers are identified. Comparison is also made with earlier reported separations for some of these selenoamino acids. Several procedures to perform selenium enrichment of yeast have been evaluated in the present work in terms of yeast cell growth protocols, total selenium accumulation, and to a limited degree, selenium species formation. Four enrichment procedures have been evaluated using sodium selenite as the selenium source: a) enrichment during the growth phase, b) enrichment at the non-growth phase; both of these at different selenium levels, c) enrichment by seeding in a fermentable carbon source (glucose) and d) enrichment by using non-fermentable carbon source (glycerol). A nitric acid digestion of the yeast has been performed in order to evaluate the total selenium incorporated into the yeast cells. Also, an enzymatic digestion of the yeast samples with pepsin has been carried out as an initial step to begin the process of determining which of the different possible selenium species are formed. The release of different selenium compounds during a normal human selenized yeast digestion is not known and animal and human studies have established t (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Joseph Caruso (Advisor) Subjects: Chemistry, Analytical

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2003, Arts and Sciences : Geology

Studies of volcanic rocks from Hawaii reveal that the islands were formed through four distinct stages of volcanism. The origin of alkalic rocks produced during the last stage of development is not completely understood. Alkalic basalts can be generated at both high and low pressures. A new method of constraining pressure-temperature conditions of formation was developed, using the compositions of alkalic rocks from Haleakala Volcano. Initial P-T calculations indicated that the rocks formed from low degrees of melting over a range of pressures in the mantle (polybaric melting). Using a trace element modal melting equation and highly incompatible element concentrations, the degree of melting required to produce the Haleakala alkalic magmas was estimated. The results of these calculations indicate that low degrees of melting in the spinel peridotite zone of the mantle under polybaric conditions was required to produce the Haleakala alkalic basalts.

Committee: Dr. Attila Kilinc (Advisor) Subjects: Geology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2008, Geological Sciences

Snow and glacial melt were investigated for their dissolved (<0.4µm) and environmentally available (unfiltered and acidified 2% HNO3 v/v) elemental concentrations and relation with melt. These studies are presented as three manuscripts. The first manuscript examines geochemical differences between fresh and ablation snow at Eliot Glacier, Mount Hood in the Oregon Cascades. Unlike major ions, environmentally available elements are retained during snowmelt and or added via dry deposition throughout the melt season. Proglacial stream dissolved, or solution chemistry reflects the large degree of processing, primarily weathering and adsorption that occur as water is routed in, through, and beneath the glacier and trace elements bear little relation to their snow concentrations. The second paper details the importance of aeolian deposition to environmentally available elemental concentrations and distributions in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Unlike the Oregon Cascades, there is little precipitation in the Taylor Valley and dry deposition is the dominant source of environmentally available elements. Therefore, proximity to valley floor sediment, wind intensity, wind direction, and glacier surface aspect explain the large degree of chemical heterogeneity between three nearby (<10 km) glacier accumulation zones. Finally the third manuscript explores the controls on dissolved and environmentally available elemental concentrations in supraglacial and proglacial streams in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. This includes identifying the influences of aeolian deposition, hyporheic exchange, and biological uptake on stream geochemistry. Elemental behaviors are examined along with their daily, seasonal, and interannual stream hydrologic conditions. Taylor Valley stream geochemistry is sensitive to landscape aspect as well as to changes in climate including shifts in wind speed and direction, austral summer temperatures, and cloud cover conditions. Decadal ‘flood events' are extremely im (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: W. Berry Lyons PhD (Advisor); Anne E. Carey PhD (Committee Member); Andrew G. Fountain PhD (Committee Member); Bryan M. Mark PhD (Committee Member); Lonnie G. Thompson PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Environmental Science; Geochemistry

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2008, Geological Sciences

Tropical small mountainous rivers (SMRs) may transport up to 33% of the total carbon (C) delivered to the oceans. However, these fluxes are poorly quantified and historical records of land-ocean carbon delivery are rare. Corals have the potential to provide such records in the tropics because they are long-lived, draw on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for calcification, and isotopic variations within their skeletons are useful proxies of palaeoceanographic variability. The ability to quantify riverine C inputs to the coastal ocean and understand how they have changed through time is critical to understanding global carbon budgets in the context of modern climate change. A seasonal dual isotope (13C & 14C) characterization of the three major C pools in two SMRs and their adjacent coastal waters within Puerto Rico was conducted in order to understand the isotope signature of DIC being delivered to the coastal oceans. Additionally a 56-year record of paired coral skeletal C isotopes (δ13C & Δ14C) and trace elements (Ba/Ca, Mn/Ca, Y/Ca) is presented from a coral growing ~1 km from the mouth of an SMR. Four major findings were observed: 1) Riverine DIC was more depleted in δ13C and Δ14C than seawater DIC, 2) the correlation of δ13C and Δ14C was the same in both coral skeleton and the DIC of the river and coastal waters, 3) Coral δ13C and Ba/Ca were annually coherent with river discharge, and 4) increases in coral Ba/Ca were synchronous with the timing of depletions of both δ13C and Δ14C in the coral skeleton and increases in river discharge. This study represents a first-order comprehensive C isotope analysis of major C pools being transported to the coastal ocean via tropical SMRs. The strong coherence between river discharge and coral δ13C and Ba/Ca, and the concurrent timing of increases in Ba/Ca with decreases in δ13C and Δ14C suggest that river discharge is simultaneously recorded by multiple geochemical records. Based on these findings, the development of coral-b (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Andrea Grottoli PhD (Advisor); James Bauer PhD (Committee Member); Anne Carey PhD (Committee Member); Yu-Ping Chin PhD (Committee Member); Matthew Saltzman PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Biogeochemistry; Geochemistry; Geology; Oceanography

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2005, Geological Sciences

Surface materials eroded during land disturbance are increasingly recognized as an important non-point source contaminant that affects water quality and increases the infilling rates of waterways. This study examines: 1) the use of trace element concentrations as a tracer of materials eroded from soils, and 2) the relation between changes in land use and sediment yield. This study examines adjoining drainages (Eversole Run, ER and the unnamed tributary, UT) that empty into an embayment of O'Shaughnessy Reservoir (built in 1920, northwest of Columbus, Ohio). Agriculture was the dominant land use in each drainage prior to1920. Residential subdivisions dominate present land use in the UT drainage, while the ER drainage remains predominantly agricultural. ER's drainage is three times larger than that of UT. Soil samples were collected from both drainages and sediment cores were collected directly offshore each stream in the embayment. Samples were analyzed for trace and major elements using x-ray fluorescence. Sediments were also analyzed for 137Cs activity. Cu, Ga, Rb, V, Zn and Zr show consistent behaviors between soils and sediment. In non-disturbed soils, concentrations increase from upper to lower soil horizons for five of these six elements; Zr shows the opposite pattern. Elemental concentrations are similar in both the upper and lower soil horizons of disturbed soils (from residential subdivisions), approximating the mean concentration in non-disturbed soils. The sediment thicknesses offshore UT and ER were 1.62 meters and 0.73 meters, respectively, with the 137Cs peak (representing 1963-64) at 0.94 and 0.21 meters downcore, respectively. In both cores, intervals with higher trace element concentrations were deposited during times of increased residential subdivision development. Lower trace element concentrations were deposited during periods when the upper horizon of non-disturbed soils was eroded. Sediment accumulation offshore UT since 1963-64 is four times l (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Lawrence Krissek (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2005, Civil Engineering

This study investigates the amount, distribution, variation and fate of trace elements in FGD by-product. Dry FGD by-product including lime spray dryer (LSD) ash have possible uses in agricultural and construction applications. However, the variability in the chemical properties, especially levels of trace elements, of LSD ash is a concern due to the possible release to the environment. Little variability over different time periods (e.g., daily to yearly) and little variability between samples collected from different particle collection hoppers were observed. Trace elements including As, Se, and Hg in LSD ash and in the leachate did not surpass limits for land application (EPA 503 Rule) or RCRA. Further study of LSD ash samples was conducted to examine the distribution of trace elements in different fractions. The results show that the concentration of As was consistently greater in the calcium-enriched fraction, while the Hg concentration was significant in all fractions. Specific surface area was found to be a factor controlling the levels of mercury in LSD ash fractions. Results suggest that As and Hg are stable in LSD ash due to high pH and significant amounts of Ca. However, when LSD is disposed in a landfill, dissolution of Ca may lower the pH and calcium concentration in the leachate which may facilitate the release of As and Hg. The study of trace elements in LSD ash was used as a base-line for investigating trace elements in dry FGD by-product collected from the Ohio State Carbonation and Ash Reactivation (OSCAR) process. The OSCAR process is a pilot-plant of a new dry FGD system used on a slip stream of flue gas from the McCracken Power Plant. Results suggest that OSCAR sorbents are effective for capturing trace elements, and the OSCAR cyclone samples can be beneficially reused.

Committee: Harold Walker (Advisor) Subjects: Engineering, Environmental

Master of Science, Miami University, 2001, Geology and Environmental Earth Science

This thesis consists of two separate but related manuscripts; Surface Structure Controlled Sectoral Zoning of REE in Fluorite from Long Lake, N.Y. and Bingham, N.M. and Mineralogy and paragenetic history of fluorites from Bingham, N.M. Links between REE chemistry, color and morphology. In the first paper, fluorite crystals from two deposits were identified as sectorally zoned with respect to the rare earth elements. It has been shown that the differential incorporation of the REE occurred during crystal growth due to heterogeneities in the atomic structure of the fluorite surface. The second paper addresses the use of the REE as petrogenetic indicators in actual hydrothermal deposits. This study attempts to identify if there is a systematic correlation between REE chemistry and other factors, such as crystal morphology, and color, or if compositional variability merely reflects temporal variation in hydrothermal fluids.

Committee: John Rakovan (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, Miami University, 2011, Geology and Environmental Earth Science

This dissertation includes three projects related to the isotope geochemistry of ocean island basalts (OIB) in the Azores archipelago. Detailed studies of Hf, Os and Li isotope systematics are combined with Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes and trace elements to investigate the nature and origin of mantle heterogeneity beneath the Azores. In addition, new microwave digestion methods have been developed and tested for dissolution of samples for Os isotope analysis. The first project focuses on Hf-Os isotope systematics of basalts from the Azores Central Group islands (Faial, Pico, Sao Jorge and Terceira) with HIMU and EM-type signatures. Sub-chondritic 187Os/188Os and ΔεHf signatures on or slightly below the terrestrial εHf - εNd array indicate that the mantle sources of these basalts do not contain significant recycled crustal material. Rather, the sources of the basalts are interpreted to include variable and geographically controlled mixtures of a deeply derived enriched mantle plume, relatively depleted mantle similar to that beneath the Mid-Atlantic ridge, and recycled metasomatized mantle wedge. The second project focuses on assessing the utility of Li isotopes as a tracer of heterogeneous mantle sources. The δ7Li data of Central Group island (Faial, Pico and Terceira) and Sao Miguel basalts vary only slightly (+3.1 to +4.7‰), and are all within the range of normal MORB, despite large variations in radiogenic isotopes. Nevertheless, the Central Group island basalts have, on average, slightly higher δ7Li than Sao Miguel, and exhibit positive correlations with Sr and Os isotopes, and negative correlations with Pb, Nd and Hf isotopes, and are consistent with the interpretations of the Hf-Os isotope study. New diffusion modeling furthermore suggests that mantle heterogeneities induced by subduction processes may be maintained in the mantle for timescales of >2.5Ga. The third project assesses the utility of microwave digestion for Os isotopic analysis. Compared to conventional (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Elisabeth Widom Ph.D. (Advisor); William Hart Ph.D. (Committee Member); Michael Brudzinski Ph.D. (Committee Member); Paul Tomascak Ph.D. (Committee Member); Michael Crowder Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Geochemistry; Geology