Master of Arts, Case Western Reserve University, 2020, Psychology

Three experiments evaluated the impact of time-processed stimuli on speech recognition in noise and in quiet. Results from Experiment 1 indicated decreased masked-speech recognition when stimuli were compressed to 80% of the original duration, though expansion (up to 120% of the original rate) had no impact on performance. Experiment 2 evaluated masked-speech recognition for naturally spoken productions and time-processed speech that varied in rate. Time-processed speech caused a decrease in performance when compared to naturally spoken sentences though matched in rate (for both faster and slower rates). In both experiments, listeners perceived significant distortion when listening in quiet to all rate-altered stimuli. However, the level of noticeable distortion did not correlate with masked-speech recognition ability. Experiment 3 confirmed that, despite audible distortion, time-processed speech presented in quiet was highly intelligible. Results support that masked-speech recognition is negatively impacted by time-processed fast speech when compressed by at least 80%.

Committee: Lauren Calandruccio Ph.D. (Advisor); Angela Ciccia Ph.D. (Committee Member); Lee Thompson Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Acoustics

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2018, Experimental Psychology (Arts and Sciences)

In risky choice literature, decisions differ if based on described versus experienced risk information. This phenomenon is called the description-experienced gap (the DE gap). The DE gap is considered to be related to distinctive cognitive processes which are triggered by different presentation formats of the task. The DE gap has not been explored in the inter-temporal choice domain. Typical time discounting studies ask participants to choose between a large, long-delayed reward and a smaller, short-delayed (or immediate) reward presenting all of the relevant information in symbolic, descriptive forms. In these traditional tasks, delays are usually imagined rather than experienced by participants. In the present study, a new experienced paradigm is constructed and together with a description task, is used to explore possible DE gaps in time discounting. Two studies explore DE gaps in inter-temporal choice using a hyperbolic discounting model which separates order effect, time perception, and delay processes. Study 1 focuses on understanding the magnitude effect (i.e., higher discounting with small values) and DE gaps between the tasks due to different processes as reflected by key model parameters. Using the same strategy, Study 2 focuses on the sign-effect (i.e., different discounting for gains and losses). Results showed that people discounted more in the experienced tasks than in the description tasks. Analysis of estimated parameters revealed that people perceived the same length of time as longer in the experienced tasks than in the description tasks. In addition, participants in the experienced task were more easily influenced by the presentation order, that is, people were less likely to wait in later trials compared to earlier trials. Interestingly, both studies found that the parameter k which represented people's ability of self-control was lower in the experienced tasks than in the description tasks, meaning that participants exerted stronger self-con (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Claudia Gonzalez-Vallejo (Advisor); Jeff Vancouver (Committee Member); Bruce Carlson (Committee Member); Keithe Markman (Committee Member); Glenn Dutcher (Committee Member) Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Cognitive Psychology; Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2025, Biomedical Engineering

This dissertation focuses on non-perceptual effects of artificial sensation measured by effects in the motor system. Tactile feedback is used throughout the brain, from the “highest” cortical level to the “lower” spinal or brain stem level. Touch is first used before perception, or pre-perceptually, by the brain stem in simple, automatic modulation of the motor system. For example, carrying an object from place to place or even shifting it in one's hand involves many changing tactile signals. Even a single ridge of a fingertip supplies a unique signal for use in object manipulation. If one had to actively perceive and act upon all this information, merely picking up an object would become overwhelming. Fortunately, the lower levels of our brain automatically make minor adjustments to grip based on tactile information. What is not known is how relevant perceptual qualities are to these automatic corrections to grip. The cortex, not the brainstem, is the location of tactile perception, so it stands to reason that the brainstem does not require “natural” qualities of tactile feedback. Our lab has a group of participants with peripheral nerve cuff electrodes we can stimulation through. We tested how well artificial tactile feedback would integrate with the sensorimotor system in tasks of increasing complexity. We found that peripheral nerve stimulation is processed similarly to naturally generated touch with and without perception and may engage with the motor system as seen by the intent to modulate grip force.

Committee: Dustin Tyler (Advisor); A Bolu Ajiboye (Committee Chair); Hillel Chiel (Committee Member); M. Cenk Çavuşoğlu (Committee Member) Subjects: Biomedical Engineering; Engineering; Neurosciences

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1971, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2022, Speech and Hearing Science

The three manuscripts presented here examine concepts related to speech perception in noise and ways to overcome poor speech intelligibility without depriving listeners of environmental sound recognition. Because of hearing-impaired (HI) listeners' auditory deficits, there is a substantial need for speech-enhancement (noise reduction) technology. Recent advancements in deep learning have resulted in algorithms that significantly improve the intelligibility of speech in noise, but in order to be suitable for real-world applications such as hearing aids and cochlear implants, these algorithms must be causal, talker independent, corpus independent, and noise independent. Manuscript 1 involves human-subjects testing of a novel, time-domain-based algorithm that fulfills these fundamental requirements. Algorithm processing resulted in significant intelligibility improvements for both HI and normal-hearing (NH) listener groups in each signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise type tested. In Manuscript 2, the range of speech-to-background ratios (SBRs) over which NH and HI listeners can accurately perform both speech and environmental recognition was determined. Separate groups of NH listeners were tested in conditions of selective and divided attention. A single group of HI listeners was tested in the divided attention experiment. Psychometric functions were generated for each listener group and task type. It was found that both NH and HI listeners are capable of high speech intelligibility and high environmental sound recognition over a range of speech-to-background ratios. The range and location of optimal speech-to-background ratios differed across NH and HI listeners. The optimal speech-to-background ratio also depended on the type of environmental sound present. Conventional deep-learning algorithms for speech enhancement target maximum intelligibly by removing as much noise as possible while maintaining the essential characteristics of the target speech signal (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Eric Healy (Advisor); Rachael Holt (Committee Member); DeLiang Wang (Committee Member) Subjects: Acoustics; Artificial Intelligence; Audiology; Behavioral Sciences; Communication; Computer Engineering; Health Sciences

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), University of Findlay, 2019, Education

This study examines the non-cognitive factors of motivation, perception, and time management on the abilities of NCAA Division III wrestlers who have become both scholar All-Americans and athletic All-Americans in the same season, an achievement known as Double All-American. The study attempted to determine who and what are the main influences on non-cognitive factors and how these influences affect the daily decisions of the participants who have found success in both athletics and academics. A qualitative research design and phenomenological methods were used to examine the experiences of student athletes who have been successful on and off the mat. Five Division III student wrestlers who have achieved double All-American status at least once in their career were interviewed via Skype. The interview questions focused on the influence of the coaches, parents, peers, professors, and campuses on student wrestler motivation, perception, and time management. It was found that all five participants were highly motivated by their coaches, peers, and parents, and moderately motivated by their professors and the campus in general. Participants were motivated to do well in both academics and athletics, perceived themselves as students and as athletes, and found a way to manage time successfully and in a way that fit their individual personalities. An unexpected finding was that academics and athletics may be beneficial to one another because participants became more disciplined with their time during the competitive season.

Committee: John Cindric Dr (Committee Chair); Michael Scoles Dr (Committee Member); Aaron Huffman Dr (Committee Member) Subjects: Education; Higher Education

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2018, Philosophy

I argue that, for Kant, the inner representation of time enables the direct perception of change, whether it is the self or an external object that undergoes alteration. My interpretation contrasts with a standard view of Kant according to which time only enables direct perception of the temporal qualities of the self. My dissertation project orients Kant's philosophy of time within a significant philosophical tradition that links time with change (a theme found in Parmenides, Augustine, and Husserl, among others).

Committee: Lisa Shabel Dr. (Advisor); Lisa Downing Dr. (Committee Member); Julia Jorati Dr. (Committee Member); Tamar Rudavsky Dr. (Committee Member); Clinton Tolley Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1986, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1980, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Education

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1975, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1966, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1961, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1961, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1957, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

MARCH, University of Cincinnati, 2016, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning: Architecture

Waiting in queue lines is an overall frustrating and aggravating experience for people, because high anxiety levels and boredom make the perception of time feel long. Additionally, the era of instant gratification has amplified the painful experience of waiting to the point that, soon, merely guiding people through a queue will no longer be tolerable or acceptable. In order to manipulate time perception and improve the experience, a valid architectural proposal for queue lines should address a finite expectation about the wait, so anxiety levels are reduced, and multisensory and interactive experiences, since intervals of time filled with sensory stimuli produce bodily reactions and time distortions, where individuals are unable to estimate the passing of time. Specifically, the analyses of related literature and successful case studies will support an approach for waiting in lines that will not only explore the shortening of time, but rather distort it, so the experience will be perceived as a worthwhile, memorable transition. A South American Pavilion at EPCOT, Walt Disney World, will be produced as a “continuous queue” exhibit space to present to an audience of business managers, marketing analysts and Disney executive architects, in benefit for their business, customers, and guests. As a result of this production, these audiences will gain valuable insight about how architectural design can not only make people perceive time as short, but rather manipulate it, with a place that will offer visitors the opportunity to take their time to constantly stop, fully experience, actively engage, learn, and enjoy a playful and surreal changing environment. The aftermath of these actions will be a memorable experience for their visitors, a high rated image of their service, and an improved customer retention for their business as well.

Committee: William Williams (Committee Chair); Vincent Sansalone (Committee Member) Subjects: Architecture

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2015, Arts and Sciences: History

“Wreaths of Time” broadly explores perceptions of the year's time in Germany during the long sixteenth century (approx. 1475-1650), an era that experienced unprecedented change with regards to the way the year was measured, reckoned and understood. Many of these changes involved the transformation of older, medieval temporal norms and habits. The Gregorian calendar reforms which began in 1582 were a prime example of the changing practices and attitudes towards the year's time, yet this event was preceded by numerous other shifts. The gradual turn towards astronomically-based divisions between the four seasons, for example, and the use of 1 January as the civil new year affected depictions and observations of the year throughout the sixteenth century. Relying on a variety of printed cultural historical sources—especially sermons, calendars, almanacs and treatises—“Wreaths of Time” maps out the historical development and legacy of the year as a perceived temporal concept during this period. In doing so, the project bears witness to the entangled nature of human time perception in general, and early modern perceptions of the year specifically. During this period, the year was commonly perceived through three main modes: the year of the civil calendar, the year of the Church, and the year of nature, with its astronomical, agricultural and astrological cycles. As distinct as these modes were, however, they were often discussed in richly corresponding ways by early modern authors. Rather than extricating these strands of understanding, each chapter engages a site of entanglement or tension between multiple notions of the year's time, drawing attention to the rich conceptual syntheses that characterized temporal understandings of the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century world. The picture that emerges sheds light on an era during which the year changed and solidified as a temporal concept. While, to some degree, the year's time gave way to greater uniformity during th (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Sigrun Haude Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Robert Kolb Ph.D. (Committee Member); Maura O'Connor Ph.D. (Committee Member); Tracy Teslow Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: History

Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA), Bowling Green State University, 2015, Contemporary Music

The late compositions (ca. 1980-1987) by Morton Feldman are noted for slow tempos, a quiet dynamic, but most of all, for their length. The String Quartet No. 2 (1983), at approximately six hours, and For Philip Guston (1984), at approximately four hours, are the most extreme examples of his late style. Inevitably, someone listening to these works must come to grips with this duration; traditional modes of listening in terms of form and memory are thwarted. Christian eschatology, the theology of the future, meditates on the differences between human time and the eternal time of God. Considering Feldman, length, manner of composition, and perception of time can be interpreted as a symbolic representation of an eternal sense of time. I will combine psychological and philosophical approaches towards time to suggest that experiential time is essentially subjective. By using musical analysis, and eschatology, I will apply this way of thinking about time to devise a theory of interpreting the experience of For Philip Guston. It is my conclusion that the piece represents the state of the eschaton—the spiritual place where divine eternity and human temporality meet—by making use of nonlinear music (representing the divine) but featuring a structurally important linear motive (representing the human).

Committee: Thomas Rosenkranz (Advisor); Michael Ellison (Committee Member); Elizabeth Menard (Committee Member); Christopher Dietz (Committee Member) Subjects: Music; Theology

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2013, Experimental Psychology (Arts and Sciences)

Temporal perception is known to be influenced by various contextual factors and a considerable portion of the literature has explored the relationship between subjective temporal estimates (STEs) and the complexity of dynamic environmental stimuli. In general, researchers have shown that increases in stimulus complexity result in subjective time dilation. That is, complex and dynamic stimuli tend to result in STEs that are longer than STEs for less complex stimuli. In the following, the influence of stimulus structure on the perceived duration of multiple time intervals is reviewed. In doing so, we discuss an alternative approach that has been used in previous research (Vigo & Zeigler, 2013). This approach precisely quantifies the structural complexity inherent to the visual display of a temporal judgment task and has successfully accounted for STEs across multiple time intervals. Our approach is based on categorical invariance theory and one of its models (the exponential categorical invariance model; Vigo, 2009, 2011a, 2011b, 2013) and was used to model estimations of duration by participants. Further, we describe how this work can be extended to account for additional experimental conditions. Finally, we provide a comprehensive review of stimulus based variables that affect temporal processing and place these findings in the context of the relationship between perceived duration and complexity.

Committee: Ronaldo Vigo (Committee Chair) Subjects: Cognitive Psychology

MA, University of Cincinnati, 2013, Arts and Sciences: Psychology

Much of our everyday behavior is grounded in our social environment, dependent on the perceptions and action of others. A number of theories have been suggested concerning the ability of individuals to appropriately and effectively respond to the behaviors of others. One predominant view maintains that shared motor representations facilitate the prediction of upcoming events. Another prevalent theory proposes dynamical entrainment processes that operate to constrain and influence the time-evolving response variability of co-acting individuals. Where the former common-coding perspective points to abstract representational or neurocognitive mechanisms to explain joint action behavior, the latter dynamical systems perspective seeks to uncover the dynamical process that underlie the formation of behavioral movements and actions. Specifically, dynamical systems research examines the complex interactions that bind the components of the human movement system together, and to a task environment, in terms of how they reflect the dynamical organization of ongoing behavioral order. Many studies conducted within these perspectives use contrived reaction time tasks and non-goal directed, contextually independent movements in response to non-social stimuli. As a consequence, though these different interpretations of joint action offer substantial evidence for their respective claims of the processes that support social joint action, they may not be representative of the dynamic, time-evolving response behavior that occurs between two genuine co-actors. The current research investigated the possibility that more information about joint response behavior could be uncovered by utilizing a whole-body movement in response to authentic, biological movements of another individual. In order to better understand the dynamic assembly of socially situated responses, the present research examined the anticipatory postural adjustments and the ongoing motor control of responsive action to t (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Michael Richardson Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Rachel Kallen Ph.D. (Committee Member); Michael Riley Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychology

Master of Fine Arts, The Ohio State University, 2012, Art

This thesis is a retelling of my experiences, explorations, discoveries, and productions during the past two years of study in the Master of Fine Arts program in the Art and Technology area of The Ohio State University's Department of Art 2010-2012. I discuss some of the thinking and working processes, conceptual and material concerns, as well as execution and exhibition methods of my work. I briefly discuss pieces made before I came to the M.F.A. program and speak about specific pieces created during my time at OSU and things I learned in the making process.

Committee: Kenneth Rinaldo (Advisor); Ann Hamilton (Committee Member); Laura Lisbon (Committee Member); Sydney Walker Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Aesthetics; Communication; Fine Arts