PHD, Kent State University, 2016, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Physics

Organic electronics offer the possibility of producing low cost, flexible, and large area electronics. Organic semiconductors (OSCs) (organic polymers and crystals), used in organic electronics, are promising materials for novel optical and electronic devices such as organic light emitting diodes, organic field effect transistors, organic sensors, and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). OSCs are composed of molecules weakly held together via van der Walls forces rather than covalent bonds as in the case of inorganic semiconductors such as Si. The combined effect of small wave function overlap, spatial and energetic disorder in organic semiconducting materials lead to localization of charge carriers and, in many cases, hopping conduction. OSCs also differ from conventional semiconductors in that charges photogeneration (e.g., in OPVs) proceeds via the production, diffusion, and dissociation of excitons. Liquid crystalline OSCs (LCOSCs) are semiconductors with phases intermediate between the highly ordered crystalline and completely disordered liquid phases. These materials offer many advantages including facile alignment and the opportunity to study the effects of differing intermolecular geometries on transfer integrals, disorder-induced trapping, charge mobilities, and photogeneration efficiency. In this dissertation work, we explored the photogeneration and charge transport mechanisms in a few model smectic and discotic LCs to better understand the governing principles of photogeneration and charge transport using conventional and novel methods based on the pulsed laser time-of-flight charge carrier transport technique. Four major interrelated topics were considered in this research. First, a sample of smectic LC was aligned in order to compare the resulting hole mobility to that of an unaligned sample, with the aim of understanding how the intermolecular alignment over large length scales affects the hopping probability. The role of the polarization of the photogene (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Brett Ellman Dr. (Committee Chair); Samuel Sprunt Dr. (Committee Member); John Portman Dr. (Committee Member); Björn Lüssem Dr. (Committee Member); Robert Twieg Dr. (Committee Member); Michael Tubergen Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Condensed Matter Physics; Materials Science; Physics; Solid State Physics

Master of Science in Electrical Engineering (MSEE), Wright State University, 2017, Electrical Engineering

This thesis explores a novel detection architecture for use in a Direct-Detect Flash LIDAR system. The proposed architecture implements detection of the last two surfaces within single pixels of a target scene. The novel, focal plane integrated detector design allows for detection of objects behind sparse and/or partially reflective covering such as forest canopy. The proposed detector would be duplicated and manufactured on-chip behind each avalanche photodiode within a focal plane array. Analog outputs are used to minimize interference from digital components on the analog input signal. The proposed architecture is a low-footprint solution which requires low computational post-processing. Additionally, constant fraction discrimination is used to mitigate range walk. The proposed architecture is designed in 90nm CMOS technology. The footprint is 170.1 µm² with the largest transistor dimension being 22 µm. The design is easily expandable in hardware to allow additional surfaces to be detected.

Committee: Saiyu Ren Ph.D. (Advisor); Arnab Shaw Ph.D. (Advisor); Ray Siferd Ph.D. (Committee Member); Robert Muse (Other) Subjects: Electrical Engineering

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2024, Engineering and Applied Science: Aerospace Engineering

A major concern in the oil and gas industry is erosion corrosion which can cause catastrophic failure in pipelines. To monitor and prevent this failure, networks of acoustic emission sensors have been installed on pipelines to detect the presence of abrasive particles in the fluid flow. These abrasive particles damage the inside walls of the pipes through high-velocity impact. It would be advantageous to utilize the ultrasonic transducers in these existing monitoring systems to measure wall thickness. Two main roadblocks exist in utilizing these transducers for wall thickness measurements. First, these systems do not have a way of providing the typical excitation needed for ultrasonic measurements. To combat this issue, this thesis explores two different passive approaches: one that requires no purposeful excitation and another that utilizes acoustic emission from particle impact and fluid flow within the pipe. The second challenge in measuring wall thickness using existing transducers is the frequency range of these transducers which is much lower than what is typically used for ultrasonic time-of-flight thickness measurements. To address this problem, this thesis explores the sensitivity of transducers to the upper limits of their frequency range using a time-of-flight method. Additionally, for thinner-walled components which would require even higher frequencies, a resonant ultrasound spectroscopy method is explored. Experimental measurements using the different measurement modalities and passive excitation approaches are shown using multiple transducers. Several of the experimental combinations tested show good agreement with active measurements and show promise in determining wall thickness.

Committee: Joseph Corcoran Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Francesco Simonetti Ph.D. (Committee Member); Gui-Rong Liu Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Aerospace Engineering

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 0, Physics and Astronomy (Arts and Sciences)

The proton structure of 11B, which can be studied via proton induced reactions or transfer reactions on 10Be, has numerous applications in nuclear astrophysics. Reactions involving 10Be play a significant role in Core-Collapse Supernovae and in Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis. Additionally, the structure of 11B above neutron thresholds is important for neutron detection. Recently published work proposes a new excited state for 11B at Ex = 11.4 MeV. However this work finds no evidence for the existence of this resonance. An initial investigation into the proton structure of 11B was conducted at Edwards Accelerator Laboratory by studying the 10Be(d, n)11B reaction employing deuteron beam energies of seven, eight, and nine MeV. The resulting neutrons were measured at 0◦ by a detector located in a neutron time of flight tunnel. Through time of flight methods, populated states of 11B were studied via differential cross section measurements with particular interest at higher excitation energies.

Committee: Carl Brune (Advisor) Subjects: Astrophysics; Nuclear Physics

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 0, Physics and Astronomy (Arts and Sciences)

The production mechanisms for boron, as well as for beryllium and lithium, are hypothesized to lie outside well established standard stellar nucleosynthesis processes. Boron is thought to have been formed via Core Collapse Supernovae as well as via cosmic ray nucleosynthesis. It is an element whose astrophysical origins facilitate a glimpse into some of the more extreme astrophysical processes in the Universe. Boron's stable isotopes, 10B and 11B, have therefore been studied for some time. The single proton structure of the 11B isotope, however, is understudied. For the purpose of studying the 11B single proton structure, we measured the 10Be(p,n)10B reaction at the Edwards Accelerator Laboratory by bombarding an 85-µg/cm2-thick 10BeO target with a proton beam. Two separate techniques were used: the time-of-fight method, and a neutron counting scheme via the use of proportional counters. The diferential and angle-integrated reaction cross sections were measured in the 0.5 ≤ Ep ≤ 7.0 MeV energy range using the Swinger beamline as well as the Helium Boron-Trifuoride Giant Barrel (HeBGB) neutron detector, respectively. Swinger beamline measurements measured a 0◦ excitation function in the 2.0 ≤ Ep ≤ 7.0 MeV energy range, and resonances were observed at Ep = 2.2-2.5, 3.5, 4.5-4.7, and 5.7 MeV. Angular distributions up to 150◦ and 105◦ were measured at 2.5 and 3.5 MeV, respectively. An angle-integrated excitation function was measured in the 0.5 ≤ Ep ≤ 2.4 MeV energy range using HeBGB. Resonances were observed at Ep = 1.09 - 1.55, 1.8, and 2.4 MeV. Gamma-ray spectra were also measured via the Swinger beamline, using a LaBr3 detector. Gamma-rays corresponding to the decay of the first two excited states of 10B, as well as the first excited state of 7Li, were observed. Lastly, a new target holder for HeBGB was designed and implemented to facilitate beam collimation when bombarding the 10BeO target

Committee: Carl Brune (Advisor) Subjects: Experiments; Nuclear Physics; Physics

Master of Science (M.S.), University of Dayton, 2022, Electrical Engineering

This work addresses the problem of shot noise in Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera depth sensors, which is caused by the random nature of photon emission and detection. In this paper, we derive a Bayesian denoising technique based on Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) probability estimation, implemented in the wavelet domain, which denoises (2D) depth images acquired by ToF cameras. We also propose a new noise model describing the photon noise present in the raw ToF data. We demonstrate that the raw data captured by ToF camera depth sensors follows a Skellam distribution. We test the resulting denoising technique, in the millimeter level, with real sensor data and verify that it performs better than other denoising methods described in the literature.

Committee: Keigo Hirakawa (Advisor) Subjects: Electrical Engineering

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2020, Translational Plant Sciences

The use of microbial inoculants to control plant disease is an increasingly used method in agriculture to mitigate damage caused by phytopathogens across a variety of systems. Best management practices to control many plant diseases can include use of multiple types of control measures in which biocontrol is one of a suite of tools used. One bacteria genus commonly investigated as biocontrol agents is Pseudomonas. These bacteria are known to be capable of promoting plant growth and reducing damage caused by disease though a variety of modes of action including nutrient competition and niche exclusion, secretion of antibiotic compounds including phenazines, DAPG, and pyoluteorin, and production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The primary focus of this dissertation, broadly, is the use of microorganisms (specifically Pseudomonas spp.) as biocontrol agents. Studies performed using these bacteria, both physically and conceptually, ranged from basic science, to small-scale microplot field trials, to applied market research. The focus of Chapters 2 and 3 of this work was investigating the role of VOCs in the biocontrol of nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) and fungi (Fusarium oxysporum) under in vitro conditions. The first objective of this work was to investigate how bacterial VOCs affected the growth and activity of other microorganisms, and determine what bioactive VOCs are produced by the bacteria. In shared-air indirect exposure assays using a diverse group of 20 bacteria (19 strains of Pseudomonas representing seven species and one of Pantoea agglomerans) we established that a majority the of the bacteria tested produced VOCs inhibitory to both C. elegans and F. oxysporum while other strains were only effective in inhibiting C. elegans. We performed VOC profiling using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) to compare differences in volatile production between the bioactive and non-bioactive strains. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Christopher Taylor PhD (Advisor); Joshua Blakeslee PhD (Committee Member); Michelle Jones PhD (Committee Member); Sally Miller PhD (Committee Member); Stephanie Strand PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Plant Pathology; Plant Sciences

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2016, Physics and Astronomy (Arts and Sciences)

The Deuterium-Deuteron (DD) reaction has been used as a neutron source to study the transport of neutrons in natural iron. The scattering targets are used in the form of spheres and the neutron transmission measurement has been done at 7-MeV incident deuteron beam energy. The purpose of this study is to test the elastic and non-elastic neutron scattering cross sections for iron in the ENDF/B-VII data library, as some indications about the inaccuracy of those cross sections have been found from previous studies. The experiment has been carried out using the 4.5-MV tandem accelerator at Edwards Accelerator Laboratory at Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. The DD source reaction has been measured at 5- and 7-MeV deuteron beam energy. The D(d,n) sup>3He monoenergetic reaction cross section has been measured from 0°to 135° at both 5- and 7-MeV beam energy and the D(d,np)D breakup reaction cross section has been measured up to 60° laboratory angles at 7-MeV beam energy. The target used is a deuterium gas cell of 3-cm length at approximately 2 atmosphere absolute pressure. The neutron energy is determined using the time of flight method. A NE213 liquid scintillation detector is used for neutron detection and the thick-target 27Al(d,n) reaction is used for the determination of neutron detector efficiency. The monoenergetic reaction cross section has been found to be in reasonable agreement with previous evaluations. The neutron transmission studies through iron spheres is done using two natural iron spheres with thicknesses of 3 and 8 cm. The DD source measurement (sphere-off) were repeated for the transmission studies and the neutron source was covered with the spheres for the transmission measurements. The experimental transmitted neutron spectrum is compared with the calculation done using Monte Carlo simulation code MCNP6.1 developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. MCNP uses ENDF/B-VII.1 evaluated iron cross section for the simulation. The calculated and experimenta (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Carl Brune (Advisor) Subjects: Nuclear Physics

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2016, Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (Engineering and Technology)

In this dissertation, an integrated automatic flight controller for fixed-wing aircraft Loss-of-Control (LOC) Prevention and Recovery (iLOCPR) is designed. The iLOCPR system comprises: (i) a baseline flight controller for six degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) trajectory tracking for nominal flight designed by trajectory linearization, (ii) a bandwidth adaption augmentation to the baseline controller for LOC prevention using the timevarying PD-eigenvalues to trade tracking performance for increased stability margin and robustness in the presence of LOC-prone flight conditions, (iii) a controller reconfiguration for LOC arrest by switching from the trajectory tracking task to the aerodynamic angle tracking in order to recover and maintain healthy flight conditions at the cost of temporarily abandoning the mission trajectory, (iv) a guidance trajectory designer for mission restoration after the successful arrest of a LOC upset, and (v) a supervisory discrete-eventdriven Automatic Flight Management System (AFMS) to autonomously coordinate the control modes (i) - (iv). Theoretical analysis and simulation results are shown for the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Committee: Jim Zhu (Advisor); Douglas Lawrence (Committee Member); Frank Van Grass (Committee Member); Robert Williams (Committee Member); Aili Guo (Committee Member); Sergiu Aizicovici (Committee Member) Subjects: Aerospace Engineering; Engineering

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Wright State University, 2015, Engineering PhD

While aircraft pilots must attain awareness of both pertinent spatial and temporal navigation information in the Next Generation Air Transportation System, current flight decks present spatial and temporal information separately. This research explored display design to enhance situation awareness (SA) while conducting navigation with spatial and temporal constraints (space-time navigation). For Experiment 1, static maps were developed for space-time navigation including scheduled/estimated time of arrival for passengers at bus stops on public bus routes. The maps varied time status representation and format of indicated time into four conditions. To examine SA, the test program provided 23 non-pilot participants with the maps and different questions asking about the spatial and/or temporal statuses. Participants answered questions faster and more accurately when the time formats of question and map were compatible. Also, time length format was as effective as exact time format, and the text + graphics maps showed a benefit. For Experiment 2, flight deck displays composed of a navigation display (ND) and a control display unit (CDU) were developed varying display proximity between space and time information. Compared with the traditional standard pilot displays, display proximity manipulation included adding required/estimated time of arrival text on the ND, adding temporal conformance graphic bars on the CDU, and integrating all temporal texts and conformance graphics on the ND. Fifteen pilots participated in queries about the spatial and/or temporal status to evaluate their SA during autopilot simulation in four display conditions. The increased display proximity conditions were as good or better with respect to pilot speed and accuracy and subjectively were perceived less difficult to answer compared with the traditional condition. In Experiment 3, 14 pilots flew a simulated flight, and their compliance of spatial and temporal requirements at scheduled waypoints (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Jennie J. Gallimore Ph.D. (Advisor); Yan Liu Ph.D. (Committee Member); Pratik J. Parikh Ph.D. (Committee Member); Pamela P. Tsang Ph.D. (Committee Member); Michael E. Miller Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Cognitive Psychology; Design; Engineering; Technology; Transportation

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2013, Physics and Astronomy (Arts and Sciences)

The neutron energy spectra of the 9Be(p,n)9B reaction have been studied at 4.50-, 2.107-, 2.002-, and 2.065-MeV proton energies via the neutron time-of-flight technique. The 4.5-MeV proton beam was incident on the 15-µm-thick 9Be target at the angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 95°, 120°, and 149.8°. The differential cross section of the reaction at these angles was also determined. No evidence of the first excited state of the 9B nucleus was found in the range of 1-2 MeV excitation energy. This result could possibly be attributed to the fact that either this state is weakly populated or is very wide. The neutron energy spectra of the 9Be(p,n)9B reaction at proton energies near the threshold value were also studied. No narrow resonances were observed near the threshold of the 9Be(p,n)9B reaction which contradicts the previous observations.

Committee: Carl Brune (Advisor) Subjects: Physics

Master of Science in Mathematics, Youngstown State University, 2007, Department of Mathematics and Statistics

The objective of this paper is to analyze the number of passengers flying a sample of three airlines before and after 9/11 to discover whether there has been a recovery. The three airlines were modeled using simple linear regression and time series analysis. Dummy variables and trigonometric functions were used to mimic the seasonal variation and additive decomposition was used to remove the seasonal component and model the trend. The additive decomposition quadratic models were deemed the best fits. From the quadratic models is concluded that the three airlines chosen for this paper have recovered from the effects of 9/11.

Committee: G. Kerns (Advisor) Subjects: Mathematics; Statistics

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2004, Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (Engineering and Technology)

This thesis describes the development of a fixed base flight simulator capable of hardware-in-the-loop testing of aviation electronics, or “avionics”. The system is composed of a pilot controlled 6 degree-of-freedom aircraft model, a flight display, and a hardware interface to an ARINC 429 avionics databus. Avionics can be connected to this databus for testing. These systems are combined in a modular fashion allowing easy re-configuration for use with various aircraft models, and testing of avionics using databuses other than ARINC 429. This modular design is achieved by using an aircraft model constructed in Matlab's Simulink, and by relaying the model data to the display and ARINC 429 interface using the UDP network protocol.

Committee: Maarten Uijt de Haag (Advisor) Subjects:

PHD, Kent State University, 2010, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Physics

Organic semiconductors(OSs) have stirred huge commercial interest due to their potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices such as field effect transistors, photovoltaic cells, and organic light-emitting diodes. Major benefits of OSs over conventional semiconductors include mechanical flexibility, low temperature processing, very low cost, and ease of fabrication in large area electronic devices on plastic and paper substrates. Liquid crystals (LCs) are particularly interesting classes of OSs, both from the standpoints of fundamental physics and practical applications. Systems we studied include a thiophene-benzene-thiophene-based smectic (1,4-di-(5-n-tridecylthien-2-yl)-benzene). This material exhibited polaron band behavior with very impressive hole transport (> 0.1 cm2/Vs with the smectic-F phase templating large domains of more ordered phases with very large mobilities. The mobilities are high enough to be of practical interest. Another project involved calamitic LCs with pyridine-thiophene-thiophene-pyridine cores (5, 5'-di-(alkyl-pyridin-yl)-2, 2' bithiophenes). We found both electron and hole mobilities to be strongly electric field dependent but very weakly dependent on temperature. Pyridine-based LCs often exhibit very high order smectic phases and are therefore of interest as OSs. However, the mobilities of these materials were found quite low, even in high-order phases. We were able to describe some part of our data using Basseler's theory of hopping conduction in disordered systems. We also studied charge transport in a triphenylene-based discotic LC (1-nitro-2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11-hexakis (pentyloxy) triphenylene). This material showed strong temperature and field dependent hole mobilities described by disorder dominated one-dimensional hopping. Since the columnar phase exists over a wide range of temperatures, such photo-conducting materials may be very useful for applications in electronics. Finally, we developed a technique to m (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Brett Ellman (Committee Chair); Antal Jakli (Committee Member); Almut Schroeder (Committee Member); Samuel Sprunt (Committee Member); Robert Twieg (Committee Member) Subjects: Physics

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2005, Macromolecular Science

The experimental research program that forms the basis of this thesis has been directed towards the design, synthesis, processing and physical characterization of well-defined conjugated polymer networks. It attempts to provide answers to the questions how such materials can be synthesized and processed and how the introduction of cross-links can be exploited for the creation of polymeric materials with optimized optic and electronic characteristics. Interestingly, this family of materials has received little attention in the past, at least as far as systematic studies of well-defined systems are concerned. This situation may be a direct consequence of the challenge to introduce conjugated cross-links into conjugated polymers and retain adequate processibility. We have shown that organometallic polymer networks based on linear conjugated polymers are readily accessible through ligand-exchange reactions. This approach was exemplified by exploiting the ethynyl moieties comprised in poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) derivatives as ligand sites, which allow for complexation with selected metals and cross-linking via the resulting PPE-Metal complexes. Focusing on the dinuclear complex [Pt-(μ-Cl)Cl-PPE]2 and PPE-Pt0 as crosslinks, we have conducted an in-depth investigation on how the nature of the metal cross-links influences the materials characteristics, in particular the charge transport properties. We first investigated the charge carrier mobility of poly[2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-diethynyl-phenylene-alt-2,5-bis(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene] (EHO-OPPE), as a classic representative of poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) derivatives, which represent an important class of conjugated polymers. In what appears to be the first study ever conducted on the mobility of any PPE, we found that EHO-OPPE displays ambipolar charge transport characteristics with very high electron (1.9*10-3 cm2V-1s-1) and hole (1.6*10-3 cm2V-1s-1)) mobilities. Most importantly, the introduction of Pt0 (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Christoph Weder (Advisor) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 1993, Biomedical Engineering

While gaining clinical acceptance, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) continues to suffer difficulties associated with spin dephasing in regions of complex flow and spin saturation in regions of slow flow. The objectives of this research are to reduce these two artifacts in three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight (TOF) MRA and clinically evaluate them for sickle cell anemia, arteriovenous malformation, stenosis and aneurysm patients. In this research, a very short echo time (TE) is used to reduce the difficulties associated with spin dephasing. Magnetization transfer saturation (MTS) and fat saturation (FS) pulses are used to suppress the enhanced signal from brain parenchyma and fatty tissue with short TEs. Saturation effects are reduced with a dual-slab MTS acquisition allowing a large region of interest to be covered. Alternatively, a variable TE sequence maintains good flow compensation while suppressing fat signal. A variable repetition time (TR) scheme reduces spin saturation and can be used to enhance vessel contrast or reduce acquisition time. In addition, the contrast agent, Gd-DTPA is used to reduce T1 and enhance vessel signal. As this enhances all vessels, a vessel tracking is used as a post-processing step to separate arteries from veins and to reduce artifacts associated with the MIP. Phase contrast (PC) flow measurement methods are also used to obtain flow information for the primary feeding vessels on the AVM patients prior to and after embolization. In all cases, the artifacts associated with spin dephasing in regions of complex flow are minimized with short TEs. The brain parenchyma is suppressed by 25% by applying the MTS pulse with short TEs. The FS pulse reduces the signal intensity of fatty tissue so that it will not obscure vascular structures. The variable TE acquisition method successfully suppresses fat signal uniformly throughout the entire imaging volume while maintaining good flow compensation. Dual-slab acquisition with MTS overcomes sp (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: George Robinson (Advisor) Subjects: Engineering, Biomedical

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 1991, Biomedical Engineering

Positron Emission Tomography is a functionally based medical imaging modality that utilizes coincidence detection of collinear annihilation photons to reconstruct a quantitative image of the in vivo radiotracer distribution. The presence of scattered coincidences, caused by deflection of one or both of the detected annihilation photons, manifests itself as a degradation in image quality and quantitative accuracy, thus compromising the diagnostic value of the image. The purpose of this thesis is to characterize the magnitude and spatial distribution of scattered radiation so that, in the future, a scheme may be developed to correct images for scatter. To accomplish this goal, a Monte Carlo simulation that models radiation transport through the object and PET camera was developed. The simulation is based on MCNP, a mature, general purpose Monte Carlo code, with customization for needs specific to time-of-flight PET. Strong evidence of the simulation accuracy was found in the good agreement between measured and simulated data. Data obtained from simulation studies of the SP3000 indicate that scattered coincidences are rejected primarily due to geometrical factors related to the camera design and not by energy discrimination. It was also found that, for objects as large a s a human head, the spatial distribution of scattered coincidences in a reconstructed image (obtained without correction for attenuation) is less spatially variant than the point spread function of the PET camera. Further, the distribution is peaked and centered at the source position indicating scattered coincidences contain much good information about the source geometry. A preliminary application of variance reduction resulted in improved Monte Carlo simulation efficiency and indicates that variance reduction merits further investigation. These findings demonstrate the power of Monte Carlo simulation for studying scattered radiation in PET. In the future, the simulation will be used to investigate t (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: A. Nelson (Advisor) Subjects: Health Sciences, Radiology