Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2015, Psychology - Clinical

Exner's (2003) Comprehensive System and Meyer et al.'s (2011) Rorschach Performance Assessment System use Form Quality scores as a method for assessing the accuracy of perceptions on the Rorschach. However, Form Quality is a rather coarse classification method as it is based on just three options along a continuum of perceptual accuracy. There is currently not a fully dimensional Rorschach score that can thoroughly and efficiently tap into both the frequency with which particular objects are reported while taking the test and the perceptual fit of those objects to the cards. This study is focused on exploring the structure of a fit variable, Form Accuracy, in combination with a frequency variable, Percept Frequency, to make progress on a new dimensional method of scoring perceptual accuracy that will improve the ability to identify distorted perceptual processes and impaired reality testing and thus improve validity coefficients in the Rorschach-based identification of psychosis. Percept Frequency tables were developed from six internationally collected samples from Argentina, Brazil, Italy, Japan, Spain, and the U.S. that quantified how often objects were reported while completing the Rorschach task. Form Accuracy ratings were obtained from a database of 13,031 objects that had been rated an average of 9.9 times by different judges from eleven countries who were asked to rate the extent to which the object fit the contours of the inkblot at the location where it was seen. A criterion database containing 159 protocols and 3,897 scorable responses was then scored for Form Accuracy and Percept Frequency. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used to complete structural analyses of Form Accuracy and Percept Frequency scores at the response level, and correlations of these variables were computed at the protocol level with a criterion measure assessing severity of disturbance based on psychiatric diagnoses. Across different levels of aggregation, there was resounding evidenc (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gregory Meyer PhD (Committee Chair); Jeanne Brockmyer PhD (Committee Member); Joni Mihura PhD (Committee Member); Jason Rose PhD (Committee Member); Donald Viglione PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Clinical Psychology

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 1965, Psychology

Committee: John E. Exner Jr. (Advisor) Subjects: Psychology

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 1964, Psychology

Committee: John E. Exner Jr. (Advisor) Subjects: Psychology

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 1962, Psychology

Committee: Brian Sutton-Smith (Advisor) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2021, Psychology - Clinical

The goal of this study is to explore the relationship between narcissism and psychological mindedness using a multimethod assessment, including self-report measures, informant-report measures, a typical performance task, and several maximum performance tasks. Using a sample of college students, participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires and performance tasks and invited people who knew them well to rate them using two informant-report measures. Eight hypotheses were formulated and tested, five of which were supported. According to the findings that supported the hypotheses, first, there was a strong relationship between different maximum performance tasks assessing manifestations of psychological mindedness. Second, there was an association between self-reported psychological mindedness and self-reported personal intelligence. Third, self- and informant correlations were stronger for more observable than less observable scales of narcissism and psychological mindedness. Fourth, two aggrandizing facets of self-reported narcissism, entitlement and self-importance, predicted poorer performance on a maximum performance measure of psychological mindedness. Fifth, individuals with self-reported narcissistic grandiosity overestimated their psychological mindedness as measured by the difference between their estimated and actual performance on a maximum performance task. Of the findings that did not support the hypotheses, first, informant-reported narcissism did not predict narcissistic interpersonal behavior as assessed during a typical performance task. Second, a composite score of maximum performance tasks that assess facets of psychological mindedness did not moderate the convergence between self-ratings and informant ratings. Third, a typical performance measure of narcissism did not predict overreporting success on a maximum performance measure of psychological mindedness. Results expanded a growing nomological network of findings related to narcis (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gregory Meyer Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Joni Mihura Ph.D. (Committee Member); Kim Gratz Ph.D. (Committee Member); Jason Rose Ph.D. (Committee Member); Steven Huprich Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Personality Psychology; Psychological Tests

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2019, Antioch New England: Clinical Psychology

The Rorschach Inkblot Test (“Rorschach”) has historically been viewed as a culturally sensitive assessment instrument because it utilizes nonverbal stimulus cards (Meyer, Viglione, Mihura, Erard, & Erdberg, 2011). As a result, it has been considered a more appropriate assessment tool for bilingual and multilingual patients than assessments which rely heavily on verbal language. However, there are no evidence-based practice recommendations for Rorschach assessment of bi- and multilingual patients, despite the incredible linguistic diversity in the United States and the widespread use of the Rorschach. This dissertation includes a case study of a multilingual French–Israeli immigrant who was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit after friends found her with a suicide note. She was subsequently given a psychological assessment battery, including the R-PAS, for diagnostic clarification. The case study was analyzed using a social justice interpretive framework. The case study highlights the issues that arise when administering the Rorschach to bi- and multilingual patients. The case study protocol was scored using the R-PAS. The R-PAS profile illustrates some of the linguistic issues that arise in assessing someone in a non-preferred language, such as word-finding difficulty and challenges differentiating which variables are due to psychopathology and which are due to linguistic issues. The study also provides an overview of the relevant Rorschach literature, including information on the Rorschach Inkblot Test itself (both the CS and the R-PAS), criticisms of the Rorschach, teaching the Rorschach, and a discussion of the case study's Rorschach assessment results.

Committee: Gargi Roysircar Ed.D. (Committee Chair); Robert Hubbell Psy.D. (Committee Member); Alan Lee Psy.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Clinical Psychology

Psy. D., Antioch University, 2019, Antioch New England: Clinical Psychology

The aim of this study was to explore the Rorschach's ability to predict the working alliance by investigating associations between specific Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) variables and the Goals, Tasks, and Bonds dimensions of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI). Specific R-PAS variables were chosen based their theoretical relatedness to the three dimensions of the WAI. The linear multiple regression results trended toward significance within the Goals domain, with the Human Movement Proportion score (M/MC) significantly predicting individual's initial WAI Goals scores, indicating that individuals who possibly have difficulty modulating their emotions and tend to be more reactive in their responses may have a more difficult time creating and maintaining goals in therapy. The minimal significant finding is most likely due to a lack of statistical power due to a small sample size, making it challenging to detect meaningful relationships among variables. Unique to this study was the opportunity to examine a collective sample of Rorschach tests, which provided information regarding individuals' psychological resources and their cognitive, affective, and relational functioning. From these data, a picture emerged of an individual who would likely consent to take a Rorschach and provide their data for research purposes, providing important clinical implications. Future research with a larger sample size will be necessary to thoroughly examine the relationship between the Rorschach and the WAI.

Committee: Theodore Ellenhorn Ph.D., ABPP (Committee Chair); Vince Pignatiello Psy.D. (Committee Member); Gina Pasquale Psy.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Clinical Psychology; Psychotherapy

Master of Arts, University of Toledo, 2018, Psychology - Clinical

The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between the Rorschach Grandiosity and Narcissism Variables (GNVs), self- and other reports of narcissism, and narcissistic behavior on Facebook to understand how narcissistic tendencies manifest in everyday life. Using a sample of college students, Rorschach protocols were coded for 11 potential grandiosity and narcissism variables, and participants completed the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory and invited someone who knew them well to do the same. Additionally, two criterion scales were constructed, one of reported engagement with Facebook and the other based on judges' ratings of narcissistic behavior on Facebook. After evaluating the factorial cohesiveness of the 11 GNVs, the resulting factor, along with self and other-reported narcissism, were correlated with judges' ratings of narcissistic behavior on Facebook and reported engagement with Facebook. According to the findings, narcissistic grandiosity by other-report was correlated with Facebook Engagement and narcissistic vulnerability by self-report were associated with judge-rated narcissistic behavior on Facebook. Surprisingly, self-reported and other-reported narcissistic grandiosity was strongly correlated, as was self-reported and other-reported narcissistic vulnerability. Additionally, Facebook engagement was associated with judge's ratings of narcissistic behavior on Facebook. Limitations of the study include improper documentation and inadequate clarification by one Rorschach examiner, and the relative absence of participants judged to be highly narcissistic on Facebook. Implications of the findings include the challenge of differentiating narcissism among college students from other types of attention seeking behavior.

Committee: Gregory Meyer (Committee Chair); Joni Mihura (Committee Member); Mojisola Tiamiyu (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychological Tests; Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1960, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1953, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1956, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2016, Psychology - Clinical

The impact of interpersonal dependency can be easily overlooked in clinical and forensic populations despite significant associations with elevated risk for physical illness, suicidality, and functional impairment (Bornstein, 2012). While many measures of interpersonal dependency have been developed and validated across a wide range of clinical populations, there has been minimal research regarding measures appropriate for forensic inpatient mental health populations. The Oral Dependency Language (ODL) scale from the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS; Meyer, Viglione, Mihura, Erard, & Erdberg, 2011) is a widely used and validated performance-based measure of interpersonal dependency, but only one published study has used this scale in a forensic population. The present investigation evaluates how dependency needs might manifest within a forensic inpatient mental health population by comparing ODL scores from 88 patients admitted to a maximum security forensic psychiatric facility with ratings of uncooperativeness and passive social withdrawal from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Fiszbein, & Opler, 1987), a clinician-rated measure of symptoms associated with schizophrenia.Significant negative correlations between ODL scores and the uncooperativeness and passive social withdrawal PANSS items were anticipated but not found. Second, this study also attempted to replicate past research showing a relationship between dependency and physical illness (Bornstein, 1998), with significant positive correlations being expected but not found. Finally, analyses attempted to (a) replicate past research identifying elevated levels of dependency in non-violent pedophiles and sexual homicide perpetrators and (b) extend this research by looking at the relationship between dependency and instant offenses that capture manifestations of orality. Significant positive correlations were hypothesized for both of these analyses but were not found. Lack of con (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Joni Mihura Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Gregory Meyer Ph.D. (Committee Member); Wesley Bullock Ph.D. (Committee Member); Jason Rose Ph.D. (Committee Member); Nicole Kletzka Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Clinical Psychology; Psychological Tests; Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2016, Psychology - Clinical

This study examines the cognitive correlates of ego depletion, the reduction of cognitive self-regulatory resources after engaging in volitional action, from the perspective of measures that are more and less defined by maximal performance criteria, in addition to investigating the association between different measures of cognitive process. It is argued that situations and testing procedures vary in the degree to which typical performance or maximal performance is expressed. The Rorschach, the Design Fluency subtest of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS Design Fluency; Delis, Kaplan, Kramer, Buysch, Noens, & Berckelaer-Onnes, 2007), and the Judgment of Line Orientation Test (JOLO; Benton, Sivan, Hamsher, Varney, & Spreen, 1994) are proposed as measures varying in the degree to which they measure typical versus maximal cognitive performance. This perspective has implications regarding the ecological validity of neuropsychological measures and the utility of the Rorschach in the assessment of cognition. The present results also provide criterion validity evidence for several Rorschach variables indicative of cognitive sophistication. An experimental approach was utilized, with ego depletion serving as the independent variable. The ego depletion paradigm holds that self-regulatory resources are finite and are transiently depleted when one engages in self-regulated behavior (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, and Tice, 1998; Muraven, Tice, and Baumeister, 1998). It was anticipated that the greatest effects of depletion should be on cognition manifest on typical performance tasks because they offer the respondent greater latitude in establishing the task parameters, providing opportunity for the individual to mentally recharge cognitive reserves to a greater extent than cognition manifest on a maximal performance measure, which pulls for correct responding under conditions of clear structure. In the present study, it was anticipated that Rorsch (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gregory Meyer Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Joni Mihura Ph.D. (Committee Member); Mary Haines Ph.D., ABPP (Committee Member); Jason Rose Ph.D. (Committee Member); A. John McSweeny J.D., Ph.D., ABPP (Committee Member) Subjects: Clinical Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2016, Psychology - Clinical

The assessment of narcissistic-like grandiosity could be enhanced by developing methods for its assessment that can complement the predominant methods used now, which are self-report methodology via questionnaires or semi-structured interviews. The aim of this study was to evaluate a broad number of potential ways to capture narcissistic-like grandiose manifestations in imagery and interactive behaviors observed in a Rorschach protocol. Specifically, I coded a set of 11 grandiose or narcissism-related Rorschach variables, evaluated their factorial cohesiveness, and correlated the resulting factor and its component items with a clinician rated criterion measure of grandiosity from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). This was done using a data set of eighty eight inpatient offenders with severe psychiatric disorders collected from the Center for Forensic Psychiatry in Saline, Michigan. Overall, the results supported a one factor solution, but this factor and its corresponding items did not correlate with the grandiosity criterion measure, though on the PANSS grandiosity is specifically tied to delusional grandiosity. In follow-up exploratory analyses, results indicated the factor had significant positive associations with PANSS items of Excitement (.27), Suspiciousness (.28), Somatic Concern (.23) and Guilt Feelings (.22). Overall, results provided converging evidence that a factor defined by four Rorschach variables is present in an inpatient offender population with severe psychiatric disorders, replicating previous research with adults and children (see Gritti, Marino, Lang, & Meyer, 2014; Gritti, Stokes, Pogge, & Meyer, 2014; Marino, Meyer, & Mihura, 2012). Although this factor correlated with clinician ratings of narcissism in an outpatient sample in previous research (i.e., Gritti, Marino, et al., 2014), in this study it did not correlate with ratings of delusional grandiosity. Nonetheless, this research does provide further evidence of a consis (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gregory Meyer (Committee Chair); Joni Mihura (Committee Member); Nicole Kletzka (Committee Member); Wesley Bullock (Committee Member); Stephen Christman (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychological Tests; Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2015, Psychology - Clinical

This study reviews methodological issues, theoretical framework issues, and appropriate criterion selection issues related to Rorschach research, as well as conclusions from debates about the Rorschach that have occurred during the past few decades. The results of this review provide guidelines to evaluate and potentially establish score validity. A process-focused model was applied as the main method to validate the Rorschach variables selected for use in this study. The Interpersonal Circumplex model was utilized as the theoretical framework for selecting the experimental conditions and the relevant Rorschach variables for validation in each experimental condition. For the appropriate experimental criterion selection, mood induction procedures were implemented by using two clips from the films 300 and Braveheart to elicit cognitive-affective mindsets on two overlapping emotional-interpersonal dimensions. One is an aggressive–hostile dimension, and the other is a communion–love dimension. Eleven Rorschach Thematic and Content Codes that were expected to be associated with the Interpersonal Circumplex model were selected as the major variables for validation. The supplemental predictor and criterion measurements for this study consisted of two self-report scales, the Interpersonal Questionnaire (IPQ; Trapnell & Broughton, 2006) and the Post-Film Questionnaire (PFQ; based on Hsiao, Meyer, & Mihura, 2012), and two indirect measurements, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) and the Conditional Reasoning Test of Aggression (CRT–A; James, 1998; James & McIntyre, 2000). A total sample of 216 participants was recruited and produced 207 valid protocols for final data analyses. There were 141 participants in the two experimental groups, the Aggression and Love conditions. They completed the IPQ and CRT-A at baseline before watching one of the short movie clips. Participants provided Response Phase communications to the 10 Rorschach inkblot (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gregory J. Meyer (Committee Chair); Joni L. Mihura (Committee Member); Stephen D. Christman (Committee Member); Jason C. Levine (Committee Member); Robert F. Bornstein (Committee Member); Patricia R. Komuniecki (Other) Subjects: Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2015, Psychology

This research represents the second step in a planned series of studies that is expected to culminate in a behavioral measure that assesses solely for problems in thinking and perception based on the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS; Meyer, Viglione, Mihura, Erard, & Erdberg, 2011). The Thought and Perception Assessment System (TPAS) is designed for use in clinical practice and research using all ten of the traditional Rorschach cards. Because coding only focuses on two sets of variables, test administration procedures are substantially simplified relative to the standard R-PAS procedures. TPAS will yield time savings and dimensional behavioral assessment data for the identification of problems in thinking and perception. TPAS can be further abbreviated and simplified by using it with a smaller subset of cards. These short-form card sets yield further time savings and also provide the ability to conduct alternate forms-retest evaluations with independent stimuli. Using archival data, Eblin and colleagues (Eblin, 2012; Eblin, Meyer, Mihura, & Viglione, 2014) derived the short-form card sets using only the R-PAS Thinking and Perception variables. In addition to the standard 10-card option, one short-form series consisted of two 5-card options, another consisted of two 4-card options, and the final series consisted of three 3-card options. Eblin and colleagues' analyses demonstrated that each of the short-form card series had merit, with the 4-card series being less optimal than the 5- and 3-card series because it offers no benefit over five cards and not as many options as the 3-card series. As such, the 4-card series is not used here. In general, part-whole correlations, reliability coefficients, and validity coefficients were acceptable for each short-form card set and slightly decreased as a function of decreasing the number of cards in each series. The primary limitation of Eblin and colleagues' (Eblin, 2012; Eblin et al., 2014) previous research is (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gregory Meyer Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Joni Mihura Ph.D. (Committee Member); Wesley Bullock Ph.D. (Committee Member); Stephen Christman Ph.D. (Committee Member); Donald Viglione Ph.D. (Committee Member); Nicole Kletzka Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Behavioral Sciences; Clinical Psychology; Psychological Tests; Psychology

Master of Arts, University of Toledo, 2012, Psychology

The present research represents the first step in a planned series of studies that will ultimately culminate in a Rorschach-based system that assesses solely for problems in thinking and perception. The system is provisionally dubbed the Thinking and Perception Behavioral Assessment System (TP-BAS) and is designed for use in clinical practice and research. The TP-BAS will yield time savings, the ability to conduct test-retest evaluations, and dimensional behavioral assessment data for the identification of problems in thinking and perception. The most recently developed system for conducting broadband Rorschach assessments is the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS; Meyer, Viglione, Mihura, Erard, & Erdberg, 2011). The aim of the present research was to develop series of ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿short-forms¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ of R-PAS Thinking and Perception variables. Each short-form makes use of only the Thinking and Perception variables. One short-form consisted of one 10-card option, another short-form consisted of two 5-card options, another short-form consisted of two 4-card options, and the final short-form consisted of three 3-card options. Thus, short-forms of the R-PAS were created in two ways. First, the number of variables was reduced to just the Thinking and Perception variables. Second, alternatives to using the full Rorschach card set were developed by reducing the number of cards to be administered in all but one of the TP-BAS card sets. It was first determined which R-PAS Perception and Thinking variables meaningfully differ in the frequency with which they occur across cards. Second, on a card-by-card basis, the mean and standard deviation were computed for the variables that were found in to meaningfully differ in frequency across cards in step 1. Third, TP-BAS card sets were assembled by balancing their relative difficulty, as determined in steps 1 and 2. Fourth, card sets and series were compared to one another regarding part-whole correlations with the full-form, (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gregory Meyer PhD (Committee Chair); Joni Mihura PhD (Committee Member); Donald Viglione PhD (Committee Member); Jeanne Brockmyer PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Behaviorial Sciences; Mental Health; Psychological Tests; Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2011, College of Arts and Sciences

Previous research in the areas of social psychology, perception, memory, thinking, and creativity suggests that a happy mood promotes global, flexible, top-down processing, whereas a sad mood leads to a more analytic, less flexible, bottom-up processing. The main goal of this study was to determine if selected variables of the Rorschach Inkblot Test can capture the mood effects associated with a happy and a sad mood, respectively. A linear increase was predicted in Global Focus-W, Global Focus Synthesis-WSy, Synthesis-Sy, Perceptual Originality-Xu%, and Ideational Flexibility-Content Range and a linear decrease was predicted in Local Focus-Dd across the three mood conditions (sad/neutral/happy). Also, an increase was predicted in Perceptual Inaccuracy-X-% in both happy and sad mood conditions as compared to neutral. A secondary goal of this study was to replicate the findings showing a global/local bias as a function of mood state on two perceptual tasks requiring hierarchical processing. The participants were 124 college students, randomly assigned to three mood conditions (sad/happy/neutral), with each mood condition going through experimental procedures separately from the other two conditions. Mood was induced using movie clips. Following mood induction, the hierarchical perceptual tasks and inkblot task were administered in a group format. Due to a higher than expected positive mood at baseline, the neutral condition was excluded from analyses, so the linearity predictions and the hypothesis pertaining to Perceptual Inaccuracy could not be tested. Instead, the study hypotheses were tested by comparing the dependent variables across two mood induction conditions (happy/sad). The hypotheses were supported for the inkblot variables Local Focus-Dd% and Ideational Flexibility-Content Range, but not for the remaining four Rorschach variables or the other two perceptual tasks. Implications for clinical practice and further research are discussed.

Committee: Joni Mihura PhD (Committee Chair); Gregory Meyer PhD (Committee Member); John Jasper PhD (Committee Member); Mary Haines PhD (Committee Member); Jeanne Brockmyer PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychological Tests; Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2010, Psychology

The search for a coronary-prone personality profile is a popular and widely investigated topic. Regarding the constellation of personality characteristics and symptom behaviors, hostility is perhaps the most frequently studied construct. Most scientific investigations have assessed hostility through self-report methodology, requiring respondents to be consciously aware of their private internal states and/or behavioral expressions of hostility. This study attempted to assess the utility of using an integrative model of personality (Winter, John, Stewart, Klohnen, & Duncan, 1998) for assessing both implicit and explicit hostility-related constructs to predict both premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature coronary heart disease (CHD) using data from the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. This dataset consists of medical students attending Johns Hopkins University from years 1948 to 1964 who have been studied annually as part of an ongoing prospective study of health and illness. Previously, a small, but positive relationship was found between self-reported hostility from the ‘Habits of Nervous Tension' scale (HNT) and CVD within the Precursor sample (Chang, Ford, Meoni, Wang, & Klag, 2002). Using individually-administered baseline Rorschach data (N= 415), it was believed that persons identifying hostile imagery in inkblots would also show similar patterns of pathogenic response that lead to early cardiovascular morbidity; that is, a positive relationship between Rorschach hostility and premature CVD and CHD would be found. By combining self-reported hostility-related measures and Rorschach hostility-related constructs according to an integrative model of personality, the measurement distortions inherent to each method may be reduced. Consequently, this should increase validity for predicting premature CVD and CHD. Empirical tests of the integrative model of personality revealed that explicit and implicit components of hostility interacted in the prediction of (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gregory J. Meyer PhD (Committee Chair); Joni L. Mihura PhD (Committee Member); Jeanne H. Brockmyer PhD (Committee Member); Andy L. Geers PhD (Committee Member); Michael J. Klag MD, MPH (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychological Tests; Psychology; Public Health

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2009, Psychology

The Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII / EII-2; Perry & Viglione, 1991; Viglione, Perry, & Meyer, 2003) was created to assess one's capacity to organize and utilize internal resources for coping with demands of both internal and external stressors. The scale is scored from Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 2003) variables, and has good psychometric qualities (Perry & Braff, 1994; Perry, McDougall, & Viglione, 1995; Stokes et al., 2003); however, the use of behavioral criterion variables has been relatively infrequent in the EII validity literature (Cadenhead, Perry, & Braff, 1996; Perry & Braff, 1994). Further, few studies have investigated the incremental validity of the EII beyond self-report measures of distress, and none have examined its ability to predict long-term health outcomes in a prospective cohort (Dawes, 1999; Perry, 2001; Perry & Viglione, 1991; Stokes et al., 2003). The proposed study examined the predictive construct validity of the EII-2 using data from the prospective Johns Hopkins Precursors Study dataset. It was hypothesized that EII-2 scores would predict the cumulative incidences of depression, mortality, and divorce over time; the cumulative incidence of depression and mortality over time would be significantly greater for high EII-2 scorers than low EII-2 scorers; EII-2 scores would predict later life psychological health; the interpersonal components of the EII-2 (GHR, PHR) would predict later life psychological health better than the thought disorder component (WSum6), which would predict better than a combined interpersonal / thought disorder component (M-), and all of these components would predict better than primitive contents; higher EII-2 scores (more ego impairment) would correlate significantly and negatively with later life physical health, the use of preventative health services, and perceived social support, but significantly and positively correlate with later life alcohol use, job dissatisfaction, and an aggregate index of all (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Joni Mihura PhD (Committee Chair); Gregory Meyer PhD (Committee Member); Jeanne Brockmyer PhD (Committee Member); John Jasper PhD (Committee Member); Steven Huprich PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Psychology