Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2009, Agricultural, Environmental Development Economics

Over the years, the world industry of oil palm has been rapidly increasing in the tropical areas of Asia, Africa and America. One of the major reasons behind this increase is the wider use of palm oil biodiesel as an alternative energy source. The demand for palm oil is further strengthened as more countries establish mandates on use of biofuels. The high prices for palm oil, driven partly by the introduction of palm oil biodiesel, spur even more investment in the palm oil sector. The expansion of oil palm plantation changes land use pattern. The rapid growth in the plantation area of oil palm poses several environmental challenges. The research problems of interest here are how do changes in palm oil demand determinants affect land use pattern, and to what extend the use of palm oil biodiesel contributes to demand for land in oil palm production. Dataset used in this study are from the six major producers in the world, namely Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Thailand. The least square dummy variable derived demand model in this study takes into account the price of palm oil, economic growth, price of other vegetable oils, crude oil price, export quantity and several fixed effects variables. Own price and price of other vegetable oils do not significantly affect demand for oil palm area harvested, whereas economic growth, export market and crude oil price have significant impact on the derived demand for oil palm area harvested. The pattern of oil palm area harvested differs between countries from South East Asia and the other remaining countries. Governmental intervention and political stability have a role behind the distinctive feature of oil palm plantation across the six countries.

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Akron, 2023, Polymer Engineering

Working towards polymer sustainability is one of the key considerations in solving plastic pollution. Currently, thermosets and composites fabricated with the biobased seed oil polymer matrix have constraints of lower reactivity and overall mechanical strength. In this research, we tried to overcome this challenge by functionalization of seed oils (linseed and soybean oil). The reactivity of the conventional seed oils was increased by norbornylization technique. The functionalized seed oils were also epoxidized later and fabricated to thermosets and composites via both non-epoxide and epoxide curing routes. Next, thermally treated biomass sorghum fillers were incorporated into the system for increasing biobased content coupled with weight savings, cost-effectiveness, and better interface adhesion and mechanical properties. The recyclability of such thermosets was also investigated in lieu of the dynamic sulfur bonds incorporated via the curing agent. Finally, natural fiber-reinforced “green” composites were also fabricated and studied. Second, complex tire particles were subjected to abiotic weathering, and their degradation intermediates were investigated and quantified. Further, samples from roadside soil soils were collected, analyzed, and quantified to understand the tire additives prevailing for longer times in the environment. Thus the second part of the dissertation created a knowledge database on sustainable product development by concentrating on polymer degradation and common tire leachates in the environment.

Master of Science (M.S.), University of Dayton, 2021, Chemical Engineering

Emulsions are used for many biological, pharmaceutical, and food purposes and require a non-toxic, eco-friendly emulsifier to keep them stabilized over time. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been thoroughly studied and used as an additive in emulsions to form Pickering emulsions. In this study, Kraft lignin, a type of biopolymer obtained from Kraft pulp, was used as a coating for the IONPs to prevent agglomeration and oxidation. Specifically, lignin@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation bottom-up approach and were characterized using multiple techniques, such as Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM). After confirming the formation of lignin@Fe3O4, these nanoparticles were used to prepare Pickering emulsions with castor oil/sudan red G dye and pure water. Five different oil/water ratios were tested (10/90, 30/70, 50/50, 70/30, and 90/10), along with three nanoparticle concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 w/v%) and 5 magnetic fields (540, 370, 100, 5, and 0 mT). The emulsion stability without a magnetic field was determined by measuring droplet sizes using microscopy techniques as a function of time. The Pickering emulsions, stabilized by lignin@Fe3O4, can also undergo a demulsification process using external magnetic fields, successfully separating the oil and the aqueous phase. Also, this study shows that an aqueous lignin@Fe3O4 nanoparticle solution and 1-pentanol adsorb at the oil/water interface and can be used to herd spilled oil on water, exemplifying the adsorptive properties of IONPs. The successful Pickering emulsions then had their magnetorheological properties tested on a rheometer. Flow, amplitude, and frequency sweep tests were run at 0 mT and 60 mT and proved that applying a magnetic field can change the emulsions' rheological behavior, from liquid-like to solid-like, as nanoparticle concentration increased. Over (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Arts, Miami University, 2020, Economics

This paper studies the relationship between oil prices and United States stock market from January 1987 to May 2020. It has been documented in previous studies that oil prices cannot be taken as strictly exogenous. Stock market returns and oil prices are endogenously determined. To address this issue, the use of a Structural Vector Autoregression is employed where the target shock is identified using an external instrument. Impulse responses are obtained and disaggregated between the total U.S. market and 11 chosen sectors. The results of the SVAR-IV model are compared with results from a standard SVAR where shocks are identified with Cholesky decomposition. Cumulative impulse responses are taken to illustrate the change in stock market responses over time. The results show that oil prices generally don't have a strong impact on the U.S. stock market. This paper also illustrates the importance of having current data observing the dramatic changes occurring in the U.S. oil market.

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Akron, 2019, Polymer Engineering

Alkyds, one of the most commonly used binders for coating systems, are modified polyesters derived from seed oils. They find utility in several coating applications, including architectural, industrial and wood coatings. Formulation involves the use of reactive diluents to decrease the viscosity and trigger the autoxidative curing mechanism of the alkyds to avoid the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This work studies the modification of alkyds and reactive diluents and the differences between the coating performance of these additives. Two differently functionalized alkyds and reactive diluents were synthesized and formulated into high solids alkyds coatings. Alkoxysilane and fluorine functionalities were chosen to improve adhesion, hardness, and chemical and corrosion resistance of the coating system. The resulting coatings were analyzed for performance, tensile properties, corrosion resistance and weatherability. ESEM-EDX was used to observe the distribution of the fluorine and alkoxysilane in the cross-section of the coating. Stratification was observed for the modified reactive diluents at high concentrations, and these coatings showed improved adhesion and corrosion resistance. The modified alkyds performed better in terms of mechanical properties, but stratification was not observed. Next, the moisture sensitivity of alkoxysilanes was studied by looking into the effect of various relative humidity conditions on the curing and performance of alkoxysilane functionalized alkyd coatings. These coatings were evaluated for drying time, adhesion, hardness and mechanical properties. At high humidity, the alkoxysilane functional reactive diluents dried more quickly and formed harder coatings than the unmodified control. The functionalized alkyds showed enhanced adhesion and tensile strength at high humidity. Thirdly, fluorinated alkyds and reactive diluents were compared to understand the effects of molecular weight and viscosity on the stratification (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2018, Materials Science and Engineering

Electrospun fibers have been extensively studied for drug delivery applications. While fibers made through electrospinning can release a desired drug by engineering various properties, drug loading is typically not sufficient to enable long term release. We explored the use of electrospinning to create polycaprolactone (PCL) capsules sintered to full density allowing encapsulation of both a drug and carriers mainly consisting of hydrophobic or hydrophilic oils, `HPO' and `HPI', respectively. The use of HPO demonstrated undetectable water absorption and release of our model drug. In contrast, having HPI as a carrier allowed water uptake into the PCL capsules and was controlled according to the degree of hydrophilicity imparted by these oils. Mechanical properties of as-spun PCL demonstrated to be significantly different from the sintered specimens. PCL samples fully sintered at 100C under vacuum nonetheless demonstrated memory effects as mechanical failure exhibited features of the as-spun microstructure. This memory behavior was lost when samples treated at 150C were analyzed under tensile strength. After 224 days of in vitro and in vivo exposure the microstructure revealed fiber-based yet dense morphology attributed to the memory effects even after sintering at 100C. The use of non-sintered specimens in cylindrical form proved to be effective as a biomimetic scaffold of natural porcine coronary arteries showing similar failure behavior. Although PCL capsules were strong enough to resist compressive force in small animal models, this was not sufficient to study release on large animals. A weak implant can collapse, resulting in an undesired burst release. The incorporation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into PCL electrospun fibers in different ratios to then fully densify the capsule through sintering was studied. These blended fibers demonstrated to be mechanically stronger than PCL alone at any studied ratio. Water absorption was able to be controlled by the (open full item for complete abstract)

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2016, Engineering and Applied Science: Environmental Engineering

Biodegradability studies were conducted in order to investigate the effects of chemical dispersion on petroleum biodegradation. Indigenous microorganisms are capable of degrading hydrocarbons, but the role dispersants play in the biodegradation process is inconclusive based on current knowledge. The recent Deepwater Horizon oil (DWH) blowout has raised questions not only about the biodegradability of the oil in deep waters and surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) but also about the rate of biodegradation of the dispersants per se and the dispersed oil. Corexit 9500 (C9500) and JD-2000, both listed on the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule, were used to disperse petroleum. Since the temperatures of the GOM at depth and at the surface are substantially different, we aimed to determine biodegradation rates at two temperatures typical at those locations: 5 °C, corresponding to average temperature at depths > 1000 m, and 25 °C, corresponding to the average temperature in the top 5 m. The cultures, termed cryo and meso, were isolated from the deep sea and top 5 m of the GOM, respectively. Subsequently, both cultures were enriched at corresponding temperatures. The method of preparing dispersed oil was based on the Baffled Flask Test used for testing dispersant effectiveness. The comparative study of the biodegradation of South Louisiana crude oil with and without the presence of JD-2000 showed that different dispersants can affect oil biodegradation through different mechanisms. C9500 enhanced the biodegradation of alkanes by promoting the adherence of microorganisms to oil droplets. JD-2000 improved the dissolution rate of soluble aromatic compounds and subsequently increased their rates of biodegradation in the aqueous phase. The light to medium weight oil, Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANS), used in the first part of this study and the dispersant, C9500, were set at two different initial concentrations of oil and dispersant with the dispersant-to-o (open full item for complete abstract)

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2015, Engineering and Applied Science: Environmental Engineering

Accidental oil spills into oceans account for a large part of the total oil discharged in the environment. If prompt responses are not instigated, the spilled oil will spread on the water surface and possibly reach the shorelines, and adversely affect the marine and coastal environment as well as the biota. The use of chemical dispersants is one of the common oil spill cleanup techniques. Dispersants break down the large oil slicks into small droplets and thus mitigate the harmful effects of oil slicks on the shorelines, birds, and mammals. Despite their advantages like speedy treatment of large spill areas, applicability in harsh weather conditions, and possible promotion of biodegradation, concerns about dispersants effectiveness and toxicity as well as long-term environmental impacts limit their application. In the aftermath of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, responders delivered Corexit dispersants (mostly Corexit 9500, C9500) to the sea surface and the wellhead in unprecedented amounts (1.84 million gallons). Although the toxicity studies by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency have demonstrated very low acute toxicity of C9500, long term environmental effects of the dispersants and the dispersed oil are still unknown. The biodegradation of dispersed oil has been intensively investigated, but only a limited number of studies provided systematic and quantified analyses. Besides, there is a lack of information about the fate of dispersant itself. To answer these questions, this study evaluated the biodegradation of Alaska North Slope Oil (ANS), dispersed ANS and dispersant itself by estimating first-order decay rate coefficients of the oil components, as well as the surfactants included in the dispersants. Two types of dispersant products, C9500 and JD-2000, were tested to determine their effects on oil biodegradation and to investigate their degradation as well. We also evaluated the effect of temperature by comparing the results of experiments at 25 (open full item for complete abstract)

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2009, Engineering : Environmental Engineering

Consumption of vegetable oil has increased considerably during the last decade with a commensurate increase in accidental spills. The use of canola oil has also increased significantly. The USEPA has amended regulations governing the cleanup of oil spills to include animal fats and vegetable oils. The effects of oil spills are well known and include the coating of birds and animals, lowering the dissolved oxygen in the impacted water and other toxic effects. Thus it would be worthwhile to know the effect of a canola oil spill on an unmixed water body and to evaluate these effects relative to oxygen depletion and aqueous toxicity. Experiments were designed to simulate three levels of canola oil spills having magnitudes of 100, 333, and 1000 gal/acre. Respirometers were employed to provide continuous measure of oxygen uptake. For each experiment all the replicates are expected to behave in a similar manner with regard to oxygen uptake, dissolved oxygen and liquid phase toxicity. It is believed that the toxicity trend comparison to increasing oil load would be useful for further studies.

Master of Science, University of Akron, 2008, Chemistry

Tung oil was used as a diene for modification with acrylate dienophiles via a Diels-Alder reaction. In this thesis, the research was divided into two related parts. In the first part, UV-curable resins were prepared from tung oil and tung oil alkyd for a high solids coating application. In the second part, tung oil alkyd was modified with three different acrylate monomers, possessing either alkoxysilane, triallyl ether, or fluorinated groups. The structures of the modified tung oil and alkyds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography(GPC). Two UV-curable tung oil-based resins in the first part were synthesized via the Diels-Alder cycloaddition. A UV-curable Tung Oil (UVTO) was prepared from bodied tung oil and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) by a two-step reaction. Bodied tung oil was primarily prepared by treatment at high temperature, and then reacted with TMPTMA on the α-eleosterate of tung oil triglyceride via the Diels-Alder reaction. An inhibitor, phenothiazine, was added to avoid homopolymerziaton of TMPTMA. UV-curable Tung Oil Alkyd (UVTA) was prepared by the monoglyceride process, and then reacted with TMPTMA via the Diels-Alder reaction. The UVTO and UVTA were formulated with a free radical reactive diluent, tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and photoinitiator Irgacure 2100. Photo Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Photo-DSC) was used to investigate the curing kinetics of the UVTO and the UVTA. The data showed that the UVTA formula was cured faster than to the UVTO formula. In the second part, the α-eleosterate pendent fatty acid of tung oil alkyd was functionalized via a Diels-Alder reaction with three different acrylate groups, 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, and triallyl ether acrylate. Drying time and viscoelastic properties of the alkyd-modified film were investigated. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) was em (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2023, Food Science and Technology

Omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are imperative for general biological functions and may be involved in prevention and treatment of various diseases. These fatty acids are primarily found in fish and fish oil but have also been extracted from algae and genetically modified organisms such as yeast and oilseeds. While there is no specific dietary recommendation for EPA and DHA in the US, conversion from the essential fatty acid, α-linolenic acid, is reported to be quite low. For this reason, several countries and organizations have implemented guidelines for fish or EPA and DHA consumption. These generally recommend 2-3 servings of fish per week. Despite the benefits, fish, and consequently EPA and DHA, consumption is below recommended levels. Developing an alternative food product which contains EPA and DHA is a strategy to increase consumption. In the following studies, fish and algae oil were emulsified and incorporated into plant-based milk beverages. These beverages were chosen as a vehicle due to their accessibility to various populations with dietary restrictions, increasing popularity, and compatibility with an emulsion system containing EPA and DHA. The beverages were analyzed for their physicochemical stability, comparing three different beverage bases, soy, oat, and almond, and water. It was found that oat and almond milk were the most physically stable to emulsion separation and sedimentation, and soy and oat milk were most resistant to oxidation. Following the physicochemical study, the consumer rejection threshold of fish and algae oils in the three-plant milk beverages was investigated. Consumer acceptability is highly important and influences purchasing habits. Generally, 0.2-0.4% of fish or algae oil could be added to oat and soy milk without causing consumer rejection. Almond milk was found to be a poor vehicle for these oils, as any concentration led to rejection. From the results of the previous stud (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2021, Macromolecular Science and Engineering

Oil and gas have been the two most consumed energy sources in the world for many decades, and despite the recent growth of the renewable energies, estimates show that oil and gas will remain on top by 2045. The increasing demand for drilling, production, transportation and storage of oil and its derivatives have led to catastrophic oil spills, with severe economic, environmental and social effects. In this work, two fluorine-free, superhydrophobic/superoleophilic polymeric coatings were developed, characterized, and successfully used for oil/water separation, besides exhibiting excellent adhesion properties, and high thermal stability. Also, in order to encourage the circular economy within the oil and gas industry, and to promote the valorization of an agro waste, Miscanthus x. Giganteous was first used as a filtrate reducer for water-based drilling fluids, and its filtration properties were comparable or superior than other synthetic additives obtained by more complex, expensive and time-consuming processes.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2020, Environment and Natural Resources

The ongoing shale energy revolution has transformed global energy markets and positioned the United States as a leader in oil and natural gas production and exports for the first time in generations. However, little scholarly attention has been directed toward the downstream impacts of these developments on the people and places which experience energy export activity or host related infrastructure, particularly those in rail export corridors. This research presents a first-of-its kind, cross-regional comparative analysis of community risks, risk perceptions, energy and environmental attitudes, and related discourses in oil train export corridor communities. The mixed-methods design uses household-level survey data (N=571), interview data (N=58), and news media content analysis data (N=149), to address three key knowledge gaps regarding impacts of and attitudes toward crude oil by rail in examining: 1) the influences and distributions of support, opposition, and increased concern to oil by rail; 2) views toward hydrocarbon exports as well as broader energy preferences; and 3) dominant news media and stakeholder discourses and discursive channels concerning oil train activity. Results and related recommendations include the identification of community risk perceptions, vulnerabilities, and broader energy and export attitudes as well as predictors of their variation; discussion of implications for related community energy siting and planning, news media reporting, and communications; and the contribution of novel baseline data vis-a-vis predictors of risk perception and opposition concerning oil train activity and infrastructure to the risk perception and energy impacts fields.

Master of Science, Miami University, 2019, Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering

Light Duty Liquid (LDL) detergents are a mixture of surfactants in water, better known as dishwashing detergents, hand soap and general household products. The foamability of LDL detergent is an important metric when consumers are cleaning a surface. This study seeks to determine the effect of protein as foam booster on foamability. This study also seeks to study the location of protein in the emulsion and foam in varying LDL detergent and oil concentrations. The addition of protein acts as a foam booster to LDL detergent with olive oil in hardwater. These emulsion and foams made up of protein, LDL detergent and olive oil were separated and imaged by confocal microscopy and quantified by size exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography. Methods to remove oil from the emulsion and foam were developed for protein quantification. At low LDL detergent concentrations, the protein can be seen adsorbed to the oil-water interface. At high LDL detergent concentration, the protein is dispersed in the bulk fluid. The point at which the protein was no longer at the interface correlated well with the CMC of LDL detergent as calculated by surface tension and a pyrene assay.

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2019, History

Oil was discovered in northwest Ohio in 1885. Men came from Pennsylvania and the oil boom was born. Towns appeared and disappeared overnight, and they were often known for a proliferation of saloons, houses of ill repute, and gambling. Derricks littered these towns and posed safety hazards. However, some oil towns were different. In 1890 Gibsonburg, in Sandusky County, Ohio, passed laws prohibiting the drilling of oil wells within 300 feet of a residence. Their efforts revealed environmentalist tendencies decades before it became a national concern. The reforming spirit found in Gibsonburg's residents continued and those early efforts set a precedent for further activism. In 1983 a local lime plant closed its doors and was slated for sale to the Gibsonburg Lime Company who would incinerate polychlorinated biphenyls, a known human carcinogen, as fuel. Many Gibsonburg residents quickly formed a group to oppose the plan. Their timely action resulted in the cancellation of the sale. In both instances, residents resisted the allure of money and jobs to keep themselves and their environment safe. This underscores the lengthy history of environmental activism in Gibsonburg, particularly related to petroleum and the petrochemical industries.

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2017, Arts and Sciences: Geography

Advances in extractive technology have facilitated the ability to obtain the non-renewable energy, oil sands, and oil shale resources. In this dissertation, the social impacts experienced in the Athabasca region of Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo (RMWB), Alberta, Canada and the Bakken Play in western North Dakota, U.S.A will be explored. This is a multi-site, multi-cultural, and multinational study that compares the responses from these rural geographically diverse regions. A questionnaire was completed by the 95 respondents that participated in this study; 40 from RMWB and 39 from different locations throughout the Bakken Play. In addition, 16 Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation (MAH) enrolled members from Fort Berthold Indian Reservations (Three Affiliated Tribes) were included as well. An interview followed the completion of the questionnaires. The resultant mixed methods approach captured their demographic data, socioeconomic, attitudes, perceptions, subjective well-being, and community attachment in the boomtown environment. Although RMWB and the Bakken Play have experienced energy booms in the past, drilling had not occurred on the sovereign lands on Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. In addition, this dissertation will also review the use of social impact assessments (SIA) in Canada (CEPA 1999) and the United States (NEPA 1977) in relation to lessening the impacts in energy resource communities. It is the hope that this research will add to the existing body of work will contribute to understanding the social impacts within a boomtown community.

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2018, Food Science and Technology

Lipids have a variety of applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Fish oil provides a good source of n-3 fatty acids in the diet and its authentication and analysis is essential. Additionally, an Arabica coffee bean consists of about 15% lipids which can be important quality and shelf-life indicators for the coffee beverage. The objective of this work is to employ multinuclear and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy as a rapid and reliable method for the quantitative analysis and evaluation of fish oil supplements using high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy utilizing two different NMR instruments; a 500 MHz and an 850 MHz instrument, as well as for evaluating the non-polar, including unsaponifiable, fraction of Coffea Arabica. Quantification was achieved by integration of the appropriate diagnostic signals in the NMR spectra using 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) as an internal standard (IS), as well as the PULCON method, which offers several advantages compared to IS. Bland-Altman analysis showed that PULCON and IS approaches are in a good agreement. Our results suggest that NMR can be a valuable tool for the determination of many compounds in fish oil and coffee oil, and can be used for quantifying the impact of the coffee roasting process. Green and roasted coffee beans, as well as brewed coffee and spent coffee grounds, were analyzed for their lipid components. 1H NMR offers a more rapid analysis compared to 13C NMR, as the spectrum can be recorded in less than 1 min, in contrast to 13C NMR analysis, which lasts from 10 min to one hour. The 13C NMR spectrum, however, is much more informative. It can provide quantitative data for a greater number of individual fatty acids and can be used for determining the positional distribution of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone. Overall, it was found that the major fatty acids in coffee oil are linoleic, oleic, linolenic and saturated fatty acids. Targeted analysis showed that, with the ex (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2018, Food and Nutrition Sciences (Health Sciences and Professions)

Frying, a conventional cooking process in the United States and worldwide, can increase the energy density of fried foods and change nutrient composition. Excess consumption of energy-dense foods can lead to consumers being overweight, resulting in elevated blood pressure and development of diabetes. The current project builds on previous research that showed that utilizing 10% whey protein isolate (WPI) at pH = 2 as a postbreading dip inhibited oil absorption during frying in fried chicken fritters. Modification of the frying oil by adding antioxidant may be another method of reducing oil uptake due to retardation of oil aging. However, few studies have looked into combining postbreading dip methods and antioxidants to determine whether they might have a synergistic effect on reducing oil uptake. The objective of this research was to assess the impact on oil absorption of added antioxidants (rosemary extract, propyl gallate) to the frying medium in combination with whey protein isolate in the substrate. Preliminary results indicate that adding both rosemary extract or propyl gallate to oil successfully retarded the increase of viscosity compared to the oil to which no antioxidants were added. As expected, WPI (10%, pH = 2) dipped chicken fritters exhibited a decrease in lipid; however, the lipid content of the fritters was not affected by the addition of antioxidants to the frying oil.

BA, Oberlin College, 2017, History

This thesis examines the impact of the 1973 oil embargo on US-Saudi relations. It asks how and why the US and Saudi Arabia remained long-term allies after a five-month period of economic warfare. Most prior research focuses on the factors that influenced the embargo's implementation, failing to fully explain its resolution. This thesis explores the latter issue by appealing to US government memos, OAPEC meeting transcripts, and US-Saudi telegrams. It argues that, after five months of rhetorical and material distance, the US and KSA realigned over symbiotic trade dynamics-- “arms for oil"--and mutual opposition to communism. This subject remains important today insofar as it contextualizes an ongoing relationship with one of the United States' most important allies in the Middle East, the region's largest oil exporter and arms importer.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1986, Graduate School