Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2018, Food Science and Technology

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) plays an essential role in emulsifying milk fat. In recent decades, the behavior of MFGM polar lipids has been studied using Langmuir trough model systems, were the surface tension of lipid monolayers spread on the surface of a aqueous solution is analyzed as the surface is compressed or expanded. The problem with most Langmuir trough experiments reported in the literature that study MFGM lipid behavior is that they spread MFGM lipids on solutions that are not fully representative of milk. Pure milk naturally contains protein and lipid surfactants, which makes studying the behavior of isolated lipid monolayers spread on pure milk difficult. In this thesis, a process to produce non-surface-active (NSA) solutions from bovine skim milk and dairy-based beverages that have insignificant amounts of surfactants is described. The resulting NSA solutions from the process described here can be used to improve Langmuir trough experiments on MFGM lipids. The process to produce NSA solutions involves two steps. The first step is ultrafiltration of milk through an ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of at least 10 kDa. The second step is washing the permeate obtained from ultrafiltration 4 times with water-immiscible solvents at a 10:1 permeate to solvent (v/v) ratio. Collected permeate is washed once with hexane, once with chloroform, and then twice with hexane before being filtered through activated carbon. Solvent washing removes proteins in the permeate by forming protein stabilized permeate-in-solvent emulsions that can be separated from the permeate in a separatory funnel. NSA solutions produced from skim milk had a significantly higher surface tension than pure skim milk, resulting from the loss of surfactants. There was no significant difference in the surface tension of the resulting NSA solutions when their surface was compressed, indicating a lack of adsorbed surfactants at their surface. Percent total solids we (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Rafael Jimenez-Flores (Advisor); Heather Allen (Committee Member); Emmanuel Hatzakis (Committee Member) Subjects: Food Science

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2013, Allied Health Sciences: Nutrition

Adiponectin modulates a range of human physiological processes related to metabolism and inflammation. Human milk is known to contain adiponectin in a wide range of concentrations. Variation in adiponectin concentration remains poorly understood; thus we sought to determine its maternal anthropometric and metabolic correlates. The morning after an overnight fast, lactating mothers (N=20) provided an aliquot of milk from a complete breast expression, and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and anthropometric measurement. Fasting serum (total and HMW) adiponectin and human milk adiponectin were determined by ELISA. Insulin and glucose concentrations were determined by standard clinical assays. Correlates of human milk adiponectin were evaluated using Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (r). Adiponectin concentrations (mean [min-max] ng/mL) were: human milk, 30.7 (6.9-92.49) and serum total, 6489 (1356-20257). Human milk adiponectin and serum total adiponectin were positively correlated (r=0.45, p=0.048). Human milk adiponectin was not correlated with other full-body measures of maternal metabolic status (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity, or insulin secretion). Likewise, full-body anthropometrics (weight and BMI) were not correlated with milk adiponectin concentration. Reflective of more localized fat depots, body circumference measures became more strongly correlated with human milk adiponectin concentration with increasing proximity to the breast. Spearman correlations of circumferences with human milk adiponectin concentration were hip (r=-0.32, p=0.164); iliac crest (r=-0.46, p=0.039); waist (r=-0.50, p=0.025); under breast (r=-0.56, p=0.011). Our novel finding that under-breast circumference was the strongest correlate of human milk adiponectin suggests that the localized fat depots of the breast may be an important source of adiponectin in human milk. Further studies of how the specific fat depots of the breast and upper (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Seung-Yeon Lee Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Laurie Ann Nommsen-Rivers Ph.D. (Committee Member); Ardythe Luxion Morrow Ph.D. (Committee Member); Abigail Peairs Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Nutrition

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2005, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2023, Food Science and Technology

Omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are imperative for general biological functions and may be involved in prevention and treatment of various diseases. These fatty acids are primarily found in fish and fish oil but have also been extracted from algae and genetically modified organisms such as yeast and oilseeds. While there is no specific dietary recommendation for EPA and DHA in the US, conversion from the essential fatty acid, α-linolenic acid, is reported to be quite low. For this reason, several countries and organizations have implemented guidelines for fish or EPA and DHA consumption. These generally recommend 2-3 servings of fish per week. Despite the benefits, fish, and consequently EPA and DHA, consumption is below recommended levels. Developing an alternative food product which contains EPA and DHA is a strategy to increase consumption. In the following studies, fish and algae oil were emulsified and incorporated into plant-based milk beverages. These beverages were chosen as a vehicle due to their accessibility to various populations with dietary restrictions, increasing popularity, and compatibility with an emulsion system containing EPA and DHA. The beverages were analyzed for their physicochemical stability, comparing three different beverage bases, soy, oat, and almond, and water. It was found that oat and almond milk were the most physically stable to emulsion separation and sedimentation, and soy and oat milk were most resistant to oxidation. Following the physicochemical study, the consumer rejection threshold of fish and algae oils in the three-plant milk beverages was investigated. Consumer acceptability is highly important and influences purchasing habits. Generally, 0.2-0.4% of fish or algae oil could be added to oat and soy milk without causing consumer rejection. Almond milk was found to be a poor vehicle for these oils, as any concentration led to rejection. From the results of the previous stud (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Yael Vodovotz (Advisor); Steven Clinton (Committee Member); Osvaldo Campanella (Committee Member); Martha Belury (Committee Member) Subjects: Food Science

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2019, Allied Health Sciences: Nutrition

Background: In the United States 10% of all infants are born preterm.1 Preterm birth, low birth weight, and NICU admissions put newborns at increased risk of morbidity and mortality.1,2 Breast milk provides NICU-admitted infants with nutritional and immunologic protections including human milk oligosaccharides, secretory IgA, hormones, growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines.3,4 The AAP states the potent benefits of human milk are such that all premature infants should receive human milk, preferably mother's own milk (MOM).5 Objectives: Our objective was to determine the predictors of the following outcomes for NICU-admitted newborns and their mothers: mother attempting breast milk expression (Attempted Expression), mother initiating breast milk expression within 6 hours of birth (EBM First 6h), newborn receiving MOM as first feeding (MOM First Feeding), newborn receiving colostrum for oral care within the first 36 hours of life (COC First 36h), and newborn receiving any MOM at discharge (DC), or day of life 21 (DOL21) if discharged after DOL21 (MOM DC/DOL 21). Methods: We included all preterm infants born at UCMC June 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019 and examined a comprehensive set of socio-demographic, maternal, obstetric, and infant variables as being potential predictors of MOM outcome variables. We built a database by linking mother's medical record with newborn medical record and hand extraction of additional variables from nursing notes, lactation notes, etc. All data were imported into SAS for data analysis. We used chi square analyses to examine the unadjusted associations between independent variables and MOM outcomes. We used logistic regression models to examine the adjusted associations between the independent variables and MOM outcomes. Results: It was found from our fully adjusted logistic regression model that the independent predictors of mother not attempting breast milk expression were active smoking (P<0.0001), multiparity (P=0.03), maternal (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Laurie Nommsen-Rivers Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Laura Ward M.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Nutrition

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2017, Agricultural and Extension Education

This study analyzed the social media use and interpersonal interactions of consumers of organic and conventional dairy milk. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory, the study was conducted to better understand if the decision to purchase organic or conventional milk is influenced by norms and attitudes established via human and online social interactions. A content analysis using Sysomos MAP and an online Qualtrics survey were utilized to gain insight into behaviors, attitudes, and interactions of 308 milk consumers in various geographical regions of California. This study expands on previous research in traditional media and human social networks by specifically studying platforms in new media and their association to users' decisions made about milk products. The findings indicate that urban, suburban, and rural consumers differ in some ways in their online and interpersonal interactions related to milk information, as well as their perceptions of organic versus conventional milk. Based on the findings of the study, differences in personal networks and exposure to certain messaging in varying regions might perpetuate a more positive, confident, and informed view of organic or conventional milk products in some areas more so than others.

Committee: Annie Specht (Advisor); Emily Buck (Committee Member) Subjects: Agricultural Education; Agriculture; Communication

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2015, Allied Health Sciences: Nutrition

Objective: To assess the milk and dairy product intake patterns, specifically the type of, amount and age at introduction of milk and dairy products, in infants at 6 weeks and 6, 12 and 18 months of age. Methods: Eligible infants were healthy, term infants with mothers who had a BMI ≥ 25 and had been recruited for a larger study. Three-day food records were collected from the mothers using a multiple passes method and the Nutrition Data System for Research at 6 weeks (n=52), 6 months (n=39), 12 months (n=35), and 18 months (n=31) of infant age to obtain daily breast milk, formula, cow's milk, and dairy product intake data. The percentage of infants consuming any of these products at each time point was calculated. The average daily amount of intake in grams of each of these products and total amount of milk and dairy product consumed in grams was calculated. Maternal and infant demographics were collected via questionnaires at 6 weeks of infant age. Results: The proportion of infants receiving breast milk decreases over time with 41% breast fed at 6 months, 20% at 12 months and 9.7% at 18 months. Breastfeeding is not exclusive for 6 months, with almost 70% of total daily milk and dairy feedings coming formula at 6 months of age. Formula use sharply decreases at 12 months, at which time cow's milk becomes the major milk source. Neither cow's milk nor dairy products are introduced before 12 months of age. About 29% of 12-month old infants and 36% of 18-month old infants received reduced- and non-fat cow's milk instead of whole-fat cow's milk. Conclusion: Infant milk and dairy product intake patterns are not meeting current recommendations for breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Introduction of cow's milk is at the appropriate time but with the inappropriate type. Interventions are needed to increase breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Interventions promoting the use of whole-fat cow's milk instead of reduced-fat cow's milk in infants at 12 months of a (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Graciela Falciglia Ed.D. (Committee Chair); Seung-Yeon Lee Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Nutrition

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1961, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1967, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1963, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2019, Allied Health Sciences: Nutrition

Background: An efficient method for measuring milk production is needed to improve research evaluation and clinical management of early postpartum milk supply concerns. Objective: 1) Confirm steady state is reached by hour 2 of the Lai et al. hourly breast expression protocol, and externally validate milk production rate (MPR) can be estimated from the mean of hour 2 and hour 3 milk yield; 2) Determine if an increase in MPR is detectible following 48 hours of increased breast emptying; 3) Assess agreement between maternal milk production estimated by MPR compared to infant test-weighing, and 4) Characterize MPR mean and variance in a sample of mothers exclusively breastfeeding infants achieving appropriate weight gain. Design: Eligible mothers were 4-10 weeks postpartum and exclusively breastfeeding their term infants. In a research clinic, mothers emptied both breasts at baseline (h0), and hourly over 3 subsequent hours (h1, h2, h3) using a hospital-grade pump. We estimated mother's steady-state MPR as mean (h2, h3). “Study A' subset completed MPR measurements before and after 48 hours of increased breast emptying. “Study B” subset test-weighed their infant before and after breastfeeding for 48 hours (1-7 days before clinic visit). We used paired t-test for within-participant comparisons and used the Bland-Altman approach to compare 24-hour milk production (g/24h) measured using TW versus MPRx24h. Results: Among 23 mothers 54±14 days postpartum, milk output was 185±55, 60±26, 47±13, 44±13 g/h at h0, h1, h2, and h3, respectively. Mean paired difference (vs. h3) was significant at h0 and h1 (p<0.05), but not h2 (p>0.05, h3-h2=3±10 g/h). In Study A (n=5), mean MPR declined from 50±13 g/h to 43±16g/h (p=0.003) following increased breast emptying. In Study B (n=16), mean TW milk output=717±119 g/24h, and mean MPRx24h=1085±300 g/24h. Mean difference [95% limits of agreement] was 368 [±468] g/24h; and mean ratio was 1.5[±0.4]; difference and ratio significantly increa (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Laurie Nommsen-Rivers Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Sarah Riddle MD FAAP IBCLC (Committee Member) Subjects: Nutrition

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1979, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Economics

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1975, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Economics

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1959, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Economics

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1959, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Economics

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2015, Comparative and Veterinary Medicine

A field study investigating the impact of milk cessation method (abrupt or gradual) on udder health and productivity in the subsequent lactation was conducted in nine Ohio dairy herds. Gradual cessation of milking was implemented as once daily milking during the final week of lactation while abrupt cessation cows kept their normal milking schedule until dry-off. The overall goal of the study was to assess the impact of different dry-off methods on udder health as well as milk yield and quality in today's dairy cows. The central hypothesis was that gradual cessation of milking would improve udder health and improve milk production and quality in the subsequent lactation. The results are presented as three subsets of data and analyses. The first objective was to evaluate the impact of milk cessation method and daily milk yield at dry-off on intramammary infections (IMI) at calving. Data from 1086 quarters of 285 cows from five herds with milk meters in their milking parlors were analyzed. Gradual cessation decreased milk production by 33.4%, causing milk yield at DRY to be lower for these cows compared to abrupt cessation cows. Logistic regression models were used to model the probability of a quarter being infected at calving with any pathogen. The final model was stratified by parity at DRY (primiparous and multiparous). Abrupt cessation and milk leakage post-dry increased the risk of IMI at calving among quarters of primiparous cows. For quarters of multiparous cows, gradual cessation of milking, IMI at DRY, and thrice daily milking during lactation increased the odds of IMI at calving. The second objective was to assess the impact of milk cessation method and milk yield near dry-off on major and minor IMI at calving, using Dairy Herd Improvement Association test day data from before dry-off. Data from 1573 quarters of 410 cows from eight herds were analyzed. Logistic regression models were used to model the probability of a quarter being infected at calving wi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gustavo Schuenemann (Advisor); Paivi Rajala-Schultz (Committee Member); Joseph Hogan (Committee Member); Proudfoot Kathryn (Committee Member) Subjects: Agriculture; Animal Diseases; Animal Sciences; Veterinary Services

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2011, Food Science and Technology

A study of the microbial growth and chemical changes occurring during the shelf life of chocolate and regular milks is presented. In order to study the milks' microbiological growth, Standard Plate Counts (SPC), Psychrotrophic Plate Counts (PPC), and Psychrotrophic Sporeformer Counts (PSF) were performed on 1% fat chocolate and regular milks of three different commercial brands on Day 0 and Day 14, with an additional plating of PSF being performed on Day 7. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to chemically analyze chloroform extracts of the milks on Day 0, Day 4, Day 7, Day 11, and Day 14. Statistical analysis showed for the PPC and PSF that by Day 14 chocolate milk had significantly more CFU/mL than regular milk for the milks from all three brands. However, the value of this microbiological study was limited by the fact that the numbers of colonies in both regular and chocolate milk exceeded 10^6 by 14 days. There is a need to follow the change in the microbial populations over time more closely. Chemically the two milks showed distinct changes between Day 0 and Day 7 with the chocolate milk having the greatest changes in wavenumbers in the 1624.1-1658.8 cm-1 range and the regular milk experiencing the greatest changes in the 1735-1755 cm-1 range. A follow-up study was performed focusing on the first half of the expected shelf-life of milk. SPC, counts on Pseudomonas Isolation Agar (PIA), and PSF were carried out on Day 0, Day 4 and Day 7 on a true replicate of 1% fat chocolate and regular milks from one commercial brand. On these same days, chloroform extracts of the milks were chemically analyzed by the FTIR. Statistical analysis was completed on the data obtained to determine the microbiological and chemical differences occurring in the two milks. The SPC and PIA analyses showed that chocolate milk had significantly more CFU/mL than regular milk on Days 4 and 7. When analyzed, all three plate-count methods suggested the regular milk was expe (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: W. James Harper PhD (Advisor); Sheryl Barringer PhD (Committee Member); Luis E. Rodriguez-Saona PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Food Science

Master of Science in Civil Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2010, Fenn College of Engineering

Dairy industries discharge larger amounts of wastewater as compared to other food industries. Wastewater contains high amount of total organic carbon materials and nutrients, such as fat, protein, and lactose. Biological treatment is widely used to treat this kind of wastewater due to the fluctuation of amount and content of dairy wastewater. This study investigated removal of total organic carbon (TOC) from two types of dairy wastewater-milk and soy milk wastewater. The bioproducts used in experiments were baker's yeast, beer's yeast, live liquid microorganism (LLMO), Enforcer Overnite Toilet Care Liquid, and Enforcer Overnite Toilet Care Granular. The parameters included in this study were shaking time, concentration of wastewater, types of wastewater and bioproducts. Overnite Toilet Care Granules and Baker's yeast were very effective to remove TOC from milk wastewater. But when Overnite Toilet Care Granules dissolved, more particles were produced and increased the amount of TOC. So Baker's yeast was more suitable to treat milk wastewater than the others. The best result is 57% of TOC removal and happed at 6 hours when concentration of TOC was 25 mg/l. G1 is the best bioproduct for TOC removal from soybean milk wastewater. 75.2% of TOC was removed by using G1. It was more than twice higher than TOC removal by using Baker's yeast and Overnite Liquid Drain Care. Although the removal rate of using beer's yeast is almost the same as using Baker's yeast, Beer's yeast did not show steady results. Beer's yeast and Liquid Drain Care did not yield good results for treating both milk and wastewater. Because Beer's yeast and Liquid Drain Care contained unknown components and low concentrations of bacteria.

Committee: Yung-Tse Hung PhD, PE (Committee Chair); Chin Y. Kuo PhD (Committee Member); Walter M. Kocher PhD (Committee Member); Sally S.L. Shao PhD (Committee Member); Chung-Yi Suen PhD (Committee Member) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1967, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 1965, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: