Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 1974, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2021, History

Traditionally, scholars of Classical Athenian history have assumed that the Athenian demokratia organized itself for war around the principle of egalitarianism. My dissertation, which focuses on the military contributions of the elite, marks a significant departure from this view by arguing that this is decidedly not the case. In fact, I argue that the elite were so dominant in every aspect of war-making that warfare under the demokratia was primarily an elite concern. Not only did wealthy Athenians serve more frequently in the ranks, but they did so in a larger number of capacities. The liturgies of elite citizens funded both the individual triremes and in many cases, entire military expeditions. Athenian armies and fleets were led by the most elite citizens, who also dominated debates over matters of war and peace in the ekklesia. This elite domination did not undermine the sovereignty of the demos as a whole, however, as the demos was able to keep its elite members in line due to strict accountability measures. Significantly, these accountability measures, which were vital to the demokratia, were enforced almost exclusively by the elite. This decidedly inegalitarian approach to warfare has a broader significance when it comes to understanding the very nature of demokratia itself. I argue that, when we consider both the inequalities that we see at work when the Athenians made war with better known inequalities, such as the non-inclusion of women in politics and the widespread use of slave labor, this shows that demokratia was built on different principles than modern democracy and did not share modern concerns about inequality. The broader significance of this realization, I argue, is that future studies of demokratia should be more careful about delineating the differences between demokratia and democracy before hazarding comparisons.

Committee: Greg Anderson (Advisor); Kristina Sessa (Committee Member); Anthony Kaldellis (Committee Member) Subjects: Ancient Civilizations; Ancient History; Classical Studies; Economic History; European History; History; Military History; Military Studies; Political Science; World History

Doctorate in Sacred Theology (S.T.D.), University of Dayton, 2020, International Marian Research Institute

This work examines Marian Ark of the Covenant typology in Scripture, Patristic era, and liturgical sources of the first Millennium. Greek texts of Luke 1, John 1, and Revelation 11:19-12 exhibit Ark and closely related Shekinah and Tabernacle allusions consistent with the operation of contemporaneous Jewish exegetical principles such as Hillel's rules of interpretation, and with early Jewish traditions of the Exodus, Ark, and Shekinah. The syntax of the three texts is consistent with Semitic translation Greek. All of these Scriptures have Incarnational contexts. Lucan investigation furthers the findings of Rene Laurentin. Luke and Revelation support Mary as individual realization of a corporate person in a context of eschatological joy. John and Revelation portray the advent of the Word using cycles of heavenly, earthly, witness, and wilderness phases. The Shekinah is referenced in all three texts. Ark and Shekinah allusions are seen in the Protoevangelium of James, and in the Transitus Mariae, which also references Psalms 44(45) and 131(132). Patristic writers include Marian attributes of the Ark such as holiness, protection, and effulgence, and associate her with closely related Dwelling of God constructs found in Exodus 25 such as tabernacle and sanctuary/temple. Ark typology is taken up in ancient Eastern Church liturgies from at least fifth century Jerusalem as seen in a Georgian chant book and a feast of Mary Type of the Old Ark, and is prominent in Dormition liturgies. Texts from all the major ancient Churches were included. An investigation of later Western post-Patristic writers to 1200 and liturgies was made, and though rich Ark references are not found, the same Ark attributes are present, but with Mary as tabernacle and sanctuary/temple, and frequent reference to Sirach 24 and Canticles vs. the Psalms in the East. Three Hebrew Biblical verbs of dwelling that show increasing permanency, found in Judges 5 with Greek equivalents in Ephesians 2, resonate w (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Bertrand Buby (Committee Chair); Johann Roten (Committee Member); Bakpenam Abalodo (Committee Member) Subjects: Biblical Studies; Theology