Master of Arts (MA), Wright State University, 2024, International and Comparative Politics

In 1948, the international community came together and promised to “prevent and punish” genocides under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention). Despite the Genocide Convention's commitment to humanitarian intervention, states are selective and inconsistent in intervention. While there are many case studies done on state motivation for intervention, statistical studies are rarely done and a system for predicting what variables will likely produce humanitarian intervention on a wide scale has not been explored. This study uses a Cross-Sectional Time Series Estimator Model to track whether states were more likely to intervene in genocides over time since signing the Genocide Convention. It also tested whether valuable goods and shared borders made states more prone to intervention. The results concluded that the Genocide Convention has no correlation to states willingness to intervene in genocides. It also did not provide evidence that valuable goods are a factor in humanitarian intervention. The test did support the hypothesis that shared borders make states more likely to intervene in genocides. Future studies should focus on increasing the data pool to include more genocides and testing more variables in hopes of creating a system to predict humanitarian intervention in genocides.

Committee: Liam Anderson Ph.D. (Advisor); Vaughn Shannon Ph.D. (Committee Member); Carlos Costa Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: International Relations; Political Science

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2020, Engineering and Applied Science: Electrical Engineering

In the present work, we examine binary (Na2O)x(P2O5)100-x glasses in the 0 < x < 61% composition range, and confirm the existence of the three generic elastic phases, namely, Flexible Phase, Intermediate Phase (IP) and Stressed-Rigid Phase by extending the previous work done on these glasses. Our experiments include investigating these glasses and understanding the molecular subtleties using Infrared reflectance, Raman Scattering and Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC). Furthermore, we show the existence of the two elastic phase transitions in ((Na2O)x(P2O5)100-x) glasses using InfraRed Reflectance measurements by analyzing the Threshold Behavior of the Longitudinal Optic and the Transverse Optic (LO-TO) mode frequency splitting in the IP composition range (37.5% = x = 46.0%). From the IR reflectance measurements, we established glass sample dryness along with providing testimony for the existence of the triad of modes associated with the symmetric vibration of the P=Ot stretch of the Q2 local structures (?s P=Ot (Q2)), a majority mode associated with the Long Chains (LCs) and two satellite modes corresponding to the Large Rings (LRs) and the Small Rings (SR). The compositional variation in the mode scattering strength of these satellite modes is in total agreement with the high configurational entropy of the IP glasses that leads ageing to be suppressed qualitatively. IR reflectance measurements reveal rich TO and LO responses of these dry and homogeneous glasses that permitted us to decode the glass molecular structure by interpreting the phenomenon of the LO-TO mode frequency splitting, an uncharted territory in Phosphate Glasses. Deducing compositional trends in the LO-TO mode frequency splitting, remarkably, also display a square-well like minimum in the IP composition range (37.5% < x < 46%), defining the elastic phase transitions optically for the first time; a result that banks upon the notion of glass network compaction (Volumetric Wi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Punit Boolchand Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Marc Cahay Ph.D. (Committee Member); Rashmi Jha Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Electrical Engineering

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 2018, Chemical Engineering (Engineering and Technology)

Nowadays, the development of energy-efficient processes for the treatment of wastewater is becoming an essential research field; taking into account the projected global population rise, the depletion of fresh water, and the necessity for available and renewable sources of energy. Within this context, the electro-oxidation of ammonia has been received considerable and increasing attention due to its advantageous in deammonification of wastewater and at the same time, production of pure hydrogen as a source of energy. However, the performance of this process should be optimized prior to wide industrial utilization. There are several factors that affect the performance of ammonia electrolysis. These factors can be divided into macro scale (like flowrate, concentration) and micro scale (like electrodes material and morphology). The effects of these factors can be evaluated in a mathematical model which would be able to optimize the process. Optimization of the process results in widely and commercially usage of ammonia electrolyzers. In this electrolyzer, water reduces at the cathode, while ammonia oxidizes at the anode. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode can proceed on transition metals like nickel. However, ammonia oxidation needs noble metals like platinum to proceed; one of the other hindrances of widely commercialization of this process. This problem can be solved if the knowledge of the process kinetics and mechanism of the reaction on the surface of the catalyst clarified. The first part of this research focused on developing a mathematical model using flow regime, transport equations, the ammonia oxidation kinetics on platinum at the anode and the hydrogen evolution kinetics on nickel at the cathode. All of the non-linear differential equations were solved by finite difference methods in a comprehensive FORTRAN code. The model showed both qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental measurements which were carried on in a bench s (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gerardine Botte (Advisor); Valerie Young (Committee Member); Howard Dewald (Committee Member); Nancy Sandler (Committee Member); Kevin Crist (Committee Member) Subjects: Chemical Engineering; Environmental Engineering; Experiments

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2011, Political Science

The problem of intentions is central to all major paradigms of international relations theory. Each paradigm has offered mechanisms by which intentions can be approximated, though not known. These mechanisms range from costly signaling in rationalism, iterative interaction in institutional liberalism, to reflected appraisals and identity in constructivism. Each of these perspectives involves agents observing the external behavior of actors and creating a theory about that behavior based on folk psychology reasoning. In this dissertation I present an alternate mechanism for understanding intentions that relies on simulating the intentions of others rather than theorizing about them. I argue that through face-to-face interaction actors are able to simulate the intentions of others, creating a one-to-one physical correspondence in the brain between individuals. This simulation allows actors to understand and replicate the intentions of others from an internal first-person perspective rather than an external third-person perspective. I investigate the implications of this finding for international relations theory, face-to-face diplomacy, and illustrate its effects empirically in diplomatic history.

Committee: Alexander Wendt (Committee Chair); Richard Herrmann (Committee Member); Jennifer Mitzen (Committee Member) Subjects: International Relations; Neurosciences; Political Science