Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2018, German

In “Grass Roots Urbanism,” I attempt to examine the phenomenon of squatting during the era between the 1970s and 1980s in West Berlin and how this simple, illegal act transformed into an entire movement. I begin with the student movement in West Berlin and the politics and ideals behind that movement, from overcrowding at the Free University to large, student-led protests against various issues, and how that movement inspired the squatters to organize themselves. I divide the squatters movement into two separate waves: I begin the dialogue pertaining to squatting by discussing the first wave, which was rather short and only lasted a few years at the beginning of the 1970s, and how that wave served as the foundation for the second wave, which was more prominent in the West Berlin political and alternative scene and ultimately had more of an impact on the West Berlin public and government. I discuss the political and social effects of the movement as a whole and how the squatters built an alternative lifestyle and culture for themselves during a time of housing shortages and an economic crisis. In my last chapter, I discuss the direct implications of the movement and how it ultimately had an effect on the urban landscape, both physically and politically, and how the movement itself is important in the overall context of German studies. I also bring the movement into a modern context by briefly discussing squatting in Berlin today and how those squats are organized and what they are trying to accomplish.

Committee: Edgar Landgraf (Advisor); Christina Guenther (Committee Member) Subjects: European Studies; History

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 2007, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 1969, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 1964, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

BA, Oberlin College, 2020, History

With this thesis, I intend to formulate an argument about the evolution of a historical justice culture in Germany, both after the Second World War and post-unification. As a means of examining historical memory in post-war Germany, historians and scholars have turned their attention to the East and West German legal trials which were held in response to the crimes committed by the Nazi state. For the purpose of this thesis, my analysis will be structured around the examination of the 1950 Waldheim Trials and their lasting legacy in both post and preunification Germany.The Waldheim Trials were foundational in the establishment of the East German historical memory and redress movements, and have since become a symbol for the state's approach to historical justice. While the trials themselves have the power to illuminate the intricacies and dynamics of a very specific political environment and moment in history, their legacy and evolving symbolic significance in both divided and unified Germany can also shed light on the two varying approaches towards historical redress and memory employed by the post war Germanies. As part of this legacy, I will also be examining the post-unification 1992 trial of the Waldheim judges and what this says about the ways in which the Waldheim Trials were remembered and understood in Germany after reunification. This thesis aims to examine three distinct dimensions of this discussion, namely the Waldheim trial proceedings themselves and what they say about East German political priorities and denazification attempts, their legacies and evolving symbolic significance in East and West Germany, and the 1992 trials and their significance as a tangible manifestation of German historical memory during the politically dynamic reunification era.

Committee: Annemarie Sammartino Professor (Advisor); Renee Christine Romano Professor (Advisor); Zeinab Abul-Magd Professor (Other) Subjects: History

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2008, History

This dissertation examines the history of the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG) in NATO from its establishment through its formative and influential first decade. The current historiography, based on a limited number of primary and secondary sources, sees the NPG as an effective method of nuclear sharing in the early 1960s, as a vehicle utilized by the non-nuclear NATO members to influence United States nuclear planning. Utilizing government sources in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, this thesis argues that the Nuclear Planning Group was an effective tool of consultation that allowed for a measure of compromise concerning concepts on nuclear war. This consultation apparatus was a significant departure from American treatment of allied concerns in the first fifteen years of NATO. It represented a method of bringing West Germany into a unique relationship that conformed to the Anglo-American views on nuclear planning while also serving to minimize the influence of other non-nuclear states. There existed limits to which the United States was willing to extend nuclear influence to its partners, and in the longer term, the NPG remained a political instrument, that was unable to resolve some of the most difficult problems of nuclear defense it faced in its first decade. This study of nuclear relations within NATO focuses on those in the highest levels of government and how NATO allies negotiated policy. Once additional documents become available, further expansion of this topic into the dramatic events of NATO's nuclear history in the 1980s will become possible.

Committee: Carole Fink (Advisor); Alan Beyerchen (Committee Member); Peter Hahn (Committee Member) Subjects: History

Master of Science, University of Akron, 2012, Geology

Shoveleater Cave of the Hellhole System is located in Germany Valley, Pendleton County, West Virginia. The Wills Mountain Anticline is breached here, exposing Ordovician limestones. Although currently dry, Shoveleater Cave retains evidence of its genesis and history that can help develop a thorough understanding of karst, both past and present in Germany Valley. This study investigated structural controls of cave formation, present day hydrology, and paleohydrology. It was hypothesized that the development of the vertical shafts of Shoveleater Cave is controlled by fracturing of the rock that hosts the cave. This was explored by comparing the locations of shafts with fractures measured in the field or found through aerial photography interpretation. Shafts coincided with fracturing in two cases. Bedding and fracture measurements taken in and above the cave were compared to the orientations of cave passages. Statistically, two times more passage length was bedding-controlled than fracture-controlled. It was hypothesized that the existence of a kink in the Wills Mountain Anticline is responsible for fracturing the rock that hosts Shoveleater Cave. Bedding was measured along the anticline limbs to determine if a bend in the ridge line of North Fork Mountain, which bounds Germany Valley to the east, was evidence of a structural kink in the anticline. A minor change in bedding strike near the bend did not account for the 9° horizontal bend in the ridge line. Instead, a slight change in bedding strike and dip, due to the anticline plunging at both ends of Germany Valley, caused inconsistent erosion of the ridge line. Dip was steeper to the north, possibly resulting in differential weathering along the ridge line. The present hydrology in Germany Valley precludes Shoveleater Cave from receiving allogenic recharge. Surface streams sink into swallets feeding Silent Stream of Hellhole prior to reaching Shoveleater Cave. It was hypothesized that paleo water flow in the souther (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Ira Sasowsky Dr. (Advisor); John Senko Dr. (Committee Member); W. Ashley Griffith Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Geology; Geomorphology

Master of Science, University of Akron, 2007, Geology

Hellhole is an extensive (32 kilometer) cave system developed within Germany Valley (Pendleton County, West Virginia) on the flank of the Wills Mountain Anticline. The area can be described as a mature karst aquifer on the transitional margin of the Appalachian Plateau and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces. Hellhole is the most extensive and deepest (158 meters) of several mapped caves in the area (others include Memorial Day Cave and Schoolhouse Cave). The upper bounding lithology is the McGlone Limestone. The cave penetrates through the Big Valley Formation and in to the New Market Limestone, a high purity unit that is mined locally. Faulting and folding are prominently exposed in several passages, but did not affect passage development in a noticeable way. The entrance sinkhole opens in to a large room, however, the morphology of the room suggests that the room formed the entrance by the intersection of passages followed by a vertical shaft intersecting from the surface. Passage orientation and strike of the bedrock are nearly identical (N25°E). Lower passages are generally down dip from upper (older) passages. Cave sediment and paleomagnetic analysis reveals that the minimum age of sediments analyzed are 1.070 million years old. Three hundred measurements of wall scallops show that paleowaters in the Western section flowed southwest (1.1 cubic meters per second). Paleoflow from the Southern portion of the cave flowed northward (0.94 meters cubic meters per second), and flow in the Northern section flowed southward (1.0 cubic meters per second). Most passages are 50 to 100 meters below the present land surface. Most of the cave appears to have formed under phreatic conditions, but the presence of thick clastic sediments in some locations attests to vadose invasion.

Committee: Ira Sasowsky (Advisor) Subjects: Geology