Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Organizational Leadership , Franklin University, 2023, International Institute for Innovative Instruction

In the spring of 2020, the global pandemic of COVID-19 resulted in the rapid transition from traditional in-person PreK-12 instruction to emergency remote learning. As educators continue to operate in a post-pandemic era, they engage in multiple variations of remote learning without the training or guidance to consistently achieve positive results, as evidenced by smaller gains in student learning compared to classroom instruction. By exploring the lived experiences of expert educators from their time during the global pandemic, valuable information can be collected that can be used to develop guidance for remote learning. Through anonymous collaboration using the Delphi method, the observations, experiences, and opinions of expert remote educators were used to collect instructional practices and resources that are likely to impact student learning positively. The findings of this research were synthesized to form a practical guide for educational leaders called the Remote Learning Implementation Guide (RLIG). The three primary sections of the RLIG are pre-implementation tasks, instructional practices, and program evaluation. Pre-implementation tasks include program acquisition and stakeholder training. The consensus generated through the Delphi process revealed targeted instruction, whole-student instruction, and active engagement as validated categories of instructional practices that should be included in effective remote learning programs. These validated instructional practices included in the RLIG form the components of remote learning that are likely to predict high levels of student learning within a remote learning instructional model.

Committee: Valerie Storey (Committee Chair); Sarah Jouganatos (Committee Member); Dail Fields (Committee Member) Subjects: Education; Educational Leadership; Educational Technology; Elementary Education; Middle School Education; Secondary Education

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2022, Higher Education

Higher education in the United States is threatened by the continued decrease in state and federal funding, increasing competition for the ever-decreasing funds. The need to understand and articulate institutional value is critical so institutions can communicate their worth as a means of ensuring viability. There currently exists an unclear understanding of how the public value of four-year colleges and universities is identified and communicated; this study provides some understanding. Using the Delphi method, this research examined how presidents, or their proxies, of four-year colleges and universities in Ohio identify and communicate institutional public value. Presidents are selected as participants because for centuries, college presidents have been tasked with conveying their institution's mission and value to the public. This study defines public value as “creating a pluralistic democracy through education, research, and community engagement for the betterment of society, which helps all people to flourish,” provides characteristics of this definition, and includes implications for current practice.

Committee: Edward Janak PhD (Committee Chair); Snejana Slantcheva-Durst PhD (Committee Member); Christine Fox PhD (Committee Member); La Fleur Small PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Education; Educational Leadership; Higher Education; Higher Education Administration

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2013, Leadership and Change

The purpose of this dissertation was to identify and understand the dimensions of leadership of those African Americans, who are effective as the chief executive officer (CEO) of a municipal law enforcement agency, and thereby to educate and inform both those aspiring to be police chiefs and those presently serving as police chiefs, particularly African Americans. Four content areas were examined to gain a better understanding of the research question: (1) Police executive leadership literature; (2) African American leadership; (3) The trait theory of leadership; (4) emotional intelligence. Study participants were all African American police chiefs with the expertise and requisite knowledge of municipal police chief leadership. The Delphi method was used, resulting in the emergence of judgments based on anonymous responses during multiple iterations. Consensus for the purpose of this study was defined as exceeding an 80% overall composite score of agreement among the panel of experts. The study results produced 34 consensus dimensions based on each receiving a composite score of 85% or higher. This resulted in the panel of experts identifying 12 competencies, 12 qualities, and 11 attributes of management and leadership for an effective African American municipal police chief. While the study does not claim to identify a set of qualities that will ensure that an African American municipal police chief will be effective in the job, the identified dimensions should enhance the professional development of an aspiring African American municipal police chief. Additionally, the findings of the study support the assumption that African American municipal police chiefs are likely to encounter specific race-based challenges on their leadership journey and, therefore, should plan and prepare to overcome them. The electronic version of this dissertation is at OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/etd

Committee: Jon Wergin PhD (Committee Chair); Laurien Alexandre PhD (Committee Member); Laura Roberts PhD (Committee Member); Gary Cordner PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: African Americans; Management; Minority and Ethnic Groups; Public Administration

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2024, Educational Studies

The purpose of this study is to complete the first phase of development of the MDMA, a scale that will measure decision-making abilities among youth and young adults aged 5-30. While the scale can be used in a variety of settings, its specific goal is for use in juvenile transfer cases. There are currently no standardized assessments related to the Kent criteria, and the goal of this scale is to support objective determinations by judges and attorneys. For this study, the Delphi Method was used to gather expert opinions on the relevancy of each scale item. The researcher began by identifying experts and inviting them to participate in the survey. Next, the researcher employed two rounds of surveys using a Likert scale, along with qualitative feedback opportunities for each subscale. Following each of the two rounds of data collection, the researcher determined relevancy by identifying which items had at least 70% consensus with no more than 15% disagreement. This study extended the available literature and processes used in juvenile transfer cases in the following ways: (a) identify the dimensions within the construct of “decision-making;” (b) determine the optimal method of measuring these dimensions; (c) create scale items that measure each of the identified dimensions and connect them to the Kent criteria; and (d) summarize uses for this scale. Limitations of the study, directions for future research, and implications for practitioners are discussed.

Committee: Kisha Radliff (Advisor); Laurice Joseph (Committee Member); Scott Graves (Committee Member) Subjects: Educational Psychology; Law; Legal Studies; Psychology

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2023, Antioch Seattle: Counselor Education & Supervision

This study solicited experts in relational violence across the United States using the Delphi methodology and grounded theory. This research was conducted in two phases and designed to answer two primary questions: (1) What cultural beliefs are involved in relational violence in the United States? And (2) How are the beliefs about relational violence maintained? The findings showed agreement from the experts on the societal beliefs that hold relational violence, the specific beliefs held by the abuser, and the impacts of these beliefs on the survivor. The experts offered ideas for intervention and prevention, which are important contributions to professional counseling and the field of relational violence, including specific educational considerations. This study enhances current research by providing a systemic lens to how relational violence is perpetrated. Cultural spillover theory was applied to identify the overlapping relationship between structural forces and violence, while polyvagal theory informed the biological underpinnings of relational violence and how it is perpetuated.

Committee: Stephanie Thorson-Oleson (Committee Chair); Shawn Patrick (Committee Member); Colin Ward (Committee Member) Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Counseling Education; Counseling Psychology; Gender Studies; Mental Health; Multicultural Education; Public Health; Social Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Ohio University, 0, Educational Research and Evaluation (Education)

The assessment and evaluation process is crucial for building or reforming any educational system. Saudi Arabia, via its different educational entities, has invested heavily in developing assessment and evaluation programs and practices at many levels of the education sector. A national student assessment framework is needed to support coordination between all contributors to assessment and evaluation in the country. The research purpose is to develop a national student assessment framework, which was accomplished by utilizing a Delphi method of assessment and evaluation experts from the education sector in Saudi Arabia. This panel was selected from a committee nominated; The pool contained experts in assessment and evaluation from the ministry of education, Education and Training Evaluation Commission, and Faculty members in Saudi Universities. This Delphi process included sending a questionnaire to the experts for two rounds. Round One revealed the framework's primary sections and the expert's first judgments followed by Round One analysis which comprises adapting the framework to panel remarks and points. Round Two exposed the framework's main body to the feedback from the panel. Round Two analysis then adapted the panelist's comments and points on the main body and made the suggested changes.

Committee: Krisanna Machtmes (Advisor) Subjects: Education; Education Policy; Educational Evaluation; Educational Tests and Measurements

Doctor of Philosophy in Health Sciences, Youngstown State University, 2022, Department of Graduate Studies in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences

Background: Physical Therapists in the United States can perform Dry Needling (DN) in most states with the legal requirement for the therapist to obtain written and/or verbal informed consent (IC). When consenting patients to DN treatment, it is necessary to inform patients of potential risks of harms.In cases where risks are disclosed as part of IC, patients have potentially shown poor recall which calls into question how best this type of information should be presented. Purpose: To develop a risk of harm statement that can be used on an IC form for DN in both the clinic and research settings to improve patient autonomy and decision making. Research Design and Methods: The Delphi study involved three rounds of questionnaires to gain expert consensus for inclusion of AEs for IC. Inclusion criteria for DN experts included: (1) >= 5 years practice performing DN and one of the following secondary criteria: (a) Certification in DN, (b) Completion of a manual therapy fellowship that included DN training, or (c) >= 1 publication involving the use of DN. Participants rated their level of agreement using a 4-point Likert scale. Consensus was defined as >= 80% agreement or >=70% and < 80% agreement with Median >= 3, Interquartile Range <= 1, and Standard Deviation <= 1. A Nominal Group Technique (NGT) methodology was used to achieve consensus among participants to identify what needs to be included in a risk of harm statement to allow patients understand the true risks. Participants included: policy experts, legal experts, DN experts, and patients who received DN. The NGT session consisted of 5 rounds of idea generation and final consensus voting which lasted for 2 hours. Consensus for inclusion of ideas was defined as >= 80% agreement following 2 rounds of voting. Analysis: In both studies, median, Interquartile range (IQR), standard deviation, and (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: David Griswold PhD (Advisor); Chad Cook PhD (Committee Member); Ken Learman PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Health Care; Health Sciences; Physical Therapy

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2022, Leadership Studies

Researchers have identified an academic insufficiency in investigating leadership during in-extremis situations both by emphasis and through difficulty in researching real-time events. These situations can and do commonly occur in settings involving the military and domestic safety forces such as police, fire, and emergency medical teams (EMS). This research has defined in-extremis circumstances as when the participants, whether civilians caught up in the circumstances, first responders to emergency incidents, or military personnel involved in combat situations are vulnerable to incurring significant injuries up to and including death. In plainer words, when people's lives are on the line and the decisions and actions performed during the event could greatly impact the outcome. This research utilized a mixed-methods design gathering online quantitative data from 401 fire officers (grouped into Exemplars and General Fire Officers) and qualitative data from a Delphi panel of Exemplars only. A purpose of this mixed-methods study was to investigate how career fire officers who were identified by their fire departments as exemplars in field command reported they make critical decisions during in-extremis moments and to explore whether there are commonalities in their leadership approaches. This was attained through a Delphi panel composed of 14 Exemplar fire officers. Three rounds of semi-structured interviews were conducted that attempted to reach consensus among the Delphi panel members. In addition, the Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 (REI-40) was offered online to 17 career fire department officers to help evaluate their tendencies towards rational/analytical and experiential/intuitive thinking. Results from the online REI-40 survey and findings from the Delphi interviews revealed that the Exemplars rely upon their experience and intuition to a greater extent and rely less upon written procedures than did their General Fire Officer counterparts. The Delphi p (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Paul Johnson Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Kristina LaVenia Ph.D. (Committee Member); Shirley Green Ph.D. (Committee Member); Sara Worley Ph.D. (Other); Judith Jackson May Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Communication; Educational Leadership; Management; Occupational Safety; Operations Research; Organization Theory

Doctor of Education (Educational Leadership), Youngstown State University, 2022, Department of Teacher Education and Leadership Studies

This dissertation attempts to locate the general and specific theories and practices that account for the incentives and obstacles for low-income and marginalized persons' structural incorporation into corporate governance. Factors related to health/human services and community development organizations that purport to engage in work for the betterment of such low-income and marginalized persons are explored. Through a mixed-methods model, this dissertation, especially after the 50th anniversary year of the War on Poverty, explores the perspectives of board members and others about perceived and real obstacles and incentives to participate in such governance. Unlike in the past with the War on Poverty, a new moment, or punctuated equilibrium, may provide a new opportunity for low-income voices to be heard and institutionalized. The Delphi panelists held strong consensus in agreement that it is important to include low-income persons on boards, but it is not a requirement. The panelists hold in strong consensus of agreement that training is needed to help understand the issues faced by low-income persons and communities, and training needs to help all members deal with problem-solving skills. The panelists hold in strong consensus in disagreement that it is no longer important for low-income persons to serve on boards. There is a critical finding that as the new governance and accountability movements attest, there is not an urgency, though with some nuances, for some form of structural inclusion of low-income persons on boards of community service agencies. This work adds to the social theoretical literature pertaining to operative political-economic perspectives and values, institutional isomorphism, and network diffusion concerning the inclusion of diverse voices and its real and practical impact on nonprofit board governance.

Committee: Karen Larwin PhD (Committee Chair); Sherri Harper Woods DM (Committee Member); Amanda Fehlbaum PhD (Committee Member); Patrick Spearman PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Education Philosophy; Education Policy; Educational Leadership; Organization Theory; Public Policy; Social Work; Welfare

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2020, Mechanical Engineering

The EcoCAR Mobility Challenge is the current iteration of the Advanced Vehicle Technology Competitions that challenges twelve universities across North America to re-engineer a 2019 Chevrolet Blazer into a connected and automated vehicle. The competition goal is to design, prototype, test, and validate a SAE Level 2 advance driver assistance system. This work outlines the development process of a SAE Level 2 perception system. The process began by defining system and component level requirements that iniated a sophisticated sensor and hardware selection process. Then to protoype, test, and validate the system, a V-model approach was followed, which included validation and verification of the system in multiple test environments. The role of each test environment in the validation process along with its advantages and shortcomings is discussed in detail, followed by the evolution of the perception system throughout Year 1 and Year 2 of the competition. Next, three case studies outlining the different subsystems in the perception controller: the I/O layer, the fault diagnostics, and sensor calbration are discussed. Each of these sub-algorithms used various modeling environment to increase the realiability and accuracy of the perception system. This work serves as the foundation of the connected and automated vehicle perception system and will be vital in the implementation of advance driver assistance features such as adaptive cruise control, lane centering control, and lane change on demand in future years of this competition.

Committee: Shawn Midlam-Mohler (Advisor); Lisa Fiorentini (Committee Member); Punit Tulpule (Other) Subjects: Automotive Engineering; Mechanical Engineering

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Leadership Studies, Xavier University, 2019, Leadership Studies and Human Resource Development

Colleges and Universities publicly market institutional mission statements as indicators of the impact the institution will have on specific aspects of student's development (Adam, 2016). However, because mission statements are not typically considered when classifying or ranking academic institutions there is presently no direct way to regulate, substantiate or hold these organizations accountable to claims made in their mission statements (Meacham and Gaff, 2006). The Delphi Method was employed to determine to what extent do the mission statements of institutions participating in the Multi-Institutional Survey of Leadership (MSL) reflect the selected socially responsible leadership values conceptualized in the Social Change Model. These specific values were: Consciousness of Self, Controversy with Civility, and Citizenship. Consensus among experts on the strength of the presence of these values in institutions mission statements was low. The 2015 MSL's student outcome findings for 90 institutions were then compared to the Delphi Method's Institutional Mission Statement findings via Spearman's Rho correlational test. The hypothesis that aggregate student outcomes would reflect differences in institutional mission statements was partially and very weakly supported. The hypothesis that disaggregate student outcomes would reflect differences in institutional mission statements was partially and very weakly supported.

Committee: Gail F. Latta Ph.D. (Committee Chair); David Johnson Ph.D. (Committee Member); Ahlam Lee Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Educational Leadership; Higher Education; Higher Education Administration; Organizational Behavior

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), Bowling Green State University, 2019, Leadership Studies

Context: Research within athletic training has placed an emphasis on the importance of mentorship for the profession. Mentorship is cited as a key to professional socialization, a guide to student decision making in regard to continued education and career ambitions, and a motivator for clinical preceptors (Nottingham, Barrett, Mazerolle, & Eason, 2016; Mazerolle, & Benes, 2014; Klossner, 2008). Objective: To investigate attributes of mentorship within athletic training implementing a two-phase approach. Design: A two-phase approach. Phase I a modified Delphi technique. Phase II a national survey to novice athletic trainers'. Participants: Phase I included 16 experts of athletic training. Phase II included 107 novice athletic trainers. Results: The results of this study identify 86 attributes expert athletic trainers believe to be important to serving as an athletic training mentor. Phase II of the study identified how frequently novice athletic trainers' rate mentor attribute occurrence. Implications: This study presents an empirical list of mentor attributes important for athletic training mentors to practice. This study also identifies that the mentor attributes deemed important by exerts are rated to occur more frequently by the novice athletic trainer. This study supports the need for more intentional development of athletic training mentors and the mentoring relationships cultivated.

Committee: Paul Willis Ed.D (Advisor); Michael Decker Ph.D (Other); Amanda Jarriel Ph.D (Committee Member); Matthew Kutz Ph.D (Committee Member); Kristina LaVenia Ph.D (Committee Member); Patrick Pauken J.D, Ph.D (Committee Member) Subjects: Educational Leadership; Sports Medicine

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2018, Agricultural and Extension Education

Abstract Agbioscience is identified as a significant source of scientific innovation and economic opportunity at land grant state agricultural experiment stations (SAES) throughout the United States. The impact of agbioscience has been the subject of multiple analyses and reports from private research entities, but a search for the term agbioscience in online databases produces few to no results. This study used the Delphi method to develop a definition for agbioscience, explore the differences between agbioscience and agricultural science, identify agbioscience research needs and priorities, and provide insight on how to better prepare future contributors to the field. The expert panel for this study consisted of leadership from SAES and university extension's agriculture and natural resources (ANR) program. Participants represented the Southern, North Central, and 1890's land grant university regions. The goal of this study was to use an accepted and established research method to investigate agbioscience from the perspective of experts who are involved in the activity. One limitation is the lack of prior research on agbioscience. This study's findings include an accepted definition for agbioscience. The panel emphasized the need for transdisciplinary, collaborative approaches to real-world problem solving and identified a skills deficit in recent agricultural science program graduates and new practitioners. The panel also identified emerging trends, key issues, and specific research needs in agbioscience.

Committee: Keith Smith Ph.D. (Advisor); Jerold Thomas Ph.D (Advisor); David Benfield Ph.D (Committee Member); Annie Specht Ph.D (Committee Member) Subjects: Agriculture

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2017, Dentistry

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical criteria periodontists consider to maintain a periodontally-involved tooth versus replacement of the tooth with an implant. Decision-making criteria were investigated using a Delphi study. Materials & Methods: A questionnaire was developed by the Division of Periodontology to determine which factors are important in the decision to maintain a tooth or extract it and replace it with an implant. More specifically, periodontal factors, general clinical factors, and patient-centered factors were considered important criteria to investigate. Using the Delphi method, two rounds of questionnaires were mailed to prescreened, active Diplomats of the American Board of Periodontology in the United States, who had agreed to participate. Responses were analyzed and results presented as frequencies or averages, depending on the data that were collected. Results: 25 periodontists agreed to participate and 12 completed both rounds of questionnaires. The two most important factors for replacement of teeth with dental implants, in order, were identified as bone loss and tooth mobility. Minimum criteria for bone loss and tooth mobility that would result in extracting and replacing a tooth were: 70% bone loss with no tooth mobility; 60% bone loss with Grade 1 or 2 tooth mobility; 40% bone loss with Grade 3 tooth mobility; probing depth of at least 7 mm, and Grade III furcation involvement. When planning an implant case, panelists were concerned primarily about esthetics for anterior teeth, malocclusion for posterior teeth, and patient satisfaction. Treatment costs were not a major concern. Conclusion: The clinical criteria for implant placement suggest that periodontists select removal of teeth that are significantly affected by periodontal disease.

Committee: Angelo Mariotti (Advisor); Arthur Hefti (Committee Member); John Nusstein (Committee Member) Subjects: Dentistry

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2017, Counselor Education

Counseling researchers increasingly emphasize researcher and community collaborations (Bryan, 2009; Guiffraida et al., 2011; Ratts el al., 2016). One approach researchers across fields are employing to build researcher-community partnerships is community based-participatory research (CBPR) (National Institute of Health, 2010). CBPR can be described as a shared endeavor between researchers, institutions, and communities that fosters partnerships throughout each phase of the research process (Viswanathan et al, 2004). Given the recent attention to the researcher-practitioner gap in counseling (Guiffraida et al., 2011), this study suggests that the CBPR framework could serve as an additional tool for translating research findings into practical interventions for communities, particularly practitioners (Horowitz et al., 2009). Partnerships between researchers and practitioners will further improve treatment for our clients (Techman et al., 2012). Competencies are significant for the field since they establish best practice, guidelines of service, and professional trainings (Toporek et al., 2010). A standardized approach for a training guideline will improve consistency and reduce disparities in training future counseling researchers (Golde & Walker, 2006). The purpose of this study is to develop a list of competencies (knowledge, skills, attitudes, and actions) that will provide the foundations for a comprehensive competence training guideline in CBPR. This study intends to obtain and integrate expert input in the development of these competencies through the Delphi method using both quantitative descriptive and qualitative content analysis.

Committee: John Laux Dr. (Committee Chair); Christopher Roseman Dr. (Committee Member); Yanhong Liu Dr. (Committee Member); Reynolds Jennifer Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Counseling Education

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2017, Kinesiology

This study forecasts future issues in NCAA Division I FBS intercollegiate athletics. The research design takes a mixed method approach, employing the Delphi technique as both the design and data collection method. Using this technique, an expert panel, consisting of 12 athletic directors and associate athletic directors from FBS institutions, was surveyed over three rounds to ascertain what issues are likely to occur over the next five to seven years and whether or not these issues will have a significant impact on the way intercollegiate athletics operates. The purpose of this study was to assess the environment in which intercollegiate athletics is operating. Specifically, the economic, legal, and sociocultural sectors of the environment were examined. This assessment was then used to forecast how the granting of autonomy to the Power 5 conferences and the recent and current litigation facing the NCAA and its member institutions will affect these areas of the environment over the next five to seven years. Grounded in stakeholder theory, the aim of the study is to provide a tool to assist with strategic planning of stakeholder relationship management for athletic administrators at institutions that sponsor athletic programs in the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision. Results of the study revealed eight issues that were likely to occur over the next five to seven years. Four of these issues related to the economic sector of the environment, one related to the legal sector, and three related to the sociocultural. Further, 14 of the issues were rated by the expert panel as having a significant level of impact if they were to occur. Additionally, support for the convergent approach to stakeholder theory was found. Recommendations are made based on the forecasts by the expert panel. The impact on stakeholder salience within intercollegiate athletics is also examined. Finally, limitations and suggestions for futu (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Donna Pastore (Advisor); Brian Turner (Committee Member); Samuel Hodge (Committee Member) Subjects: Sports Management

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1983, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Education

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1982, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Education

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2016, Leadership and Change

The purpose of this dissertation was to identify and understand the key qualities and skills of effective team coaches. The results serve to educate and inform those aspiring to be organizational team coaches, those presently serving as team coaches, those developing curriculum to train team coaches, and those responsible for choosing and hiring team coaches for their organizations. Study participants were all experienced professional team coaches representing several states and a few different countries. The Delphi method was used, resulting in the emergence of consensus judgements of 15 qualities and 15 skills based on anonymous responses during multiple iterations. While the study does not claim to identify a set of characteristics that will ensure that a team coach will be effective in their professional practice, emphasis on those characteristics should enhance the professional development of aspiring and experienced team coaches alike. This dissertation is available in open-access at OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/etd and AURA: Antioch University Repository and Archive, http://aura.antioch.edu/

Committee: Jon Wergin Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Tony Lingham Ph.D. (Committee Member); Anita Polite-Wilson Ph.D. (Committee Member); Bernard Curtis Ed.D. (Other) Subjects: Adult Education; Behavioral Sciences; Business Administration; Management; Organization Theory; Organizational Behavior

PHD, Kent State University, 2015, College of Public Health

Aim 1: Synopsis The primary goal of Aim 1 was to determine if subjects' dizziness descriptors cluster in a manner that enables differentiation by anatomical location. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify latent traits present in a structured symptom history questionnaire including 15 descriptors and 11 triggers of dizziness. The separate analyses of the two components of the subjective history; the descriptors of dizziness and triggers of dizziness, revealed that three classes emerged for each set of variables. Although three classes were identified through LCA within the descriptors, conclusions regarding the ability of these classes to identify a specific anatomical location were unable to be drawn. Similarly, the three classes of triggers were unable to be definitively linked to a specific type of dizziness. Established patterns of dizziness description associated with specific types of dizziness in other populations (i.e. subjects without a concussion) were not observed with this sample of subjects with SRC. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the use of the patient description of dizziness to base the direction of the objective examination may not be a reliable method to approach a patient with a SRC and dizziness. Aim 2: Synopsis The primary goal of Aim 2 was to utilize research and clinical expertise of an invited respondent group to identify objective tests with high clinical utility that should be included in a physical examination to differentiate between the different subtypes of dizziness after a SRC. Specifically, the question posed to the group was: What clinical tests and measures could be included in an assessment to differentiate between cervicogenic and other causes of dizziness in concussed athletes? Through a three round process, including 25 experts from various medical disciplines, 10 tests were identified to have strong clinical utility and 7 were identified as having weak clinical utility. The clinical tests included i (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Vinay Cheruvu PhD (Committee Co-Chair); Mark James PhD (Committee Co-Chair); Jingzhen Yang PhD (Committee Member); Chad Cook PT, PhD, MBA (Committee Member) Subjects: Epidemiology; Neurology; Physical Therapy; Public Health; Sports Medicine