MFIS, Kent State University, 2022, College of the Arts / School of Fashion

The aim of this study is to better understand how the construction of hamstring sleeve compression garments can be improved for collegiate track and field athletes with a focus on women athletes in particular. The production of the hamstring garments were produced on a Stoll ADF-3 industrial knitting machine in order to reduce waste and produce the garment more sustainably. Different compression garments were created and analyzed to determine if one can design a sustainable three-dimensional hamstring sleeve that does not limit an athlete's mobility and can alleviate pain. Liquid crystals were applied to the garments to examine how they can provide a visualization of the wearer's hamstring injury. Surveys were used to recruit and gather consensus on athletes' interest and usage of hamstring compression garments and to determine their hamstring health and past injuries in relation to hamstring strains. Kent State University track and field athletes were recruited to test the functionality of the three-dimensional knitted hamstring sleeves to provide critical feedback on overall functionality.

Committee: Linda Ohrn (Committee Co-Chair) Subjects: Design

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2014, Biophysics

Genomics is undergoing unprecedented transformation due to rapid improvements in genetic sequencing technology, which has lowered costs for genetic sequencing experiments while increasing the amount of data generated in a typical experiment (McKinsey Global Institute, May 2013, pp. 86-94). The increase in data has shifted the burden from analysis and research to expertise in IT hardware and network support for distributed and efficient processing. Bioinformaticians, in response to a data-rich environment, are challenged to develop better and faster algorithms to solve problems in genomics and molecular biology research. This thesis examines the storage and data processing issues inherent in next- generation DNA sequencing (NGS). This work details the design and implementation of a software prototype that exemplifies the current approaches as it relates to the efficient storage of NGS data. The software library is utilized within the context of a previous software project which accompanies the publication related to the HT_SOSA assay. The software for the HT_SOSA, called NGSPositionCounter, demonstrates a workflow that is common in a molecular biology research lab. In an effort to scale beyond the research institute, the software library’s architecture takes into account scalability considerations for data storage and processing demands that are more likely to be encountered in a clinical or commercial enterprise.

Committee: Kun Huang Ph.D (Advisor); Alvarez Carlos Ph.D (Committee Member); Machiraju Raghu Ph.D (Committee Member) Subjects: Bioinformatics

Master of Science (MS), Wright State University, 2008, Computer Science

In this thesis compression ratio and latency of different classical audio music tracks are analyzed with various encoder options of MPEG4ALS. Different tracks of audio music tracks are tested with MPEG4-ALS coder with different options to find the optimum values for various parameters to obtain maximum compression ratio with minimum CPU time (encoder and decoder time). Optimum frame length for which the compression ratio saturates for music audio is found out by analyzing the results when different classical music tracks are experimented with various frame lengths. Also music tracks with varying sampling rate are tested and the compression ratio and latency relationship with sampling rate are analyzed and plotted. It is found that the compression gain rate was higher when the codec complexity is less, and joint channel correlation and long term correlations are not significant and latency trade off make the more complex codec options unsuitable for applications where latency is critical. When the two entropy coding options, Rice code and BGMC (Block Gilbert-Moore Codes) are applied on various classical music tracks, it was obvious that the Rice code is more suitable for low-latency applications compared to the more complex BGMC coding, as BGMC improved compression performance with the expense of latency, making it unsuitable in real-time applications.

Committee: Yong Pei PhD (Advisor); Bin Wang PhD (Committee Member); Thomas Hartrum PhD (Committee Member); Thomas Sudkamp PhD (Other); Joseph F. Thomas, Jr. PhD (Other) Subjects: Computer Science

Master of Science (M.S.), University of Dayton, 2011, Civil Engineering

Geographical information systems (GIS) can be useful in gathering information for soil properties especially at the preliminary design phases of projects. However, the usefulness and accuracy of the GIS analysis depend on the database that it relies on. The database becomes usually more populated around metropolitan areas or major cities, simply because of the increased need for infrastructure to serve larger population in and around these cities. A total of 255 consolidation test data collected from numerous transportation projects in the State of Ohio were analyzed, corrected for sample disturbance using Schmertmann's correction, and entered into a GIS database for analysis. The analyses indicate that reasonably accurate compression index (Cc) values can be obtained both in metropolitan areas and statewide. This thesis presents the database, the uses of GIS with spreadsheets to analyze the data, and several compression index correlations developed for Ohio soils.

Committee: Omer Bilgin PhD, PE (Advisor) Subjects: Civil Engineering; Engineering; Geographic Information Science; Geological; Geology; Geotechnology; Information Technology; Sedimentary Geology; Soil Sciences; Transportation; Transportation Planning

Master of Science, Miami University, 2024, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Lattice structures are celebrated for their lightweight characteristics and superior mechanical performance. In this research, a strut reinforcement technique was employed to enhance the energy absorption capacities of 3D re-entrant auxetic (Aux), hexagonal (Hex), and hybrid Auxetic-Hexagonal (AuxHex) lattice structures. The investigation involved finite element analysis to delve into the mechanical and energy absorption properties of these novel designs during quasi-static compression testing. The results from the uniaxial compression tests of the reinforced designs were then compared with those from traditional 3D hexagonal and re-entrant auxetic lattice structures. To accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of the 3D printed lattice structures, the mechanical properties of the PA2200 matrix material—manufactured via additive manufacturing—were utilized. The outcomes indicated by the stress-strain and energy absorption curves suggest that these newly proposed designs are optimal for applications requiring high energy absorption at large strains. Thus, these findings pave the way for developing novel designs in 3D hexagonal and re-entrant auxetic lattice structures, which are poised to offer enhanced mechanical strength and exceptional specific energy absorption properties. Expanding on these insights, future research could explore further variations in lattice geometry and reinforcement methods to optimize the performance of these structures under different loading conditions.

Committee: Muhammad Jahan (Advisor); Carter Hamilton (Committee Member); Jinjuan She (Committee Member); Jeff Ma (Advisor) Subjects: Biomechanics; Experiments; Materials Science; Mechanical Engineering; Mechanics

Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, University of Dayton, 2021, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Image compression is a foundational topic in the world of image processing. Reducing an image's size allows for the image to be stored in less memory and speeds up the processing and storage time. In addition, deep learning (DL) has been a featured topic. This paper seeks to find a model that uses DL for optimal image compression. There are several image codecs that already are used for image compression. The framework that is designed in this paper does not focus on eliminating these codecs; rather, it uses a method that incorporates standard codecs. The image codec is wrapped with two convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The first network, ComCNN, has the goal of compressing an image into an optimal compact representation that can be passed into an image codec for maximum compression. The second network,, RecCNN, has the goal of reconstructing the decoded compact representation of the image into an output that is as similar to the original image as possible. By continuing to use tradition image codes such as JPEG and JPEG2000, the process is standardized while still producing optimal results. The paper gives an overview of image compression, machine learning, and different quality and compression metrics that determine the success of the network. In addition, the model is described in great detail, and results with different parameters and data types are presented.

Committee: Bradley Ratliff Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Eric Balster Ph.D. (Committee Member); Frank Scarpino Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Electrical Engineering

Master of Arts, Case Western Reserve University, 2020, Psychology

Three experiments evaluated the impact of time-processed stimuli on speech recognition in noise and in quiet. Results from Experiment 1 indicated decreased masked-speech recognition when stimuli were compressed to 80% of the original duration, though expansion (up to 120% of the original rate) had no impact on performance. Experiment 2 evaluated masked-speech recognition for naturally spoken productions and time-processed speech that varied in rate. Time-processed speech caused a decrease in performance when compared to naturally spoken sentences though matched in rate (for both faster and slower rates). In both experiments, listeners perceived significant distortion when listening in quiet to all rate-altered stimuli. However, the level of noticeable distortion did not correlate with masked-speech recognition ability. Experiment 3 confirmed that, despite audible distortion, time-processed speech presented in quiet was highly intelligible. Results support that masked-speech recognition is negatively impacted by time-processed fast speech when compressed by at least 80%.

Committee: Lauren Calandruccio Ph.D. (Advisor); Angela Ciccia Ph.D. (Committee Member); Lee Thompson Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Acoustics

DNP, Kent State University, 2019, College of Nursing

The American Heart Association (AHA) is the universal and traditional benchmark for treatment and interventions during cardiac arrest. Quality chest compressions result in a better likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation, also known as ROSC. (Meaney et al., 2013) Currently, the AHA recommends end tidal C02 (ETC02) monitoring to evaluate the quality of compressions(Bhende, Karasic , & Karasic ,1996), however does not require or maintain a national guideline for the tool. The AHA's guidelines on ETC02 during compressions is >10mmHg.(American Heart Association, 2019) Furthermore, the most recent AHA benchmarks for percent of patients that achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is 62.4%, whereas the AHA states that there is a direct relationship with the quality of compressions and ROSC. (Uchenna et al., 2018). Many hospital systems further employ mechanical compression devices as an alternative to manual compressions due to concerns about efficacy of manual compressions. This project aimed to examine the quality of manual compressions across a participating health system using ETC02, which was not currently standard practice within the system, despite having the tools to do so. These values were then compared to the AHA standards to evaluate if the quality was satisfactory. ROSC was also compared to national standards and to their corresponding ETC02 values. Findings from a total of 52 patient samples showed that showed that the mean average ETC02 was 21.12 with a corresponding median 18.5 and standard deviation of 11.49. This is in line with other studies which have shown that end tidal co2 values of >10 mmHG from mechanical compressions. This surpassed the national average. However, there were 21 cases of return of spontaneous circulation accounting for 40.8%, which is less than the national average of 64.2%. Recommendations to add ETC02 monitoring as a standard of care for this hospital system, as well as nationwide were made. In contrast, (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Lisa Onesko DNP (Advisor); Patricia Vermeersch PhD (Committee Co-Chair); Wendy Umberger PhD (Committee Co-Chair) Subjects: Medicine; Nursing

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), University of Dayton, 2016, Electro-Optics

3-D holographic ladar uses digital holography with frequency diversity to allow the ability to resolve targets in range. A key challenge is that since individual frequency samples are not recorded simultaneously, differential phase aberrations may exist between them making it difficult to achieve range compression. Specific steps for this modality are described so that phase gradient algorithms (PGA) can be applied to 3-D holographic ladar data for phase corrections across multiple temporal frequency samples. Substantial improvement of range compression is demonstrated in a laboratory experiment where our modified PGA technique is applied. Additionally, the PGA estimator is demonstrated to be efficient for this application and the maximum entropy saturation behavior of the estimator is analytically described. Simultaneous range-compression and aperture synthesis is experimentally demonstrated with a stepped linear frequency modulated waveform and holographic aperture ladar. The resultant 3D data has high resolution in the aperture synthesis dimension and is recorded using a conventional low bandwidth focal plane array. Individual cross-range field segments are coherently combined using data driven registration, while range-compression is performed without the benefit of a coherent waveform. Furthermore, a synergistically enhanced ability to discriminate image objects due to the coaction of range-compression and aperture synthesis is demonstrated. Two objects are then precisely located in 3D space, despite being unresolved in two directions, due to resolution gains in both the range and azimuth cross-range dimensions.

Committee: Bradley Duncan Ph.D. (Committee Chair); David Rabb Ph.D. (Advisor); Joseph Haus Ph.D. (Advisor); Matthew Dierking Ph.D. (Advisor) Subjects: Electrical Engineering; Optics; Physics; Remote Sensing

Master of Science, University of Toledo, 2015, College of Health Sciences

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pneumatic compression devices on cycling performance. Twelve (n=12) well-trained multisport athletes completed a randomized crossover study. Subjects were required to undertake a prescribed training session followed by a randomized selection of either twenty minutes recovery with the use of a pneumatic compression (COMP) device as a recovery aid or passive recovery using a sham (SHAM) condition. The following day, a 30 minute maximal exercise test was undertaken and heart rate (HR) and average power output (PO) was recorded. The same protocol was repeated one week later using a crossover design. Results showed no significant difference between average PO either with or without the use of pneumatic compression during recovery (COMP, 262 ± 52 W; SHAM, 263 ±52 W; p>0.05). No difference in peak HR was observed when comparing the use of compression pants (177 ± 10 bpm) to the SHAM condition (178 ± 9bpm). The results of the present investigation indicate that the use of a pneumatic compression device does not have a significant effect on power output or heart rate when used as a recovery aid from prior bouts of heavy intensity exercise.

Committee: Barry Scheuerrman Ph.D (Committee Chair); Suzanne Wambold Ph.D (Committee Member); John Thistlethwait Ph.D (Committee Member) Subjects: Kinesiology

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2014, Mechanical Engineering (Engineering and Technology)

The main goal of this research was to develop a lab-based process to produce a carbon nanotube (CNT)-Mg matrix composite wire via hot extrusion. An apparatus was developed for use with a 250 kN servo hydraulic MTS® machine to perform hot extrusion in this research. The CNT-Mg billets with 3 wt.% CNTs were provided by external researchers. The scope of the project involved modeling the process analytically and performing a series of extrusion trials to determine flow properties of the composite material. Material parameters for the classical Zener-Hollomon model was determined using compression testing to characterize the plastic behavior of pure Mg as a function of temperature and strain rate. To show consistency with the Zener-Hollomon model, three extrusion trials with pure Mg were conducted. Extrusion trials were also performed on the CNT-Mg composite material. To produce a refined composite structure of CNTs in the Mg matrix, re-extrusion trials were performed with re-pressed CNT-Mg composite billets. These new billets were produced from the extruded wire obtained in the previous extrusion. The effect of CNT addition on Mg and the effect of re-extrusions on the composites' flow properties were assessed. The addition of CNTs increased the apparent flow stress of Mg by 10 – 30%. The apparent flow stress of the composite was further increased by 50 – 70% as a result of repressing and re-extrusion, compared to pure Mg.

Committee: Frank Kraft Ph.D. (Advisor) Subjects: Materials Science; Mechanical Engineering

Master of Education, Cleveland State University, 2014, College of Education and Human Services

Purpose: The purpose was to measure the effects of intermittent pneumatic compression (NormaTec, NT) on muscle inflammation after long distance running. Methods: Ten long distance runners, five males and five females, ages 18-55 years performed two, 20 mile runs at 70% VO2 max. The runs were followed by either no treatment (control) or NT treatment for five consecutive days. For the NT run, subjects were treated for one hour immediately following the run and daily for five days after. For the control run, subjects did not receive any treatment. Serum C – reactive protein (CRP), a marker of muscle inflammation, was measured pre and post run and daily thereafter for five days for both trials. Repeated measures ANOVA and two-way ANOVA were used to assess treatment differences. Results: The results indicated no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the control and treatment runs in CRP levels. There was also no gender differences or order effect of runs. Subjective pain ratings indicated no significant difference in pain between the control and treatment runs except when comparing the first run compared to the second run (regardless of whether the first run was a treatment or control run); there was a significant difference in which the subjects experienced less pain on the second run. There was no significant difference in mean weight loss, fluid intake, sweat rate, heart rate, percentage of maximum heart rate, or percentage of maximum VO2 max. There was, however, a significant difference (P = 0.038) in running time when comparing the control run (196.2 minutes) against the treatment run (204.8 minutes). Conclusions: Although the test subjects recovered one day earlier when using the NT device (Day 4) compared to the control (Day 5), this difference was not significant.

Committee: Kenneth Sparks Ph.D. (Advisor); Kathleen Little Ph.D. (Committee Member); Emily Kullman Ph.D. (Committee Member); Joan Thoman Ph.D., RN, CNS, CDE (Committee Member) Subjects: Anatomy and Physiology; Health Sciences; Kinesiology; Physiology; Therapy

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2013, Computer Science (Engineering and Technology)

Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) was developed to deliver network communications to so-called "challenged environments." These include space, military, and other networks that can be described as having extremely long link delay and frequent disconnections. The DTN paradigm implements a store-and-forward network of nodes to overcome these limited environments as well as delivering "bundles" of data instead of packets. The bundles nominally contain enough data to constitute an entire atomic unit of communication. DTN introduces the Endpoint Identifier (EID) to identify bundle Agents or groups. The EID can imply naming, addressing, routing and network topology, but these features and flexibility come at the cost of verbosity and a per-packet overhead introduced by large and descriptive EIDs. In this document, we apply lossless text compression to EIDs using Zlib's DEFLATE algorithm. We develop a novel method for generating a large sample of verbose EIDs based upon Apache access logs, allowing testing over a larger, more varied, and more realistic data set than would be possible with the current DTN testing networks. Analysis of the processing overhead and compression ratio lead us to the conclusion that Zlib reduces the overhead of EIDs substantially. By compressing the dictionary, more featureful EIDs can be used without increasing overhead in the form of larger bundle dictionaries due to syntactical verbosity.

Committee: Shawn Ostermann (Advisor) Subjects: Computer Science

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2011, Engineering and Applied Science: Computer Science and Engineering

The limited computing resources on mobile phones, the demands of real-time requirements, and the variable and error-prone nature of the bandwidth of cell phone networks make the task of streaming live video from cell phones very challenging. As such, computational simplicity and efficiency are a requirement for video encoders on mobile devices. This research presents core components of a mobile video compression algorithm that has been developed in this project to compress real-time video from cell phones. This work shows how the careful selection of video compression components can be used to strike a delicate balance between the computationally complex nature of video compression and the efficient utilization of the limited computing resources available on cell phones. Although optimality is never claimed, a method for compressing and streaming real-time video of 15 frames per second has been developed. The video encoder uses 5-3 wavelet transformation and a new subband aligned integer run-length encoding technique to compress video in real-time on mobile devices. The wavelet video encoder is adaptive, highly scalable, and can gracefully adjust video compression levels to match changing cell phone network bandwidth conditions. Further, because of the variability of the bandwidth of cell phone networks, the efficient streaming of real-time video over cell phone networks requires the ability to adapt the quality and amount of video being streamed to the available bandwidth. This research shows that without such adaptability, video frames will be dropped. Experiments presented herein show that without an adaptive framework over 50% of the video frames can be dropped. In response to this challenge, this research implements an application layer framework for the control of real-time streaming video originating from mobile devices to better utilize available bandwidth. The approach taken here aims to align the quality and transmission rate of live streaming video with t (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Yizong Cheng PhD (Committee Chair); Richard Fox PhD (Committee Member); Fred Annexstein PhD (Committee Member); Raj Bhatnagar PhD (Committee Member); Dieter Schmidt PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Computer Science

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2010, Industrial and Systems Engineering

Compression molding of glass is a promising manufacturing process for high precision, low cost glass optical elements. However, the conditions that glass molding processes are performed in are known to cause sticking between the glass work piece and the mold surface. When the glass-mold contact is repeated during heating-cooling cycles, some or all of a glass specimen often remains on a mold surface during de-molding and damages the formally high precision mold surface. In order to decrease the mold sticking and mold damage, mold materials for glass molds need to have high hardness, heat resistance, and chemical stability. Two examples of mold materials include tungsten carbide and silicon. The microstructures of popular mold materials such as WC-Co contain spots of a lower mechanical strength soft cobalt bonding agent that could adhere to the glass under high molding temperatures. To mitigate the problem, a thin layer coating of inert materials such as platinum or diamond like coating is deposited on the mold surface. In this research, two different coatings were applied to both tungsten carbide and silicon wafer substrates and then tested in a real molding environment. A new system was fabricated to test sticking force between the glass pieces and glass molds. Experiments demonstrated processing parameters including the level of compression, the time associated with compression and the time allowed for cooling significantly affected the glass to mold sticking force.

Committee: Allen Yi PhD (Advisor); Jose Castro PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Engineering; Industrial Engineering

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2009, Electrical and Computer Engineering

With the advancements in multimedia technologies, effective video compression has become more and more important. The size of the video files is always increasing with the increasing camera resolutions and because of never ending demand for better quality video signals. On the other hand, there is a limit to the available storage space and transmission bandwidth. Therefore, it is important to have good quality videos at low bit-rates. However, the widely established compression standards suffer from the annoying blocking artifacts at very low bit-rates and therefore, are not suitable for video coding at low bit-rates. The reason for the blocking artifacts is the usage of block based discrete cosine transform in these established compression methods. One good solution to this problem is to use wavelet transform which can be directly applied to the whole image at once, and thus, do not suffer from blocking artifacts. In addition, object based compression is also gaining in popularity because of the flexibility it provides to the end-user, and because of its widely believed potential to deliver good quality videos at very low bit-rates.Therefore, this dissertation develops a compression method that further explores the advantages of object based compression, and uses shape adaptive wavelet transform for the coding of the arbitrarily shaped virtual-object thereby avoiding any blocking artifacts. An arbitrarily shaped virtual-object compression method is developed. Method extracts the changing portion of the video as a 3D arbitrarily shaped virtual object from the non-changing portion termed as background. Arbitrarily shaped virtual object is coded using 3D wavelet compression whereas stationary background is coded using 2D wavelet compression. Experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed method outperforms 3D wavelet compression and the rectangular virtual-object compression by achieving higher compression ratio at a higher PSNR.

Committee: Prof. Yuan F. Zheng PhD (Advisor); Prof. Ashok Krishnamurthy PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Electrical Engineering

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2007, Electrical Engineering

Because of the contradiction of the vast data size of raw digital images and videos and the limited transmission bandwidth and storage space, it is essential to develop compression methodologies with high compression ratio and good reconstructed quality. It is also important to develop quality metrics which are consistent with human vision and easy to calculate. The spatial-frequency localization and multi-resolution capabilities of the wavelet transform make it a natural means of signal representation. This work investigates the advantages of the wavelet transform and focuses on the following research topics: 1) An image quality metric that assesses the quality of an image in the wavelet domain; 2) A quality constrained compression algorithm that compresses an image to a desired visual quality; 3) An innovative DWT-based temporal filtering scheme that achieves high compression ratio and reduces the ghost effect without motion estimation; 4) A virtual sub-object video coding scheme that is suitable for applications with static background.

Committee: Yuan Zheng (Advisor) Subjects:

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 1995, Civil Engineering (Engineering)

An investigation of the behavior of soil, soil-cement, and soil-cememt-fiber at different water contents and fiber contents is to study how the fiber (Polypropylene) effects the strength of soil (clay). Laboratory testings undertaken measured the stress-strain relationship by using a cubical multiaxial testing device. Experiments were set up for two different tests, Hydrostatic Compression (HC) and Conventional Triaxial Compression (CTC). For CTC, a confining pressure was simulated to match the stress that occurred under a county roadway. Soil used in this investigation was brought from Athens County Road 20. Soil moisture during testing was set at optimum water content (19%), 2 percent below, and 2 percent above optimum. Cement content was held constant at 6 percent of the weight of soil. The main objective of this investigation is to improve soils by adding cement and fibers at varying water contents.

Committee: Joseph Recktenwald (Advisor) Subjects: Engineering, Civil

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 1995, Civil Engineering (Engineering)

Behavior of plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete under multiaxial stress

Committee: Eric Steinberg (Advisor) Subjects: Engineering, Civil

Master of Sciences (Engineering), Case Western Reserve University, 2011, EECS - Computer and Information Sciences

This thesis describes a new technique for compressing cartoon images by taking advantage of the distinct color regions in an image and applying a spatially-based compression algorithm. The method for storing these regions involves a combination of Binary Run-Length Encoding and Huffman Encoding. The compression of cartoon images presented here is a lossy compression scheme that removes artifacts and anti-aliasing before encoding the image, and upon decoding the image, uses an edge-restricted blur filter in an attempt to smooth the edges of the decoded image. Algorithms to support gradient detection, their application, and storage are also described. With these algorithms and the proposed file type, on average the test images were 13.75 times more compact than the corresponding PNG file and 7.45 times more compact than the corresponding JPEG file, with a best bit per pixel ratio of 0.00987 bpp.

Committee: Marc Buchner PhD (Committee Chair); M. Cenk Cavusoglu PhD (Committee Member); Vincenzo Liberatore PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Computer Science