Ph.D., Antioch University, 2017, Leadership and Change

The purpose of this study is to understand the culture of one of the newest branches of traditional Yoruba Ifa /Orisa practice in the United States from practitioners born in the United States that were initiated in Nigeria, West Africa. The epistemology of the Ifa /Orisa belief system in the United States has been based on the history and influence of Regla de Ocha or Santeria that developed out of Cuban innovation and practice. This is an ethnographic and auto-ethnographic study that pulls from participant observation, field notes, interviews, and photos as data. The central question of this dissertation is what are the challenges and opportunities for this branch of practitioners in the United States who were initiated in the Ifa /Orisa practice in Nigeria? Some of the main findings indicate that the opportunities include: opening doors intellectually and spiritually about African philosophical thought and ethics were that: it instills a sense of spiritual discipline; it lays the foundation, giving confidence that one can achieve what they set their minds to; and, it offers spiritual technologies and systems that are liberating and relevant in the Unites States in terms of identity, direction, and purpose. Some of the challenges included: a rugged Nigerian experience, and cultural change; a transformative experience from the initiation rituals; understanding and learning the Yoruba language; and, the contradiction of Africa being the idea of utopia. The challenges in the United States also included: understanding and learning the Yoruba language; understanding the different systems of practice in the Ifa /Orisa belief system; the role of women as Ifa priests; ecological concerns in disposing ritual sacrifices; accessibility to traditional (African) ritual items; issues of acceptance, inclusion, and exclusion on the basis of race, gender, and sexual identities from other systems of Ifa /Orisa practice; and, developing new communities of practice base on the experi (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Science in Engineering, University of Akron, 2016, Electrical Engineering

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that contributes widely to the contemporary success of artificial intelligence. The essential idea of deep learning is to process complex data by abstracting hierarchical features via deep neural network structure. As one type of deep learning technique, deep belief network (DBN) has been widely used in various application fields. This thesis proposes an approximation based hardware realization of DBNs that requires low hardware complexity. This thesis also explores a set of novel applications of the DBN-based classifier that will benefit from a fast implementation of DBN. In my work, I have explored the application of DBN in the fields of automatic modulation classification method for cognitive radio, Doppler radar sensor for detection and classification of micro unmanned aerial systems, cyber security applications to detect false data injection (FDI) attacks and localize flooding attacks, and applications in social networking for prediction of link properties. The work in this thesis paves the way for further investigation and realization of deep learning techniques to address critical issues in various novel application fields.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2014, Computer Science and Engineering

Abduction, or inference to the best explanation, is, plausibly, part of commonsense reasoning, and a means by which a cognitive system may arrive at estimates of its world from observational and other evidence. We take this "world estimate" to be the cognitive system's beliefs. Since such reasoning is fallible, and world estimates will sometimes contain errors, an abductive reasoning system might improve its performance if it has a way to engage in belief revision when new evidence, or further reasoning, indicates the existence of a problem. In this study, we develop, implement, and experimentally validate a metareasoning system that monitors and attempts to correct beliefs established by the base-level abductive reasoning system. We first identify that the presence of an anomaly, which we define as an observation or other evidence that cannot plausibly and consistently be explained, as a signal that the cognitive system's world estimate might be incorrect or, alternatively, that the unexplainable datum is noise. The metareasoning system responds to the presence of anomalies by asking exactly that question: which anomalies are due to mistakes in the world estimate, and warrant specific belief revisions, and which anomalies are due to noise, and should not instigate belief revisions? Various considerations regarding the nature of the anomalies and the system's reasoning history are brought to bear to answer this question. Fundamentally, we see the metareasoning question ("what explains these anomalies: mistaken beliefs, or noise?") as structurally similar to the cognitive system's original question, "what explains these observations?" Thus, the metareasoning system is an abductive reasoning system, just like the base-level system. The anomalies constitute meta-evidence which may be explained by meta-hypotheses. These meta-hypotheses describe the various kinds of causes of anomalies and specify particular belief revisions in order to resolve the anomalies. The (open full item for complete abstract)

MA, Kent State University, 2013, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Justice Studies

While terrorism has become an international problem, it has long been an intense problem for Turkey. The main focus of Turkey has almost always been on fighting terrorism through conventional means of superior coercive power. However, some people responsible for preventing terrorism have begun to think that an understanding of the motives of terrorism and terrorist actions on an individual level is necessary. Therefore, this study delves into an explanation about the effect of belief in becoming a member of a terrorist organization and the impact of this belief on the level of violence exerted by the members of three terrorist organizations in Turkey. In order to clarify the point, this study employs a quantitative research approach by using official data gathered from interviews of terror-related suspects obtained by the Antiterror Department of the Turkish National Police. After appropriate statistical analyses were made, this research concludes that as the belief in the tenets of the terrorist organization increases, the likelihood of membership in the terrorist organization and the level of active involvement in terrorist activities also increase. Based on that insight, further strategies could be set on understanding the belief system of people who are prone to participate in terrorist organizations and political reforms in relevant regions.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2010, Art Education

People are behaviorally and psychologically complex to a point that we cannot separate ourselves from our values, beliefs, and assumptions. In education, beliefs influence what, why, and how something is taught. This qualitative case study analyzed one art education professor who teaches at a Protestant Christian Church of Christ affiliated university. Analyzed was the art educator's belief system in connection with pedagogical practices of art teaching in the areas of art history, art criticism, and art making. This research utilized literatures from art education, teacher belief research, and Christian theology, analyzing the interconnectedness of personal and professional belief systems in shaping and influencing pedagogical practice in art education.

Master of Gerontological Studies, Miami University, 2008, Gerontology

The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between religiosity and attitudes towards aging. Specifically, this research investigates the relationship between specific kinds of Christian belief (fundamentalism, orthodoxy, puritanism, and humanism) and attitudes toward personal aging. Results show that individuals with more orthodox beliefs tended to have more positive attitudes about their own aging. Individuals with greater fundamentalist belief also have more positive attitudes about personal aging while those individuals who hold humanistic belief have more negative attitudes toward personal aging. These three kinds of beliefs were the only significant predictors of attitudes toward personal aging when controlling for age, gender, educational attainment and frequency of church attendance.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Wright State University, 2024, Computer Science and Engineering PhD

Deep neural networks have great representational power. However, most deep neural nets today optimize directly for performance on a single task defined only by labeled training data. This excludes potential sources of knowledge and ways of learning which could improve their performance, and address challenges, such as explainability, which are pressing to the field. We propose a framework for neural network architecture which generalizes it to a graph of many semantically-meaningful variables. We call it the Multi-Semantic-Stage Neural Network (MSSNN). An MSSNN models its domain as a web of conditional probabilities, i.e. a collection of inter-related tasks which can learn from each other. This way of conceptualizing a deep learning model manifests in several immediately useful capabilities. Such a model can easily exploit more and different kinds of labels in its training data. It can supplement its training data by incorporating expert knowledge, both in the structure of its graph and in the form of hard-coded relationships between variables. Graph structures such as multiple incident edges on a single variable automatically lead to semi-supervised learning ability. And finally, the MSSNN's ability to sample from learned joint distributions allows us to construct novel explanations, directly tied to actual causes of the model's behavior. We perform an initial demonstration of these capabilities by constructing and evaluating Multi-Semantic-Stage Neural Networks of several sizes for a collection of computer vision tasks.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2024, Greek and Latin

This dissertation investigates how ancient Roman people came to believe that stories are true. It focuses on Roman funerary inscriptions in Greek and Latin that make extraordinary eschatological claims about ordinary people. It uses the idea of religious affordances to build an ecological model for understanding funerary inscriptions in context. It adapts the environmental model of visual perception for understanding inscribed epitaphs as a network of three interdependent spheres: the locational, temporal, acculturative, and linguistic affordances of the medium, the material affordances of the substance, and the visual and verbal affordances of the inscribed surface. It takes the ‘Cave of the Vipers,' a late 1st or early 2nd century CE tomb for a Roman woman named Atilia Pomptilla (CIL X 7563–7578), as an extended case study to develop and demonstrate the efficacy of this ecological model. Above all, this dissertation argues for the relevance of belief as a valid analytical concept in the broader study of Greco-Roman religion.

PHD, Kent State University, 2024, College of Public Health

The purpose of this sequential explanatory mixed methods study was to explore HIV risk perception, the meaning of HIV testing, and HIV risk behavior among college students following a negative HIV test. An extended version of the theoretical framework of the health belief model (HBM) aided in the exploration of college students' perceptions of HIV, rationales for HIV risk behavior, and the meaning they attached to HIV testing. Following the sequential explanatory mixed methods design, the initial phase involved collecting quantitative data to assess HIV risk perception among college students who received a negative HIV test in the last 12 months. In the second phase, interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was applied to gather data through individual semi-structured interviews to help explain HIV risk behavior in the context of HIV testing. Findings indicated that college students' perception of their HIV risk is aligned with their risk behavior. Results showed a statistically significant difference in HIV risk perception based on sexual orientation. Before HIV testing, college students justified their HIV risk behavior based on partner trust, not wanting to feel restrained, and acting on the need to fulfill their desire, lust, or temptation. After receiving a negative HIV test result, college students still experienced fear of contracting HIV. However, some students became more cautious and adopted preventive measures, while others continued with previous behavior patterns. Implications of the research findings include examining risk perception across college students of different sexual orientations to understand the impact of risk perception in HIV testing and exploring the differing needs of college students to remain HIV-negative. Participants recommended that colleges address access to free HIV testing, increase information dissemination regarding HIV risk and HIV testing services, and continue research that explores college students' lived experiences (open full item for complete abstract)

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo, 2023, Health Education

Introduction: Racism plays an important role in the everyday lives of many Black people. These experiences can influence health and health behaviors. Racism can also affect decisions to seek out needed health care. African Americans had more positive attitudes toward seeking professional mental health services compared to other racial/ethnic groups however, they were less likely to utilize these services (Diala et al., 2000). This could be due to many reasons including incidences of racism, a lack of Black mental health professionals, privacy concerns, and religious beliefs. Racial identity also plays a key role in accessing services and as perceived racism increases, intentions to seek counseling decrease (Mosley, 2014). It is important for nurse midwives and other health providers to seek out the help they need for self-care so they can continue to provide high quality care to their patients. Purpose: This study examines whether perceived racism influences self-reported health and mental health help-seeking behaviors of Black nurse midwives and subsequently impacts their perceived ability to provide quality care. The Health Belief Model, a theoretical framework in the field of health that helps explain health behaviors and direct health promotion interventions, will guide the study. The specific purpose of this study is to measure the effect of perceived racism and constructs of the Health Belief Model (perceived barriers to help-seeking, cues to help-seeking) on self-reported health and mental health help-seeking behaviors which could potentially affect the ability of Black nurse midwives to provide quality care to their patients. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing midwives who identify as Black from the American College of Nurse Midwives (N=26). Utilizing the Health Belief Model (HBM), an 86-item questionnaire was developed to gain a better understanding of how perceived racism affects self-reported health, help seeking (open full item for complete abstract)

MA, Kent State University, 2023, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Philosophy

This thesis will assess whether Laurence BonJour's foundationalism is a viable internalist theory of epistemic justification. BonJour's view seems to require a higher order awareness that the content of a basic belief accurately describes what is empirically given. One worry is that an analogue of Sellars' dilemma will arise with respect to this higher order state. A related concern is that such higher order states may not always be reliable. Where they are not reliable, it is hard to see how the basic belief would be epistemically justified. A similar concern arises with respect to non-basic beliefs. Only beliefs that follow from justified beliefs via objectively truth conducive inferences will be inferentially justified. However, whether or not a given inference is objectively truth conducive is a matter external to the agent. As such, it is difficult to see how a purely internalist view can account for the epistemic justification of non-basic beliefs.

Master of Arts (MA), Ohio University, 2023, Philosophy (Arts and Sciences)

The contemporary debate between evidentialism and pragmatism on the ethics of belief has resulted in both sides becoming entrenched in their opposition to the other, with the prevailing viewpoint being that they are fundamentally unreconcilable positions. Productive discussion towards reaching a middle ground has thus become difficult. Contrary to this trend, in a recent paper Tsung-Hsing Ho has begun the work of synthesizing the specific positions of both Nishi Shah and Susanna Rinard – two major contemporary positions for evidentialism and pragmatism, respectively. Though he attempts to argue for parts of both positions, Ho sides more with Rinard, as he argues that pragmatic considerations are relevant for answering normative questions about belief, while the evidentialists instead answer a different question – how to believe. Ho argues that how to believe can only be answered after coming to a normative conclusion. I attempt to adapt Ho's argument to advance the reconciliation he began. Using Stephanie Leary's notion of motivating reasons, I affirm Ho's central claim that evidentialists and pragmatists are answering different questions, but I argue that neither question can be asked in a vacuum. Instead, inspired by Jay Wallace's commentary on Jonathan Dancy's Practical Reality, I argue that they are two sides to the same coin, and that the order in which the questions are answered is due to the justification the agent has in mind for their belief. In making this argument, I aim to introduce a position in which the central theses of evidentialism and pragmatism are combined, thereby making a true middle-ground position intelligible.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2023, English

The makers of commercial popular culture often incorporate folklore into their works. Although their definition of folklore is generally restricted to pre-modern narratives and beliefs that form only a small part of what folklore is, their works relate to traditional content in a more expansive way. This dissertation examines a contemporary television genre that not only incorporates traditional content but, I argue, functions as folklore in its own right by negotiating truth and belief, constructing social Others, and, at the meta-level, constituting an archive. Since the 1990s, serial narratives in which everyday people investigate and solve supernatural disturbances in a procedural format have become a mainstay of North American television and streaming media. Such programs, including The X-Files and Buffy the Vampire Slayer, have generally lacked a cohesive genre designation. I argue for “supernatural procedural” as the genre's preferred term and trace its history from predecessors in Victorian-era occult detective fiction to early forms in 1970s television, through solidification in the 1990s into its current permutations. I outline conventions that include, among others, realistic worldbuilding, a blend of episodic and serial storytelling, and, notably, a tendency to engage with folklore. Employing an approach blending folkloristics and popular culture studies, I argue that specific characteristics of the supernatural procedural allow series to function as televisual folklore: folklore not just adapted by, but actually occurring within the television medium. This emphasis contributes to newer avenues in folklore studies, which has only recently begun seriously analyzing television, and popular culture studies, where folkloristic perspectives are often overlooked. This work considers the abovementioned series at length alongside subsequent programs like Supernatural and Grimm, using supporting analysis from Lucifer, Evil, SurrealEstate, and Wellington Pa (open full item for complete abstract)

DNP, Walsh University, 2023, Nursing

Diabetes is an expensive and debilitating chronic disease that requires a complex regimen of team-based care, medication, lifestyle management, and monitoring to avoid complications. As part of this regimen, health care providers frequently prescribe diabetes education. While this education has routinely been performed at in-person appointments with a Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist, covid restrictions on in-person appointments required that education be performed via telemedicine. Little evidence exists to assist providers in determining if telemedicine diabetes education is associated with similar health benefits compared to in-person diabetes education. This multi-site, randomized trial compared diabetes education delivered via telemedicine to diabetes education delivered at an in-person appointment. There was a statistically significant increase in pre- to post-intervention diabetes knowledge in the in-person group compared to the telemedicine group. There was no significant difference between groups in pre- to post-intervention mean measures of body weight, hemoglobin A1c, or systolic blood pressure. Both groups experienced significant decreases in pre- to post-intervention within-group measures of body weight, hemoglobin A1c, and systolic blood pressure. Both groups experienced a significant increase in pre- to post-intervention within-group measures of diabetes knowledge.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2023, Economics

To follow the herd or break away? Overconfidence and Social Learning We study the effects of overconfidence in a sequential social learning setting. In a lab experiment, we let subjects form beliefs about their own and others' quality of information by tying the accuracy of their signal to their score on a trivia quiz. Their beliefs about the expected scores allow us to measure and study the effects of confidence on social learning. Our results show two distinct effects of confidence manifesting in their behavior of breaking herds. First, subjects that exhibit more confidence about their relative quiz performance are more likely to follow their signal than the herd. Second, subjects who realize that their absolute performance is better than expected are also more likely to follow their signal. The relative overconfident subjects are likelier to benefit from following their signals in easy quizzes. In contrast, absolute underconfident subjects are more likely to benefit in hard quizzes after knowing their score. These findings can be partially explained by a model of social learning where rational agents have information structures that induce overconfidence about their relative signal accuracy. Anchored Belief Updating from Recommendations We study a belief updating behavior in a framework where information is presented as a recommendation from a menu of actions. We introduce a property on belief updating called order independence of recommendations, which is analogous to the Bayes' Rule property of path independence of signals. We show that order independence and the properties that characterize the contraction rule of Ke et al. (2021) lead to an impossibility result on the general domain of recommendations. We then show that such a rule exists if and only if the domain is substantially restricted. Lastly, we propose the anchored contraction rule, which satisfies order independence on the general domain. The anchored contraction rule gives a theoreti (open full item for complete abstract)

Master of Arts, Marietta College, 2023, Psychology

The objective of the present research is to investigate the influence of individual beliefs and personality traits on task persistence. Specifically, this study examines the relationship of one's resilience, mindfulness, conscientiousness, and free will beliefs on task persistence in undergraduate students. Resilience was measured using the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30); a subscale of the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) was used to measure mindfulness; the Big Five Inventory (BFI) conscientiousness subscale assessed the personality domain conscientiousness; and a subscale of the Free Will and Determinism Scale (FAD-Plus) measured free will. The Geometric Puzzle Tracing Task (GPTT) measured participants' persistence by using two puzzles, one of which was unsolvable. Task persistence was measured by unsolvable puzzle 2 attempts. It was hypothesized that individual beliefs and other dispositional attributions have a significant influence on participants' task persistence as measured by the GPTT. To test this hypothesis, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was used. The results of the analysis did not support either hypothesis; however, two exploratory analyses found puzzle 1 (solvable) success and question 3 from the post-questionnaire “Would you consider yourself a person who persists despite difficulty?” were significant predictors.

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2022, Human Ecology: Human Nutrition

Approximately 48 million people, per year, are estimated to contract some form of foodborne disease[1], but foodborne infection is a risk which can be mitigated with appropriate food safety behaviors. [2]. Cancer patients experience a compromised immune system, both due to the mechanisms of cancer and due to the means by which treatments for cancer act upon the body[3]. This means that patients receiving treatment are at significantly higher risk of acquiring a foodborne infection than people living without cancer[4], and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has issued specialized guidelines for immunocompromised people [5]. Currently, approximately 5% of the US population are cancer survivors, with the raw number anticipated to increase from the current 16.9 million to 22.2 million, by 2030[6]. A person's risk of developing foodborne disease depends on a number of factors related to the host, their environment, and the pathogen is question. In 1998, Coleman et al. posited the design of the Disease Triangle, a framework whereby microbial risk analysis could be performed by assessing the host, pathogen, and environment[7]; an updated version of this model, now called the Health Triangle, expands upon what, explicitly, might be controlled within each of these three categories[8]. Environmental factors include aspects such as diet, nutrition, exposure (i.e., through air, occupational exposure, and the indoor/outdoor environment). Host factors depend on the general host of the health, with factors such as age, genetics, immune system, and underlying illness being harder or even impossible to change. Coleman et al. add a third aspect to the Health Triangle, which includes the microbiota and modulators. Use of antibiotics, chemotherapy, fecal transplants, and pre-, pro-, and syn-biotics can all impact the microbiome, and some can be modulated with diet or treatment. By performing appropriate food safety behaviors, cancer patients are able to decrease their ris (open full item for complete abstract)

PHD, Kent State University, 2022, College of Public Health

Background: Type 2 diabetes, known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, has increased among the adult population in Saudi Arabia. Diabetes affects 18.3% of Saudi individuals, and about $7 billion (13.9% of the total health care budget) is utilized for all diabetes patients. The problem affects people of all ages, and college students often fail to follow the recommended diabetes prevention behaviors, increasing their risk of T2DM. Evidence shows that people's health behaviors are influenced by their health beliefs and other personal and environmental factors. From a prevention viewpoint, a few studies have explored the association between health beliefs and people's behaviors; however, those studies were on patients with T2DM. The association of environmental factors on physical activity and dietary behaviors among Saudi college students in the United States was not previously assessed. Therefore, using the Health Beliefs Model, this study examines the association between college students' health beliefs, other risk factors, and their physical activity and dietary behavior. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted through social media targeting Saudi international students living in the United States. Descriptive analysis was utilized to identify participant characteristics and describe the frequencies of physical activity and healthy diet per week. Logistic regression analysis examined the association between multiple factors and health behaviors. Results: Among the 410 participants, overweight and obese participants represented 32.4% and 14.6%, respectively. Participants with T2DM family history were 57.2%, and 22% were current smokers. The majority of participants reported moderate levels of stress (93.9%), and 61% had a lack of T2DM knowledge. Most participants did not feel susceptible to T2DM and did not feel it was serious; however, most (56.5%) believed in the benefits of engaging in healthy behaviors. About 59.5% had low levels of perceived susceptibilit (open full item for complete abstract)

MA, Kent State University, 2022, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of Psychological Sciences

Parental vaccine hesitancy causes lower childhood vaccination rates and higher instances of vaccine preventable diseases spreading. Thus, understanding why parents are vaccine hesitant can provide insight into their beliefs, and thus, supply health care providers a point of entry into how to talk about parents' vaccine hesitant beliefs. This is especially true for parents of children with Down syndrome, who have been shown to have lower vaccination rates than the general population (Langkamp et al 2020). Furthermore, with the COVID pandemic in full swing and a COVID vaccine widely available, parental vaccine hesitancy surrounding the COVID vaccine is of importance. No studies have conducted research on the perception of the COVID vaccine by parents of children with DS. Therefore, this study aims to understand factors related to parents' vaccine acceptance, vaccine hesitancy and vaccine refusal through a Health Belief Model lens in order to inform interventions to improve vaccine adherence and decrease the spread and/or severity of COVID among children with DS and society as a whole. An internet survey was disseminated to parents of adolescents with DS with questions pertaining to vaccines, vaccine hesitancy, and trust in different sources. Parents with less trust in doctors, scientists, and government agencies (i.e., the CDC, FDA, NIH, etc.) were more likely to be vaccine hesitant, compared to vaccine accepting parents. Perceived benefits and perceived barriers also significantly account for variance of parental vaccine hesitancy—with parents who perceive fewer benefits to COVID vaccination, and more barriers to COVID vaccinations being significantly more likely to be vaccine hesitant compared to parents who perceive more benefits to COVID vaccination, and less barriers to COVID vaccinations. Preliminary findings of the vaccine hesitant parents also suggest they are heterogenous in their beliefs. Future research should investigate the differences in beliefs among v (open full item for complete abstract)

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2022, Engineering and Applied Science: Environmental Engineering

Uncertainties surrounding the effectiveness and cost of Nature-based solutions are a hindrance for potential investors. Climate Change uncertainties add on top of the existing complexity, making decisions difficult. Bayesian Belief Networks could be used to understand the impact of uncertainties and to make a weighted decision based on multiple variables affecting the performance and cost of Nature-based solutions. This thesis compared two Nature-based solutions- Protected Forests and Constructed Wetland utilizing 25% or 50% area of Pastureland with the help of a Bayesian Belief Network built with parameters like Precipitation Change, Temperature Change, Hydrological parameters, Nature-based scenarios, Water Restoration value of Nature-based solution and cost/budget. The Bayesian Network was built on software called Netica with a case study extracted from multivariate scenario runs in a calibrated hydrologic model for a Jucar basin located in Spain (NSE 0.75 for the calibration period and 0.61 for the validation period). The impact of Nature-based solutions could be seen on the Surface Flow, Percolation, and Soil Water Storage outputs from the hydrologic model. The developed Bayesian Belief Network was able to evaluate the impact of different GCMs on the hydrological parameters and the impact of Nature-based solution scenarios on Water Restoration. Finally, the Bayesian Belief Network also aided in building “what-if” scenarios to understand the posterior probabilities of Nature-based solutions based on desired water Restoration values.