Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2006, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects:

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2014, Environment and Natural Resources

Limited experience with live food regimes and fragmentary knowledge of nutritional requirements have been inhibitors for the indoor-intensive production of Yellow Perch Perca flavescens larvae. Live food enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is a proven means of increasing the growth and survival of larval fish, but no studies to date have tested this method on Yellow Perch. This thesis consists of two live food enrichment experiments carried out in May/June of 2013 and 2014, as well as lipid analysis of live food and fish samples from both years. The 2013 study examined the effect of live food enrichment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6[n-3]) and arachidonic acid (ARA; C20:4[n-6]) on the growth, survival, and swim bladder inflation of larval Yellow Perch. The 2014 experiment was similar in design, but compared PUFA enrichments in ethyl ester (EE) and triglyceride (TG) forms. Both experiments were conducted in two phases. The first phase was carried out in a recirculating system with nine 50 L conical tanks, initially stocked at 50-70 larvae/L. Live rotifers Brachionus plicatilis were provided to larvae for the first two days of exogenous feeding, before transitioning to Artemia franciscana nauplii for the remaining eight days of this phase. The second phase was carried out in nine 60 L cylindrical flow-through tanks, initially stocked with 10 larvae/L. During this phase, fish were fed Artemia nauplii for 3 days, then gradually transitioned to a formulated starter diet (Otohime A®) over a 7 day period. At the end of the first phase the ARA and DHA enriched groups had significantly (p=0.05) improved swim bladder inflation rates when compared to the control group. For the second phase, enriched groups had significantly larger mean weights and growth rates than the control. The EE-TG experiment was similar in design to the DHA-ARA experiment, except that the second phase was concluded after seven days of feeding. At the end of the first phase, the EE (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Konrad Dabrowski Dr. (Advisor); Suzanne Gray Dr. (Committee Member); Robert Gates Dr. (Committee Member); Ana Hill Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Animal Sciences; Aquaculture; Aquatic Sciences; Nutrition

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2009, Human Nutrition and Food Management

The Women's Diabetes Study was a clinical research study designed to evaluate the efficacy of fatty acid supplementation to the diet of post-menopausal women with diabetes. Conjugated linoleic acid and safflower oil were the treatment oils administered in this randomized, crossover design study. The purpose of this thesis research is to examine the baseline data taken from week 0 of the Women's Diabetes Study in order to assess the relationships between dietary fatty acid consumption, plasma fatty acids, and markers of health. This is therefore, an observational study, a secondary analysis of the Women's Diabetes Study.The first hypothesis states that dietary fatty acid consumption would predict for plasma fatty acid composition. The second hypothesis states that plasma fatty acids would predict for health markers including fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, QUICKI, HOMA IR, total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, CRP and IL6, two markers of inflammation, waist circumference, total body and trunk fat as measured by DEXA, adiponectin, and leptin. Two resulting aims from these hypotheses were to determine if underreporting of energy consumption could have confounded the dietary results and whether the use of oral hypoglycemic and statin medications could impact the markers of health. We had anticipated correlations for linoleic acid, C18:2n6, an essential fatty acid, and for elaidic acid, C18:1n9, the most common industrially produced trans fat in the diet since neither are synthesized in the body; however, dietary and plasma levels of linoleic acid and elaidic acid were not correlated. Instead, dietary myristic acid, C14:0, was positively correlated with its plasma fatty acid. These data were unable to show a consistent relationship between diet and plasma fatty acid composition. Upon examining the resting metabolic rate (RMR) as computed from the Mifflin St. Jeor equation, 32% of the subjects had less energy intake than their RMR. This suggests that energy intake was underr (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Martha Belury PhD (Advisor); Jackie Buell PhD (Committee Member); Ziouzenkova Ouliana PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Nutrition

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2009, Animal Sciences

A paucity of research is available on the effects of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (AA) acid on hepatic fuel utilization in infants. Pigs serve as suitable models for infants due to many physiological and biological similarities. To evaluate the effect of these fatty acids on partitioning fatty acids and glucose towards utilization or storage, pigs were delivered by cesarean section at 106d and 114d of gestation and umbilical catheters were placed for total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Pigs received either a control, a low polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (0.3% and 0.63% of total lipids as DHA and AA, respectively), or a high PUFA (5.5% and 12% of total lipids as DHA and AA, respectively) diet. Diets were administered based on pig weight to promote moderate weight gain. Hepatic fatty acid oxidative and glucose oxidative capacities, hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I activity and relative transcript amounts, and hepatic phoshofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) activity and relative transcript amounts were determined after 6d. Rates of fatty acid oxidation were similar across TPN regimens in both term and preterm pigs. Additionally, no differences were found between term and preterm pigs. Low PUFA administered term pigs exhibited an increase in CPT I transcript abundance (2 fold) relative to newborn pigs (P=0.031). Preterm pigs displayed increased malonyl-CoA insensitive CPT activity over term pigs in each TPN regimen (p<0.05). Preterm control and high PUFA pigs displayed a reduction in malonyl-CoA insensitive CPT activity as compared preterm low PUFA pigs (P=0.05). Rates of glucose oxidation were increased in term pigs receiving the high PUFA regimen compared to term pigs receiving the control diet (P=0.03). Additionally, term pigs receiving the low and high PUFA regimens displayed increased glucose oxidation relative to their respective preterm dietary counterparts (P<0.0001). Preterm control and high PUFA administered pigs displayed a 2-fold increase in PFK (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Pasha Lyvers Peffer PhD (Advisor); Kichoon Lee PhD (Committee Member); Sandra Velleman PhD (Committee Member) Subjects: Agriculture; Animals; Livestock; Nutrition; Veterinary Services

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2022, Microbiology

Leishmaniasis is a neglected protozoan disease affecting over 12 million people globally. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form, characterized by chronic skin lesions. Currently, there are no approved vaccines for human use. We have generated centrin knock out Leishmania (L.) mexicana (LmexCen-/-) mutants using CRISPR/Cas9. Centrin is a cytoskeletal protein required only for intracellular amastigote replication in Leishmania. Here, we investigated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of LmexCen-/- parasites in vitro and in vivo. Our data shows that LmexCen-/- amastigotes present a growth defect, which results in significantly lower parasitic burdens and increased protective cytokine production in infected macrophages and dendritic cells, compared to LmexWT. Furthermore, LmexCen-/- parasites are safe in susceptible mouse models and efficacious against challenge with LmexWT in genetically different BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Vaccinated mice did not develop cutaneous lesions, displayed protective immunity, and showed significantly lower parasitic burdens compared to the controls. Overall, we demonstrate that LmexCen-/- parasites are a promising candidate vaccine against CL in pre-clinical models. Next, we explored the metabolic drivers of these vaccine-mediated immunological profiles. Metabolomics are emerging as a useful tool to uncover unknown networks that govern immune regulation and determine functional specialization. We analyzed the metabolic changes occurring after immunization with LmexCen-/- and compared them with LmexWT infection. Our results show enriched aspartate metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in ears immunized with LmexCen-/- parasites. These pathways are both known to promote M1 polarization in macrophages, and PPP in particular induces nitric oxide production in macrophages cultured with LmexCen-/-, suggesting a shift to a pro-inflammatory phenotype following immunization. Furthermore, immunized mice showed enriched t (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Abhay Satoskar (Advisor); Pravin Kaumaya (Committee Member); Steve Oghumu (Committee Member); Jesse Kwiek (Committee Member) Subjects: Immunology; Microbiology; Neurosciences; Parasitology

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1987, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Chemistry

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1986, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Chemistry

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1985, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Chemistry

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 1985, Graduate School

Committee: Not Provided (Other) Subjects: Biology

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2005, Pharmacy : Pharmaceutical Sciences

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel's final report on the safety assessment of arachidonic acid (AA) noted its use in cosmetic skin preparations although there is a lack of dermal absorption data. The safety concern of topical applied AA arises upon its metabolism to pro-inflammatory mediators. In vitro percutaneous absorption/metabolism studies were initiated in flow-through diffusion cells. AA, and its glycerin monoester, glyceryl arachidonate (GA), were each applied in an o/w emulsion to simulate cosmetic consumer use conditions. AA was analyzed for absorption/metabolism in viable rat and human skin while GA was tested in cultured (EpiDerm™), viable human, and human cadaver skin. Absorption data on both compounds was collected every 6hr over a 24hr period. The highest absorption was observed through EpiDerm™ (50%) and rat skin (20%). To a lesser extent, AA and GA penetrated human skin about 20%, of which ~2% absorbed. A reservoir of AA was observed in cadaver skin during an extended absorption study (72hr), in which absorption increased to 4%. Ester hydrolysis of GA occurred in each of the analyzed tissue samples. Additionally, in vitro methods (as an alternative to the Draize test) were evaluated for their prediction of skin irritation potential in conjunction with flow-through diffusion cell absorption/metabolism measurements. Model compounds, with known irritation potential in vivo, were evaluated in vitro by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL), cytokine release (IL-1a), and skin viability (MTT) of rat and cultured skin in flow-through diffusion cells. Irritation potential of the model compounds was less pronounced in the emulsion formulation compared to an aqueous vehicle. No significant irritation from AA in an emulsion vehicle was observed with the alternative methods. As a supplementary assessment, TEWL was analyzed for its relationship to the 3H2O skin barrier integrity test, however no direct correlation was found to exist. Absorption of topicall (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Dr. R. Randall Wickett (Advisor) Subjects: Health Sciences, Pharmacology

PHD, Kent State University, 2005, School of Biomedical Sciences

Angiotensin (Ang) II is well known for its classic role in the renin-angiotensin system. However, it also plays a central role in the remodeling of the vascular wall associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis and restenosis via the activation of AT1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Upon activation by Ang II, AT1 receptors stimulate the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-dependant release of arachidonic acid (ArAc) in VSMC. ArAc release mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, leading to the activation of downstream kinases resulting in VSMC growth. To determine the involvement of Akt in this mitogenic pathway, I used cultured rat VSMC to link Ang II-induced ArAc release to ROS production, Akt phosphorylation, Akt kinase activity, and VSMC growth. Using western analysis, I observed that Ang II (100nM), ArAc (20uM), or H2O2 (200uM) increased Akt phosphorylation by 45, 46 or 39%, respectively, while increasing Akt activity by 324, 250 or 249%, respectively. We also observed that Ang II, ArAc, or H2O2 increased 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA by 210, 150 or 140%, respectively. The Akt inhibitor SH6 (10uM) effectively blocked Ang II-, ArAc-, or H2O2-induced Akt phosphorylation, Akt kinase activity, and VSMC growth. The inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) by10uM LY294002 decreased Akt phosphorylation, Akt kinase activity, and VSMC growth by 95, 91, or 95%, respectively, indicating this pathway is PI3K-dependant. Inhibition of cPLA2 by 10uM AACOCF3 blocked Ang II-induced Akt phosphorylation, Akt kinase activity, and VSMC growth by 94, 76 or 100%, respectively. Finally, the ROS scavenger NaC (10mM) decreased Ang II-induced Akt phosphorylation and Akt kinase activity by 61 or 75%, respectively, and ArAc-induced Akt phosphorylation and Akt kinase activity by 91 or 60%, respectively. Thus it appears that AT1 receptor activation, subsequent ArAc release and ROS production is (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Ernest Freeman (Advisor) Subjects: Biology, Molecular