Master of Music (MM), Bowling Green State University, 2009, Music Ethnomusicology

Over the past century, musicians and researchers alike have argued how specifically “African” or “European” jazz is. Some camps stand by a clearly African origin of Jazz with its common elements of syncopation, polyphony, and presence of “blue” notes and raspy timbre elements that cannot be traced to Western music, while others who attribute jazz a more Western parentage often cite non-African elements such as a written music tradition and the use of Western harmonic structure. An inconsistency in these arguments, however, emerges in some styles of jazz; for example, early jazz, blues, and ragtime were not always “swung.” This inconsistency, among others, might be attributable to European music, to some styles of African music, or even to Native American music, a possibility that has been largely overlooked by jazz scholars. Jazz is often characterized by the “African” elements of oral transmission, repetition, and the centrality of rhythm; these elements, however, are also characteristic of most Native American musics. Despite the debates above, the exact origins of jazz remain obscure. One point that scholars most often agree on is that, regardless of where jazz's musical roots lie, the very beginnings of this American music were synthesized by the “African experience on American shores” (Gerard 136), which involved cultural contact with both Europeans and Native Americans during and after slavery and into the period when jazz started to develop in cities such as New Orleans and Chicago. The living experience of Africans in America, in at least some parts of the country, was often collective with Native Americans. These two groups frequently shared blood, culture, and sometimes even the experience of slavery together. The shared African American and Native American history can be seen not only in remaining musical and cultural remnants in New Orleans (often considered the birthplace of jazz) but also in the heritage of many of the jazz “greats,” such as George Le (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: David Harnish Dr. (Advisor); Chris Buzzelli (Committee Member) Subjects: African Americans; American History; American Studies; Black History; Fine Arts; Folklore; History; Music; Native Americans; Native Studies; Social Studies Education

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2024, Microbiology

Human-associated microbiomes refer to the diverse communities of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, microbial eukaryotes, and viruses that reside in various niches within a human host, such as the gut, skin, mouth, and respiratory tract. These microbiomes play crucial roles in the host's health, influencing processes like digestion, immune function, physiological development, and protection against pathogens. The composition of these microbial communities is influenced by factors such as genetics, diet, environment, and lifestyle. Disruptions in the balance of these microbiomes, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to a range of health issues, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. Understanding host-associated microbiomes is critical for developing targeted therapies and interventions to maintain or restore health. Most studies have focused on bacteria due to their dominance in the human host and available tools for investigation. Accumulating evidence suggests microbial eukaryotes in the microbiome play pivotal roles in host health, but our understandings of these interactions is limited to a few readily identifiable taxa because of technical limitations in microbial eukaryote exploration. In the chapter 2, we combined cell sorting, optimized eukaryotic cell lysis, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to accelerate discovery and analysis of host-associated microbial eukaryotes. Using synthetic communities with a 1% microbial eukaryote representation, the eukaryote optimized cell lysis and DNA recovery method alone yielded a 38-fold increase in eukaryotic DNA. Automated sorting of eukaryotic cells from stool samples of healthy adults increased the number of microbial eukaryote reads in metagenomic pools by up to 28-fold compared to commercial kits. Read frequencies for identified fungi increased by 10,000x on average compared to the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) and allowed for the identification of novel taxa, de novo assemb (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Virginia Rich (Advisor); Karen Dannemiller (Committee Member); Vanessa Hale (Committee Member); Matt Anderson (Committee Member) Subjects: Microbiology

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2023, Cross-Cultural, International Education

The Maumee Mission School for the Ottawa Indians operated from 1823-1834 in Maumee, Ohio. This was a significant time period in Northwest Ohio being after the War of 1812 and before the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Due to the War of 1812, the Second Great Awakening, the Great Migration of the 1800s of white settlers into Ohio, and the complicated relationship between the Native Americans and the white settlers, the Maumee Mission school functioned as a post-conflict school with the goal of assimilating Ottawa students into a Christian Euro-American society. The chapters provide evidence for this claim as well as give more detail on how and why the Maumee Mission School functioned in this regard. Chapter I explains how the school indirectly taught the Ottawa and other Native American students who had the power in the new American society. Chapter II focuses on the people at the Maumee Mission school. The school was a multi-ethnic school boasting students from several different tribes and backgrounds. Chapter III describes which traits were expected of a “civilized” person. Chapter IV discusses the opinions about the Maumee Mission School's success. The Maumee Mission School adds to the historical perspective of Native American schooling by demonstrating the similarities and differences between the Maumee school and boarding schools that operated after the Removal Act of 1830, highlighting a pivotal period in the relations between the federal government and Indian nations. It also examines the culture of Northwest Ohio in the 1820s and 1830s, adds to the complex history of missionary work, and illustrates the American Indian education policy: assimilation. The Maumee Mission operated as a post-conflict school with nationalistic beliefs driving the purpose to assimilate the students into Christian Euro-American culture and bring peace to the area.

Committee: Christopher Frey Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Margaret Booth Ph.D. (Committee Member); Rebecca Mancuso Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; Education; Native American Studies

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 1960, History

Committee: Virginia Platt (Advisor) Subjects: History

Master of Science (MS), Bowling Green State University, 1950, History

Committee: Virginia Platt (Advisor) Subjects: History; Native American Studies

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 1960, History

Committee: Virginia Platt (Advisor) Subjects: History

Master of Fine Arts, Miami University, 2022, English

When Nate Luck arrives in California in 1853, he is a wide-eyed, half Russian/half Buriat Mongol kid in love with the idea and ideals of America, looking for freedom and adventure – and he finds plenty of both. Over the next forty years Nate wins devoted friends and fierce enemies, digs for gold in California, punches cattle in Colorado, fights for - and against - the nation, falls in love, lives with and raises a family among the Nez Perce tribe, and sees - and spills - more than his share of blood in the pursuit of freedom and the American Dream. Finally, seeing the law as the only possible path to real freedom, he becomes a lawman – until he's arrested for murder. Fortunately, in Buffalo, Wyoming they take their time holding a trial, so he hopes he can tell his story and make sense of it all before they hang him. Nate's unique perspective and voice as an outsider provides a clear-eyed look at both what America's aspirations and failures. It also invites consideration that, despite all our progress, many of the issues faced by the powerless in 19th century America continue today.

Committee: Brian Roley (Advisor); TaraShea Nesbitt (Committee Member); Margaret Luongo (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; American Studies; Military History; Minority and Ethnic Groups; Native Americans; Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, 2022, History

Wetlands have often remained invisible in the historical record right up to the moment that thoughts turn to drainage. And yet, for most of human history, these ecosystems have played a vital role in human subsistence patterns, offering virtually unparalleled resource abundance, variety, and reliability. This project attempts to make sense of this change by exploring the conditions that gave rise to the Swamp Land Acts of 1849-1860, the first federal drainage legislation enacted in the United States. It asks: Given the seemingly endless amount of land available for agriculture in the United States, why did drainage occupy so much attention? Why did drainage seemingly take on a new level of urgency in the nineteenth century? And when drainage legislation was finally enacted, why did it take the specific form it did? Answering those questions required adopting a transnational, comparative approach, examining the connections between drainage, enclosure, and the concept of improvement going back to the earliest days of agrarian capitalism in England. Four themes run through the dissertation as a whole: continuities in the experiences of people who relied on wetland resources; the role of the natural environment in shaping the process of primitive accumulation; the evolution of the concept of improvement; and the relationship between improvement, expansion, and capitalist empire. Placed in the context of these broader developments, I argue that the Swamp Land Acts facilitated the enclosure of the de facto multiracial wetland commons that formed in the United States while helping to ensure that a formal commons was never allowed to take shape.

Committee: Ken Ledford (Committee Chair); Ted Steinberg (Advisor); John Flores (Committee Member); Ananya Dasgupta (Committee Member); Tim Black (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; Environmental Studies; History; World History

BA, Kent State University, 2007, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of English

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Committee: Sara J. Newman Ph.D. (Advisor) Subjects: American History; Native Americans

Doctor of Philosophy, The Ohio State University, 2019, Anthropology

The archaeological record in the Middle Ohio Valley documents a relatively rapid transition from native domesticated plants and cultigens to maize production. This shift coincided with the cultural historical periods Late Woodland (A.D.400-1000) and Fort Ancient in the Late Prehistoric (A.D. 1000-1650). Previous research has established the chronology and characterized variation among sites across this transition in the Middle Ohio Valley. This dissertation uses high resolution data to explore the paleoethnobotany of four Fort Ancient sites that straddle the transition between these periods in the Little Miami and Great Miami River Valleys in southwestern Ohio and southeastern Indiana. I create a regional model for the maize transition to explore the reasons behind variation in responses to maize. Communities of this time period in the mid-Ohio valley variously ignored maize initially, added it to the existing resource set, or replaced native crops with maize. Opposing hypotheses about whether this transition to maize production was due to resource depression or technological innovation are built using human behavioral ecology's diet breadth model. Expectations developed from these hypotheses are compared to the archaeobotanical record at sites in this region.

Committee: Kristen Gremillion (Committee Chair); Julie Field (Committee Member); Joy McCorriston (Committee Member); Robert Cook (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; American Studies; Ancient History; Archaeology; History; Native American Studies; Native Americans

Master of Arts (MA), Ohio University, 2018, History (Arts and Sciences)

This thesis examines the role that federal land policy played in the settlement and political development of the Northwest Territory from 1780 to 1802. In the waning years of the American Revolution the United States sought to acquire and use the lands of the trans-Appalachian West as a fund for extinguishing its public debt. The claims of the individual states and of Native Americans would be transferred to the United States, which would then exchange those lands for Continental securities. By placing emphasis on public creditors, Congress deliberately ignored the interests of actual settlers, including many who were squatting on these federal lands. At first the Confederation Congress adopted a policy of uniform land sales overseen by the federal government, but with disappointing results. In 1787 Congress decided to privatize western settlement by selling large amounts of land to private companies at a discount, who would then resell the land to actual settlers for a profit. This was also a disappointment, as these land companies experienced a myriad of problems from Native American violence to legal disputes with settlers, all of which had to be solved by the federal government. Prompted by western settlers, including squatters, the federal government resumed the responsibility of western settlement. This thesis also shows how federal power was used to influence local politics. New laws allowed for squatters to negotiate with federal officials over the lands they wanted. One official, Thomas Worthington, used the influence he had in these negotiations to incorporate the squatters into his own political interest. During the statehood movement of 1801-1802, Worthington was able to link this interest to the national Republican Party. The mobilization of his interest and the introduction of partisanship into the movement allowed Worthington to successfully accomplish statehood for Ohio.

Committee: Brian Schoen (Advisor); Sarah Kinkel (Committee Member); Chester Pach (Committee Member) Subjects: History

MA, Kent State University, 2018, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of English

Extreme temperatures, radical weather events, and species' extinctions have all taken place or been foreshadowed during the Earth's current ecological crisis. Since this crisis was named the “Anthropocene” (new, human) epoch, scholars from a range of disciplines have sought to find both a reason for and start to this geological era. Usually, the Anthropocene is thought to have begun during the Industrial Revolution of the early nineteenth century, following the carbon dioxide that was released into the Earth's atmosphere from that period onward. However, this thesis argues that the roots of the Anthropocene, and the climate change that goes with it, can be traced back to the century before the Industrial Revolution. I argue that the roots of the Anthropocene are first apparent in Lydia Maria Child's 1824 novel, Hobomok. Set in early seventeenth-century New England, I seek to show that the Puritan settlers within the novel are carriers of what ecological philosopher Timothy Morton calls “agrilogistical” norms and subscribers to the reductive material philosophy of “Easy-Think Substances.” Moreover, I posit that the American Indians to which the Puritan settlers believe themselves superior to can be viewed as bearing material philosophies more akin to Diana Coole and Samantha Frost's new materialism and Jane Bennett's vital materialism, which offer a more ecologically sustainable viewpoint regarding nonhuman materiality. The competing viewpoints regarding nonhuman nature and materiality further serve to divide the Puritans and Amerindian characters, and this separation is seen further in ethnocentric colonialism apparent in Hobomok and furthered in James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans. Set a century after Hobomok, Cooper's novel serves to show the advancement of agrilogistical policies that began in Hobomok, and would continue through “civilization,” farming practices, war, and colonialization. In tracing these agrilogistical norms through the (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Ryan Hediger (Advisor); Wesley Raabe (Committee Member); Sara Newman (Committee Member) Subjects: American Literature; Climate Change; Ecology; Environmental Studies; Literature; Native American Studies; Native Americans; Native Studies

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2017, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

Historic marginalization has left many tribal communities in the American West facing a unique set of water resource management challenges associated with climate change. Several approaches have emerged to measure and compare climate vulnerability using techniques from national-level climate vulnerability assessments, applied on a community-level scale to examine and map the relative vulnerability of sovereign tribal territories to climate-induced water challenges. These approaches draw on the literature on integrated vulnerability assessments and can be used to construct a composite index of agricultural vulnerability for 72 western tribal lands. Nineteen empirical indicators were deductively selected and grouped into exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Exposure indicators include numerous measures of climate variability such as drought and other extreme weather events, temperature and precipitation change. Sensitivity indicators featured three types; human, livelihood, and physical capital. Adaptive capacity examined social, economic and institutional dimensions. Final results include four vulnerability maps offering a comprehensive picture of how differences in access to resources, class, and other socio-economic factors result in drastically different vulnerabilities across tribes that are located in a similar biophysical context. The discussion addresses both the utility and limitations of traditional climate vulnerability assessments for understanding tribal water challenges. These include the sovereign status of native lands, their connectivity to surrounding regions, nestedness within state and national governance systems, importance of cultural integrity, and evolving legal institutions surrounding water rights. The thesis concludes with a call for a more dynamic approach to understanding the inherent adaptive capacity and resilience of tribal populations, and paths forward for improving water resource management on sovereign tribal territories (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Derek Kauneckis (Advisor); Anirudh Ruhil (Committee Member); Amy Lynch (Committee Member) Subjects: Agriculture; Environmental Studies; Native Americans

BA, Kent State University, 2017, College of Business and Entrepreneurship, Ambassador Crawford / Department of Marketing and Entrepreneurship

From the feared warrior and noble savage to the Indian princess and helpless squaw, American Indians have fallen into constructed stereotypes on film. These constructs, which began with the arrival of Europeans to the New World, eventually formed the 'Hollywood Indian,' a culmination of the Native stereotypes represented throughout American film. Many are familiar with the cultural wrongdoings of Western-era films, but where does the Hollywood Indian live in our modern-day films? How do the films impact society? In this paper, I analyze American Indian representations in film - and their societal impacts - from 1990 to present. I argue the era, despite its faults carried from earlier Western films, caters to a consumer-driven period for authenticity.

Committee: Donald Thacker (Advisor) Subjects: Business Administration; Cultural Anthropology; Film Studies; Marketing; Native Americans

PHD, Kent State University, 2016, College of Arts and Sciences / Department of History

More than any other group of people, Native Americans have had their public identity established and shaped by motion pictures. While the cultural construct of the Indian was created during the earliest years of European settlement in North America, Hollywood widely disseminated it across the nation, and the globe, during the twentieth century, appropriating the image of the Indian for its own ends. This dissertation examines a number of American Indian films produced between 1930 and the early-1970s, exploring the movies, themselves, their production, and their reception by critics and audience members. It argues that white filmmakers deployed the image of the Indian in various ways, but always did so for their own purposes, and thus these movies tell us much about the issues preoccupying the United States when they were made, but little to nothing about Native Americans, themselves. During the 1930s, for instance, Hollywood used Indians as background figures in nostalgia-heavy stories that encouraged Americans to return their country to greatness, while in the 1950s, it utilized Indians to promote postwar conformity in films that extolled the virtues of the nuclear family and the assimilation of minorities into mainstream society, and during the 1960s, it presented Indians as virtuous Others whose decency stood in stark contrast to the corruption that appeared to be inherent in Vietnam-era America. Over the course of the four decades examined in this dissertation, Indians emerged from out of the background of these films, eventually becoming prominent characters and even protagonists, and yet the films they occupied were never actually about them. Whether they presented Indians as minor characters or major ones, bloodthirsty monsters or paragons of nobility, American Indian films were always about white, not Native, America. Thus, Hollywood took what it wanted from the image of the Indian, deploying that image in whatever way it required, while leaving Nat (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Kenneth Bindas (Committee Chair); Clarence Wunderlin (Advisor); James Seelye (Committee Member); Bob Batchelor (Committee Member); Paul Haridakis (Committee Member) Subjects: History

Master of Science (MS), Ohio University, 2015, Environmental Studies (Voinovich)

With the passing of the 2015 National Defense Authorization Act, a series of public land proposals also went into effect including the Southeast Arizona Land Exchange and Conservation Act. This particular act trades 2,400 acres of federal forest land to Resolution Copper, a mining company, for 5,300 other acres with various significances. Within the 2,400 acres, Resolution Copper plans to mine the largest copper deposit in North America today. However, the 2,400 acres are also home to San Carlos Apache sacred sites known as Oak Flat and Apache Leap. The goal of this thesis is to understand whether or not the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is being used to express opposition to such environmental and cultural destruction. Documentary review was used to determine if the sentiments and language in the Declaration were reflected in stakeholder-issued legislation and/or comments. The result is that the wording of the Declaration is not being explicitly repeated by the stakeholders. Reasons why the Declaration is not being actively engaged and what this means for future U.S.-indigenous relations are discussed in the conclusion.

Committee: Debra Thompson Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Geoffrey Dabelko Ph.D. (Committee Member); Yea-Wen Chen Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Environmental Justice; Environmental Studies; Mining; Native American Studies; Native Americans; Natural Resource Management

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2015, Leadership and Change

As Indigenous peoples, we have a responsibility to our global community to share our collective truths and experiences, but we also deserve the respect to not be objectified, essentialized, and reified. Today, we are in a period of continual Native resurgence as many of us (re)member our prayers, songs, languages, histories, teachings, everyday stories and our deepest wisdom and understanding as Indigenous peoples--we are all “living breath” and we are “all related.” For eight years, Carmella Rodriguez and I have been nDigiStorytelling across the United States and have co-created over 1,200 digital stories with over 80 tribes for Native survivance, healing, hope, and liberation. By the making and sharing of nDigiStories, our training and consulting company called nDigiDreams is Healing Our Communities One Story at a Time.® This dissertation is a phenomenological study about nDigiStorytelling in an Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) community in Northern Michigan; it explores two four-day digital storytelling workshops during November 2013 and May 2014. Using an emergent research design called “Three Sisters,” I combine Indigenous methodologies, community-based participatory research, and portraiture to explore the “lived experiences” of our nDigiStorytellers who are thriving and flourishing in their families and communities and who are widely sharing their nDigiStories to help others. An Indigenous approach to digital storytelling is much needed and provides a new avenue for understanding how we can use nDigiStorytelling and our visceral bodies to release ourselves from traumatic experiences and how we can utilize technology and media-making for healing ourselves and others. The electronic version of this Dissertation is available in open access at AURA, http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/ and OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/etd This dissertation is accompanied by a PDF that contains links to 24 media files on the nDigiStoryMaking YouTube Channel that are referenced in th (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Carolyn Kenny Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Elizabeth Holloway Ph.D. (Committee Member); Luana Ross Ph.D. (Committee Member); Daniel Hart M.F.A. (Committee Member); Jo-Ann Archibald Ph.D. (Other) Subjects: Cultural Anthropology; Multimedia Communications; Native American Studies; Native Americans; Native Studies; Public Health

Ph.D., Antioch University, 2015, Leadership and Change

Indigenous peoples have always shared collective truths and knowledge through oral storytelling. Just as we were born, stories are born too, through our sacred “living breath.” We live in a time where stories travel far, beyond our imaginable dreams, and can have an influence on anyone who hears them. In the present-day, we have an opportunity to combine personal stories with digital technology in order to share one of our greatest gifts with each other--our experience and wisdom. For eight years, Brenda K. Manuelito and I have been traveling across Indian Country helping our Indigenous relatives create nDigiStories for Native survivance, healing, hope, and liberation. Together with our nDigiStorytellers, we are Healing Our Communities One Story at a Time®. This dissertation is a phenomenological study about the “story-sharing” of nDigiStories. It tells the story about the journey of digital stories created from an Indigenized digital storytelling process called nDigiStorytelling with an Ojibwa (Anishinaabe) community in Michigan. I explored a bricolage of methodologies from an “Indigenist” perspective, community-based participatory research, performance ethnography, and relational autoethnography. This study shows how combining an Indigenous approach to technology and media-making with deeply-held beliefs and ceremony can revitalize Indigenous people and strengthen community relationships. The electronic version of this Dissertation is available in open access at AURA, http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/ and OhioLink ETD Center, http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd. This dissertation is accompanied by a PDF document that contains links to 45 media files on the nDigiStorySharing YouTube Channel that are referenced in this document.

Committee: Carolyn Kenny Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Elizabeth Holloway Ph.D. (Committee Member); Luana Ross Ph.D. (Committee Member); Dan Hart M.F.A. (Committee Member); Jo-Ann Archibald Ph.D. (Other) Subjects: Cultural Anthropology; Multimedia Communications; Native American Studies; Native Americans; Native Studies; Public Health

Master of Arts (MA), Bowling Green State University, 2015, American Culture Studies

In 1782, Colonel William Crawford led a force of a few hundred soldiers in a campaign to destroy the Indian forces gathered on the Sandusky Plains in present day Ohio. Crawford was captured by an enemy party following a botched offensive and was taken prisoner. After being tried, Crawford was brutally tortured and then burned alive in retaliation for a previous American campaign that slaughtered nearly one hundred peaceful Indians at the Moravian village of Gnadenhutten. This work analyzes the production, dissemination, and continual reinterpretation of the burning of Crawford until the War of 1812 and argues that the memory of the event impacted local, national, and international relations in addition to the reputations of two of its protagonists, William Crawford and Simon Girty.

Committee: Andrew Schocket (Advisor); Rebecca Mancuso (Committee Member) Subjects: American History; American Studies

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2014, Arts and Sciences: History

This dissertation considers how an anarchic and violent backcountry provided the setting for both Native Americans and backcountry farmers to resist the control of imperial and colonial institutions in eighteenth-century Pennsylvania, which ultimately transformed provincial society. Rural insurrections plagued Pennsylvania, but the causes and outcomes of these events are often only recorded by elite discourse. By contrast, this dissertation seeks to recover the various methods that backcountry yeoman farmers and Native Americans used to attain their goal of land possession and independence from the metropole. It examines the complex tasks of managing vast new spaces and resources, administering an army, and assimilating the Indian population within their broader social and cultural contexts through the analysis of archival sources, petitions, Indian treaties, and newspaper reports. The various perspectives of writers, traders, missionaries, diplomats, and interpreters enable us to recover the voices of the frontier. Pennsylvania's provincial officials tried to contain backcountry defiance by suppressing mobilization, guiding population relocation, enforcing justice, and securing boundaries between Euro Americans and Native Americans. The proprietary government also repeatedly sought to incorporate yeoman farmers and Indians into the political, economic and cultural orbit of Philadelphia. The tactics used to control the backcountry, however, further irritated relations between the government and frontier populations. The driving force behind these policies was the fear of insurrections, and violence that could descend upon the capital if not controlled. This dissertation illuminates both the culture of backcountry insurrections and the British periphery in eighteenth-century North America. Furthermore, it argues that the radical and anarchic characteristics of backcountry Pennsylvania contributed to the coming of the American Revolution, in contrast t (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Wayne Durrill Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Karim M. Tiro Ph.D. (Committee Member); Geoffrey Plank Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: American History