Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, 1980, Educational Policy and Leadership

Committee: Robert Rodgers (Advisor) Subjects:

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2024, Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical Sciences

The percutaneous absorption of drug molecules is a primary concern in transdermal and topical drug development. The mechanisms of absorption have been heavily studied. However, some impactful factors are still unclear. We postulate that lipid solubility; particle size and particle distribution are the primary determinates of redissolution of solvent-deposited solids on the skin. Lipid solubility can be estimated from melting point and lipophilicity. Consequently, the topical drug and cosmetic ingredients in which we are interested will be divided into hard solids and soft solids based on these properties. This study probes the mechanisms by which volatile solvents (water, ethanol) and a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) influence the skin permeation of dissolved solutes following deposition of small doses onto unoccluded human skin. Nine compounds (niacinamide, caffeine, p-phenylenediamine, eugenol, testosterone, benzoic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, thioglycolic acid and geraniol) were tested for the crystallization effect and four solutes (niacinamide, caffeine, testosterone and geraniol) were further studied for the spreading effect at doses close to that estimated to saturate the upper layers of the stratum corneum. Methods included tensiometry, visualization of spreading on skin, polarized light microscopy and in vitro permeation testing using radiolabeled solutes. Ethanol, aqueous ethanol and dilute aqueous Triton solutions all yielded surface tensions below 36 mN/m, allowing them to spread easily on the skin, unlike water (72.4 mN/m) which did not spread. Deposition onto skin of niacinamide or caffeine from pure water and ethanol led to crystalline deposits on the skin surface, whereas the same amounts applied from aqueous ethanol and 2% Triton did not. Skin permeation of these compounds was inversely correlated to the extent of crystallization. A separate study with caffeine showed the absence of a dose-related skin permeability increase with Triton. Permeation o (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Harshita Kumari Ph.D. (Committee Member); Joanna Jaworska Ph.D M.A B.A. (Committee Member); Kevin Li Ph.D. (Committee Member); Kavssery Ananthapadmanabhan ENG.SC.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2024, Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical Sciences

The global drug delivery market value for topical and transdermal products is estimated to be $114.2 billion. Time, effort, and investments are placed towards the advancement of innovative approaches to deliver drugs. An important aspect to consider in the success of skin drug delivery is the dose of the applied drug for skin delivery. In this research, we aimed to examine factors affecting dose delivery under a) topically applied finite dose conditions and b) semi-occluded transdermal patch system. The study of the relationship between the amount of drug applied to the skin and fraction of drug absorbed can improve our understanding of finite-dose percutaneous. It has been previously shown that an increase in the dose applied to the skin leads to a decrease in the fraction of drug permeated the skin (dose-dependent effect). The first objective of this research was to examine the dose-dependent effect using permeants of varying physiochemical properties. The dose-dependent effect was studied using human epidermal membrane under finite dose conditions in Franz diffusion cell with model permeants at a range of doses. The dose-dependent effect was evident with model permeants caffeine, corticosterone, dexamethasone, and estradiol, consistent with the relationship of decreasing fraction of dose permeated the skin at increasing the applied dose. However, no significant dose-dependent effect was observed for the polar model permeants urea, mannitol, tetraethyl ammonium, and ethylene glycol, suggesting different transport mechanisms for these permeants. It was also found that, at relatively high doses, estradiol, dexamethasone, and corticosterone could increase the permeation of polar and lipophilic permeants, which could counter the dose-dependent effect under the conditions studied. The second objective was to study the effect of transdermal adhesive coat weight (patch thickness) on the rate of drug delivery. Drug-in-adhesive patches of 1.6% w/w estradiol and 1.5% w/w te (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Kevin Li Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Kavssery Ananthapadmanabhan ENG.SC.D. (Committee Member); Harshita Kumari Ph.D. (Committee Member); Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Member); Sarah Ibrahim Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

MS, University of Cincinnati, 2023, Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical Sciences

In Vitro Permeation Test (IVPT) is commonly used to (a) examine skin penetration of chemicals, (b) evaluate the performance of dermatological products, (c) demonstrate bioequivalence comparing test and reference topical products, and (d) characterize the biopharmaceutical aspects of topical and transdermal drug products. For a permeant with low aqueous solubility, when the concentration of the permeant in the receptor chamber of the diffusion cell becomes close to its aqueous solubility, an additive can be used in the receptor solution to improve its solubility in IVPT. Different additives have been used in literature because of their compatibility with the permeant and skin, its assay, stability, and capability to achieve the desired solubility for the permeant. The receptor solution is expected not to alter the skin barrier function in IVPT. Although there are reports on the effects of these additives on the barrier properties of the skin, such effects have not been evaluated in a systematic manner. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of these additives in IVPT receptor solution on skin permeability of model permeants and skin electrical resistance. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD), ethanol, nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether (Brij-98), and propylene glycol (PG) were the additives, and corticosterone (CS), estradiol (EST), and mannitol were the model permeants. The receptor solution of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) alone was the control. The solubility of the permeants in these IVPT receptor solutions was also determined. Steady-state permeability coefficients were determined in IVPT. Skin electrical resistance was measured in a similar setting. All the receptor solutions examined in this study did not cause a significant increase in skin permeability (less than 40% changes) except 25% ethanol. The receptor solution containing 25% ethanol exhibited the largest enhancement effect with an in (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Kevin Li Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Harshita Kumari Ph.D. (Committee Member); Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

Master of Science, The Ohio State University, 2019, Dentistry

Objectives: The proven clinical benefits of palatal soft tissue grafts are countered by associated donor site morbidity and occasional healing delays, indicating a need to improve donor site outcomes. Studies have shown improved healing with phenytoin (PHT) application on chronic and acute wounds in various tissues. The aim of this prospective split-mouth clinical trial is to assess clinical, histological and patient-centered outcomes following topical PHT treatment of experimental palatal wounds. Material and Methods: 20 systemically healthy adult non-smokers were recruited. One 6 mm diameter wound (posterior) and one 4 mm diameter wound (anterior), each 1-1.5 mm deep, were created on both sides of the palate using custom stents and biopsy punches. Wounds on one randomly chosen side received PHT (10% Phenytoin USP in 30% poloxamer gel; test) and on the other received carrier alone (30% poloxamer gel; control). Participants were blinded to treatment allocation. Customized stents were worn after medication application for wound protection. Treatments were reapplied on postoperative Days 1 (D1) and 5 (D5). Biopsies were harvested from the anterior wounds, either on D1 (Group 1) or on D5 (Group 2), and were routinely processed for histology (H&E, Masson trichrome). Posterior wounds were left undisturbed to clinically evaluate healing (using photographs and Healing Score Index) on D1, D5, D14 and D21. Questionnaires and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) was used to assess patient-centered outcomes. Histomorphometry was performed on both H&E and Masson-stained sections. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Data analysis was performed using Generalized Logistic Model and Generalized Linear Mixed Model. Results: All 20 participants completed all visits. No adverse events were observed on PHT side; one control side exhibited liver clot formation (D1). Clinically, PHT treated sites were more likely to not exhibit swelling (OR=9.35; p=0.009) and to not experience (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Dimitris Tatakis DDS, PhD (Advisor); Binnaz Lebleblicioglu DDS, MS, PhD (Committee Member); James McAuley RPh, PhD, FAPhA (Committee Member) Subjects: Dentistry

Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSP), University of Toledo, 2018, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Industrial Pharmacy)

Development of novel formulations present unique challenges in selecting the optimum formulation type for a given active ingredient. The topical route has long been used for delivering drugs directly to the affected target site through the skin. Current approaches in design and optimization of topical formulations necessitate extensive decisions in choosing the right components for the formulation to achieve high safety, clinical efficacy, and patient compliance. It is a resource-intensive process, which involves a certain degree of hit-and-trial on the part of the formulator. Solubility of the active ingredient in the vehicle and the skin is an important parameter in selecting and optimizing vehicle components for topical formulation development. The Formulating for Efficacy™ (FFE) software presents a new approach to design topical formulations aimed at selecting the components, which work synergistically to drive the active ingredient past the skin barrier while achieving sufficient solubility in the vehicle. The science behind the FFE software involves the use of Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) of the active ingredient, the vehicle components and the skin to understand the interactions, which determine the solubility of active ingredients in the vehicle and skin. This research project was aimed at iv developing an emulgel of ibuprofen using FFE for the design and optimization of the oil phase of the emulgel. Conventionally, ibuprofen is available in the form of gels in most European countries. However, emulgels have been found to be better suited for delivering hydrophobic molecules with an added advantage of sustained release, which is necessary in the management of chronic musculoskeletal conditions. In this study, three emulgel formulations of ibuprofen (5% w/w) were developed and characterized. These emulgels differed in composition of the oil phase with regards to the use of penetration enhancers. Furthermore, the emulgels were compared with a commerci (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gabriella Baki Dr. (Committee Chair); Caren Steinmiller Dr. (Committee Member); Jerry Nesamony Dr. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacy Sciences

Master of Science (MS), University of Toledo, 2017, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Industrial Pharmacy)

Objective: The drug absorption from an ophthalmic suspension dosage form is highly unpredictable. Identical formulations with similar concentrations of active and inactive ingredients tend to exhibit differences in absorption. These differences in absorption could be due to varying physicochemical properties such as pH, particle size, zeta potential, size distribution and viscosity. These properties affect the precorneal residence time, drug release and ocular drug absorption [1, 2]. Drug delivery to the eye using microemulsions has drawn significant attention due to their intrinsic properties and ability to solubilize both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. They offer several advantages including thermodynamic stability combined with improved dose uniformity [3], ocular retention, permeation and absorption of drugs [4]. The present study involves the development and evaluation of a novel dexamethasone (0.1%) and tobramycin (0.3%) loaded microemulsion with potential for treating anterior segment eye inflammation and bacterial infection. Methods: The microemulsion was evaluated for pH, particle size, zeta potential, light transmittance, morphology, and in vitro drug release. Sterility of microemulsion was evaluated by direct as well as plate inoculation methods. Anti-inflammatory activity of dexamethasone, bactericidal activity of tobramycin, and cytotoxicity of the microemulsion were evaluated and compared with that of marketed eye drop suspension (Tobradex®). Histological evaluation was performed in bovine corneas in order to assess the safety of microemulsion in comparison to Tobradex® suspension. In-addition, the stability of the microemulsion was also studied at 4°C, 25°C and 40°C. Results: The pH of microemulsion was close to the pH of tear fluid. The microemulsion displayed average globule size under 20 nm with light transmittance around 95-100%. Aseptically prepared microemulsion remained sterile for up to 14 days. The cytotoxicity of microemulsi (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Sai Hanuman Sagar Boddu PhD (Advisor) Subjects: Pharmacy Sciences

Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSP), University of Toledo, 2017, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Industrial Pharmacy)

Purpose: Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is characterized by multiple periodic or chronic ischemic or hypoxic attacks (vasospastic attacks) to distal arteries provoked by a drop in environmental temperature or emotional distress. An effective FDA approved first-line treatment of RP is still nonexistent. Preliminary studies indicate that the overexpression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM-8) results in increased cold sensitivity in RP subject's skin, fibroblasts and endothelial cells and antagonizing this receptor protein might be a potential therapeutic approach for RP treatment. Econazole nitrate (EN), as a cold sensing TRPM-8 antagonist, could be used in treating RP. The purpose of this work was to design and characterize a novel topical formulation of EN for treating RP. Methods: Four topical dosage forms (F1_topical solution, F2_HPMC dispersion, F3_ VersaBase® cream and F4_Lipoderm® Activemax™ Cream) containing 3% w/w EN were prepared and characterized for drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug crystallinity and stability. In vitro permeation of EN from the formulations was carried out using Franz cells across pig ear skin and results were compared with the marketed EN cream. Results: All four formulations had desired physical and visual characteristics with 3% w/w EN. The pH of all formulations was found to be in between 4 and 5, with a drug content around 95%-105%. Viscosity and spreadability values for formulations F1, F2, F3 and F4 were 89.4, 1116, 20938, 6875 cps and 37.75, 24.89, 4.00 and 5.22 g.cm/sec, respectively. Based on the Franz cell study, the order of amount of drug permeated from highest to lowest was F2 (10.27%) > F4 (2.47%) > F1 (2.28%) > F3 (1.47%) > marketed formulation (0.22%). The measures of permeability and flux from highest to lowest were F2 > F4 > F1 > F3 > marketed formulation with a lag time of 3.93 h, 5.85 h, 5.16 h, 6.04 h and 5.88 h, respectively. Formulation F2 showed better pen (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Sai HS. Boddu (Committee Chair); Jerry Nesamony (Committee Member); Caren Steinmiller (Committee Member) Subjects: Medicine; Pharmaceuticals

Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSP), University of Toledo, 2017, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Industrial Pharmacy)

Objectives: The focus of this investigation was to assess the ultrasound-assisted econazole nitrate (EN) permeation from topically applied formulations for treating Raynaud's phenomenon. The aims of this study were i) to identify the optimal ultrasound parameters for the percutaneous absorption of EN, ii) to assess the in vitro percutaneous absorption of EN and toxicity in the porcine ear skin from different topical formulations following ultrasound application. Methods: Optimization of ultrasound parameters such as the distance of the horn, application time and amplitude were performed. In vitro percutaneous absorption studies were performed using different EN formulations (F1_solution, F2_HPMC dispersion, F3_Lipoderm® Activemax™ Cream and F4_Versabase® cream) across ultrasound-treated porcine skin and were compared with the control group (skin samples without ultrasound treatment). Histological evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin stain was carried out to assess the dermal toxicity of formulations and ultrasound exposure. To further support the findings of ultrasound-assisted drug permeation studies, ATR-FTIR was performed to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the conformational changes in stratum corneum lipids characterized by the changes in spectral shifts. Results: A constant frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound application with 40% amplitude, 0.5cm distance between ultrasound horn and skin surface for 2 minutes was optimized. The permeation of EN was found to be higher from ultrasound- treated skin samples than the control group. Drug permeation from F2_HPMC dispersion was found to be higher as compared to other formulations and the marketed cream. The lag time of ultrasound- treated skin samples were found to be significantly lower than the control. Histological evaluation confirmed that HPMC dispersion showed no signs of toxicity. ATR-FTIR studies revealed a slight increase in the -CH2- stretching vibrations (~ 2920 cm-1 and 2850 cm-1) in ultrasound-t (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Sai HS Boddu PhD (Committee Chair) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacy Sciences

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2017, Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical Sciences/Biopharmaceutics

Skin has been the focus of research as a site of local and systemic drug delivery due to its advantages over other routes of drug delivery. However, the determining factors that could affect the transport of compounds through and into the skin are still unclear. The main purpose of the present dissertation was to understand the determinants affecting skin permeation, including the influence of solvents and solute physicochemical properties on skin permeation and the effects of a penetration enhancer on the skin penetration of highly lipophilic permeants. The objective of Chapter 3 was to examine the effects of solvents upon the deposition of a model solute, corticosterone (CS) in the stratum corneum (SC) that could influence skin absorption of the solute after topical application. The solvents used in the study had different evaporation rates that were expected to impact skin deposition of CS and its absorption across skin. The results show no correlation between the rate of CS absorption and the rate of solvent evaporation with volatile solvents, suggesting no difference in solvent-induced deposition of CS in the SC. The results of these volatile solvents were different from those of slower evaporating solvents, that a relationship between permeant absorption and solvent evaporation rate was observed. The study performed in Chapter 4 was a continuing effort to investigate the effects of solvents on skin absorption of lipophilic and polar solutes and examine the relationships between solute physicochemical properties and skin absorption of these solutes. Skin permeation experiments under the finite and infinite dose conditions were conducted with model solutes and selected solvents. Except for urea, the skin permeation results of the solutes under the finite dose condition of the volatile solvents were in general agreement with the permeability coefficients obtained under the infinite dose condition. In Chapter 5, we probed the mechanism of the obs (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Kevin Li Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Member); Harshita Kumari (Committee Member); Q. Ching Stella Ph.D. (Committee Member); R. Randall Wickett Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2017, Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical Sciences/Biopharmaceutics

Complex coacervates of cationic polymers and anionic surfactants, which are produced spontaneously during the use of rinse‐off formulations, represent an important delivery vehicle for topical agents to the skin surface and appendages. The immiscible coacervate phase forms upon dilution and entrains particulate bioactive agents, improving their delivery and persistence on the skin. The practical efficacy of agents within coacervates on the skin surface is dependent on their release rate as it relates to topical bioavailability. This study explores the relationship between coacervate morphology and the release rate of entrained actives by evaluating the release kinetics of a model compound from within variable coacervate compositions into a simulated skin surface lipid film. An artificial sebum‐loaded cell culture insert method was developed and used to determine the release kinetics of the model compound, kinetin, from semi‐solid coacervate formulations into sebum. Coacervate compositions were prepared with cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose dodecyl sulfate (cat-HECDS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDS), and water. Tested compositions mimicked the hydration range and relative excess surfactant content expected from coacervates produced during consumer use of commercial rinse-off formulations. Initial release testing showed a direct correlation between the diffusion-controlled release rate of kinetin and the relative water content and wt% ratio of anionic surfactant to charge neutral cat-HECDS of the coacervate composition. These relationships suggested a connection between complex salt's network structure and compound release rate. Using cationic hydroxyethyl celluose (cat‐HEC) polymers of variable molecular weight and degree of charge substitution to prepare the cat‐HECDS, the relationship between coacervate phase and structure and the model agent's release rate emerged. A comparison of the surfactant (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Carol Caperelli Ph.D. (Committee Member); Douglas Dobrozsi Ph.D. (Committee Member); Harshita Kumari (Committee Member); R. Randall Wickett Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSP), University of Toledo, 2016, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Industrial Pharmacy)

The ability to effectively deliver non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) topically and transdermally offers an increased localization of the drug to the site of pain and inflammation, while simultaneously reducing systemic absorption. This ultimately results in more effective treatment for localized pain and inflammation, while reducing the undesired side effects associated with NSAIDs. In this work, effective topical delivery was studied, specifically to compare and contrast the effects of three separate penetration enhancers utilizing in vitro Franz cell testing methods. Ten formulations, using three different penetration enhancers (Kollicream OA, Kollicream IPM and Kollicream 3C) and two different active pharmaceutical ingredients (ibuprofen and sodium ibuprofen), were tested and results are given in this report. Ultimately, the penetration enhancers were found to impede delivery of active pharmaceutical drugs into the epidermis of the skin over an 8-hour period as compared to a standard blank cream run concurrently. Kollicream 3C was shown to have the best release profile over the initial first hour of the study, mimicking the initial application of the pharmaceutical product. Kollicream OA was shown to have the best release profile over the entire 8-hour period.

Committee: Kenneth Alexander Ph.D (Committee Chair); Gabriella Baki Ph.D. (Committee Member); Marcia McInerney Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

PhD, University of Cincinnati, 2015, Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical Sciences/Biopharmaceutics

Routine use of topical antimicrobial agents has long been considered a prophylactic treatment to mitigate the spread of infection and disease. Intrinsic biocidal activities have already been established for many of these ingredients; however, clinical effectiveness is also determined by the delivery of the bioactive to the therapeutic sites of action. This study evaluates the mass transport of zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, within the skin as it relates to topical bioavailability, biocidal efficacy, and dermal risk assessment. Using a novel molecular imaging method, the spatial and temporal distribution of residual ZnPT concentrations on the skin surface, compared to amounts penetrated, was measured. Lateral diffusion coefficients and transverse fluxes were quantified for clinically relevant depositions. Both transport processes are expected to be important determinants of topical bioavailability by modifying the proximity of the biocide to microorganisms localized in the upper stratum corneum layers and hair follicles. Formulation and sebum effects on ZnPT dissolution, molecular speciation and subsequent lateral and transverse diffusion were evaluated. ZnPT depositions at levels below and above the estimated saturation dose in the upper stratum corneum distinguished between diffusion-limited and dissolution rate-limited kinetics. Lateral and transverse transport of [14C] associated with ZnPT were formulation-dependent. The presence of zinc carbonate reduced the solubility and dissociation of ZnPT. This resulted in significant reductions in the lateral diffusivity of ZnPT dosed from water and 1% soap solutions. Lateral transport of ZnPT was unaffected by zinc carbonate when deposited from a 1% body wash solution. Sebum was shown to significantly increase the permeation of ZnPT dosed from aqueous suspensions and also potentiate the lateral transport of reference compounds, caffeine and testosterone, on skin. However, (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Gerald Kasting Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Edward Smith III (Committee Member); J. F. Nash Ph.D. (Committee Member); Jiukuan Hao Ph.D. (Committee Member); Kevin Li Ph.D. (Committee Member); R. Randall Wickett Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals

Master of Science (MS), University of Toledo, 2014, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Industrial Pharmacy)

Antimicrobial agents are drugs, chemicals, or other substances that either kill or slow the growth of microbes [1]. Antibacterial agents which kill bacteria, antiviral agents which kill viruses, antifungal agents which kill fungi, and antiparisitic drug which kill parasites are antimicrobial agents that are in use today [1, 2]. They have been used for the last 70 years to reduced illness and death from infectious diseases [1]. The necessity of antimicrobial agents has increased due to the development of resistance to antimicrobial agents. The antibacterial and antiviral properties for zinc sulfate and copper sulfate are well-known in agriculture and pharmaceutical industries [3-6]. The present research aims at formulating various topical dosage forms including a cream and gel with antiviral and antibacterial activity. Zinc sulfate and copper sulfate were used as the model drug substances. A cream and two gels formulations (C1, G1 and G5) were successfully incorporated with the drugs. C1 was prepared with oil-in-water emulsion cream base, G1 was prepared with carrageenan-based gel and G5 was designed by using hydroxylpropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) based gel. Their physicochemical properties including color, physical appearance, homogeneity, and texture were evaluated. All formulated products were analyzed for spread ability, drug content, pH, viscosity and in vitro antibacterial studies against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity for all formulations was determined and compared with the commercial products when a same amount of formulations were applied. The stability study of the formulations on physicochemical properties, viscosity and antibacterial activity was carried out at 4°C, 25°C and 40°C in glass and plastic containers for over a 12 week period. It was found that all of the formulations were good in appearance and homogeneity. The values of spreadability indicated that the formulated products exhibited better spreadibility (open full item for complete abstract)

Committee: Kenneth S. Alexander Ph.D. (Committee Chair); Sai Hanuman Sagar Boddu Ph.D. (Committee Member); Steven M. Peseckis Ph.D. (Committee Member) Subjects: Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacy Sciences