Department: Education : Criminal Justice ![[clear]](close-x.png "Remove this limiter")
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1.
Akbas, Halil.
Application of Situational Crime Prevention to Female Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Turkey.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2009, University of Cincinnati
► Female trafficking has become a global problem affecting almost every region across…
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▼ Female trafficking has become a global problem affecting almost every region across the world. The crime is devastating to victims as well as communities and nations. As female trafficking increased, the United States and European countries began cooperating to reduce the crime. These efforts focus on arranging legal frameworks to punish offenders and protect victims. Despite these efforts, female trafficking is a growing problem worldwide, indicating that focusing solely on punishing traffickers and helping victims is not sufficient. The main purpose of this study is to explore how situational crime prevention can be used to prevent human trafficking. The underlying theme of situational crime prevention is that immediate features of physical and social environments create opportunities for offenders to commit crimes. Crime prevention by opportunity reduction reduces crimes by manipulating offenders’ perceived risks, efforts, and excuses. The study is designed to explore situational characteristics of female trafficking in Turkey that facilitate this crime. The study also investigates possible measures to eliminate female trafficking by altering these characteristics. The study is based on the analysis of two types of data: (a) personal interviews with representatives of nongovernmental organizations and police officials from various city police departments in Turkey and (b) a secondary data analysis of victim interviews.
Advisors/Committee Members: Eck, John.
Subjects: Criminology
Keywords: Female trafficking; Human trafficking; Women trafficking; situational crime prevention
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2.
AUCLAIR, CHRISTINE.
NUTRITION: A MISSING LINK IN UNDERSTANDING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY.
Degree: MS, Education : Criminal Justice, 2000, University of Cincinnati
► This study examines the relationship between nutrition and delinquency, through direct and…
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▼ This study examines the relationship between nutrition and delinquency, through direct and indirect linkages. In the first part of this study, the direct relationship between nutrition and delinquency is evaluated. Despite several studies linking sucrose to juvenile delinquency, no study has been found to establish the temporal order. Several studies negate the existence of such relationship, while others support that reaction to sucrose ingestion might depend on youths’ level of activity. High protein consumption might lead to malnutrition, and lead absorption, leading to learning disabilities, and antisocial behavior. Orange juice facilitates iron absorption, which increases the ability to reason, analyze, and learn. The second part of the study looks at the indirect relationship between nutrition and intelligence/learning disabilities and its impact on delinquency. Studies on the vitamin and mineral supplementation show mixed results. Iron levels are related to impaired cognitive functioning, impaired learning and behavioral problems. Both success of vitamin and mineral supplementation and iron treatment is dependent upon duration and intensity of treatment. Mixed results on the relationship between intelligence/learning disabilities on delinquency show the impact to be both positive and spurious due to the influence of the school and the criminal justice system.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mazerolle, Dr. Paul.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: antisocial behavior; nutrients; delinquents; learning abilities; reasoning
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3.
Beaver, Kevin M.
The Intersection of Genes, the Environment, and Crime and Delinquency: A Longitudinal Study of Offending.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2006, University of Cincinnati
► The discipline of criminology has been dominated by social and environmental explanations…
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▼ The discipline of criminology has been dominated by social and environmental explanations to crime, criminality, and delinquency. At the same time, biogenic theories of antisocial behavior have historically been marginalized, ridiculed, and ignored by criminologists. This is somewhat surprising given the large and ever-expanding body of empirical research revealing strong genetic underpinnings to most behaviors and most personality traits. However, recent behavioral genetic research has shown that the most accurate explanations to human development incorporate both biological/genetic factors and social influences. The current dissertation builds off this line of literature and uses a genetically-sensitive subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine whether genetic forces combine with the social environment to create antisocial behaviors. Specifically, five different genetic polymorphisms (DAT1, DRD2, DRD4, 5HTT, and MAOA) are used to test for gene X environment correlations and gene X environment interactions in the etiology of crime and delinquency. The results of the multivariate models revealed genetic influences are important contributors to the field of criminology. The most consistent effects, however, were found when examining gene X environment correlations and gene X environment interactions. The implications for criminology and criminologists are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wright, Dr. John Paul.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: Crime, Delinquency, Genes, Dopamine, Serotonin, MAOA, Add Health
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4.
BEAVER, KEVIN MICHAEL.
THE INFLUENCE OF MARRIAGE, EMPLOYMENT, AND EDUCATION ON DESISTANCE FROM MARIJUANA: EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF LIFE-COURSE TRANSITIONS IN RURAL AND URBAN SETTINGS.
Degree: MS, Education : Criminal Justice, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► This paper attempts to rectify a void in the existing life-course and…
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▼ This paper attempts to rectify a void in the existing life-course and illegal drug use literature by examining desistance from marijuana in rural and non-rural vicinities. Until recently, the scholarship on crime has focused on the factors associated with recidivism, thereby overlooking an equally important topic-desistance, that is, the practice of not continuing to participate in illegal behavior. In order to address this neglected issue, and explore the possible explanations for the age-crime curve, Sampson and Laub (1993) set forth an integrated theory of informal social control. The thrust of this theoretical framework centered on adulthood bonds to conventional society, such as marriage and employment. They argued that adults who acquire and are highly-committed to such institutions, increase their odds of desisting from crime. However, Sampson and Laub neglect to take into account possible rural-urban differences in the desistance process. The emphasis on urban populations is also a characteristic of most studies examining drug use. This research examines desistance in drug use by rural and urban population, by using a life-course perspective. Three life course transitions were employed in this study: education, employment, and marriage. Also included in the analysis were measures of time spent with peers and contact with deviant friends. By using these measures, this study was able to test Sampson and Laub's theory. The sample for this study comes from waves 6 and 7 of the National Youth Survey. The multivariate models predicting desistance from marijuana lend little support for differences between rural versus non-rural locations. Although enrollment in college facilitates the desistance process, employment and marriage do not play a significant role in the desistance process. This paper concludes with some implications of these findings.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wright, Dr. John Paul.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: criminology; marijuana; life-course; deviance; desistance
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5.
BECK, VICTORIA SIMPSON.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF SEX OFFENDER NOTIFICATION ON EMOTIONAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► Recent increases in sexual victimization rates for children, combined with the highly…
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▼ Recent increases in sexual victimization rates for children, combined with the highly publicized tragedies of such victimizations, fostered public demands for legislatures to take stronger action against those who commit sexual and violent crimes against children. Legislative response to public demands took the form of sex offender registration and notification statutes. Sex offender notification statutes allow for community dissemination of information about an adjudicated sex offender. The purported goals of sex offender notification legislation are two-fold: (1) to reduce the risk of individual sexual victimization, by prompting protective behaviors; and (2) improve public safety through the surveillance and reporting of “risky” behaviors (e.g. conversing with children) exhibited by sex offenders. Very little is known, however, about how community members respond when they receive sex offender notification. The primary focus of this research is to assess whether the goals of sex offender notification are being achieved. This study also explores the effect of notification on perceived risk of victimization, and fear of victimization. Survey data are derived from a purposive sample of 88 Hamilton County, Ohio, residents having received sex offender notification, and a comparison group of 148 Hamilton County residents who had not received notification. Analyses indicate that notified respondents were significantly more likely to report the risky/illegal actions of sex offenders subject to notification, and significantly more likely to engage in behavior to protect household members from victimization. Although notification is not a significant predictor of perceived risk of victimization, the direction of the relationship between notification and perceived risk is positive – indicating that notified respondents were more likely to perceive risk of victimization for themselves and household members. The relationship between notification and fear of victimization for household members is also positive. Contrary to prior research, however, the relationship between notification and fear of victimization for self is negative, indicating that respondents who had not received notification were more likely to fear victimization.
Advisors/Committee Members: Travis, III, Dr. Lawrence F.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: sex offender notification; protective behavior; perceived risk of victimization; fear of victimization
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6.
BLEVINS, KRISTIE RENEE.
The Correctional Orientation of “Child Savers”: The Level, Sources, and Impact of Support for Rehabilitation Among Juvenile Correctional Workers.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2004, University of Cincinnati
► Prior to the 1970s, criminologists studying correctional issues focused almost exclusively on…
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▼ Prior to the 1970s, criminologists studying correctional issues focused almost exclusively on offenders. However, beginning in the late 1970s, there was a series of studies investigating those who work in the field of corrections. This research has explored how correctional workers view and react to their jobs, especially in terms of correctional orientation, work stress, and job satisfaction. However, the literature on correctional workers is still lacking in one important area. Specifically, the vast majority of research on correctional workers has been conducted in adult facilities; by contrast, assessments of those working in juvenile facilities are limited. Based on previous literature of correctional workers, this dissertation was an exploratory study to examine the levels, sources, and potential impact of the correctional orientations among a sample of juvenile correctional workers. Using a secondary dataset comprised of self-report surveys from 195 juvenile correctional workers across the state of Ohio, the results revealed that the correctional orientations of these workers are complex. Similar to findings from samples of individuals working in adult facilities, these workers supported both rehabilitative and custodial sentiments. However, support for rehabilitation was secondary to custodial concerns. Considering the underlying rehabilitative mission of the American juvenile justice system, the higher levels of support for custodial statements were unexpected. Further, examinations of the possible sources of these orientations indicated that there was a large degree of consensus regarding rehabilitation. Support for custody, however, varied primarily by individual characteristics. The potential influence of correctional orientation on work stress, job satisfaction, and use of physical force was also investigated. Overall, these workers had moderate amounts of both job stress and satisfaction. These levels were similar to those observed in other samples of correctional workers, and they varied by both work-related variables and individual characteristics. However, efforts to identify sources of physical force based on the sample’s individual attributes and work-related experiences were less successful. Neither correctional orientation was significantly related to any of the work reactions examined. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cullen, Dr. Francis T.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: juvenile corrections
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7.
Boisvert, Danielle.
Rethinking Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: A Behavioral Genetic Approach.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2009, University of Cincinnati
► Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime has received considerable attention…
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▼ Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime has received considerable attention over the years. At the heart of their theory is the concept of low self-control, which has emerged as a strong predictor of antisocial and delinquent behaviors. The primary purpose of this dissertation is to expand criminology's current understanding of low self-control and its relationship with delinquent behaviors by using a behavioral genetic approach. Using the twin subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), several genetic analyses are conducted to examine the genetic and environmental contributions to low self-control and its relationship with delinquency. The results from the best fitting models revealed that both low self-control and delinquency are influenced by genetic and nonshared environmental factors with the effects of shared environmental factors being negligible. Furthermore, the results from the qualitative and quantitative sex differences analyses suggest that the genetic factors that are influencing low self-control and delinquency are the same for males and females and that the magnitude of the genetic effects is the same across the sexes. In addition, the co-occurrence of low self-control and delinquency appears to be largely due to the same genetic and nonshared environmental factors operating on both phenotypes. Interestingly, low self-control and delinquency do not appear to be associated over time because of a common genetic and/or environmental etiology. Rather, different genetic and environmental factors appear to be operating on both traits across time. The implications of these findings on the current understanding of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wright, John.
Subjects: Criminology
Keywords: low self-control; behavioral genetics; Mx; Gottfredson and Hirschi; general theory of crime; sex differences; biosocial criminology
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8.
Boyne, Ellen S.
PROSECUTOR'S REPORTS ON THE COURT PROCESSING OF MISDEMEANOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CASES PERPETRATED BY NONINTIMATES.
Degree: MS, Education : Criminal Justice, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► While increased attention to domestic violence seems to have “stepped up” the…
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▼ While increased attention to domestic violence seems to have “stepped up” the court processing of intimate domestic violence cases in recent years, it appears that the intense focus on intimate relationships may have overshadowed an interest in nonintimate domestic violence. In this study, the term “domestic violence” includes the subcategories of woman battering, child abuse, elder abuse, and sibling abuse. The cases examined incorporated the latter three categories, as well as some relationships that were more difficult to categorize. A quantitative analysis was performed on 263 domestic violence cases involving nonintimate family members. The sample was gleaned from a group of misdemeanor domestic violence court cases prosecuted in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1997. This study adds to the literature on the court system’s response to domestic violence cases by pointing to commonalities and divergences in the processing of such cases, as compared to those occurring among intimates.
Advisors/Committee Members: Frank, Dr. James.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: family violence; domestic violence; sibling abuse; elder abuse; child abuse
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9.
BROWN, ROBERT ALEXANDER.
EXPLORING THE USE OF FORMAL AUTHORITY IN POLICE-CITIZEN ENCOUNTERS.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2003, University of Cincinnati
► The empirical research on police-citizen encounters has treated arrest as a high…
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▼ The empirical research on police-citizen encounters has treated arrest as a high degree of social control by the police and, for the most part, arrest outcomes are compared to an officer doing “nothing.” The coercive actions officers take to deal with citizens are not necessarily limited to a single set of dichotomous choices: the no-arrest/arrest outcome measure. Unfortunately, the extant research in this area rarely examines the exercise of formal authority that is more than “nothing” but less than arrest. This dissertation examined how individual, situational and community level correlates commonly used in policing research influence the quantity of formal authority used in police-citizen encounters. Using data from systematic social observations of police-citizen encounters, this dissertation explores the actions that officers take against citizens that are quantifiable and that lie somewhere between doing “nothing” and an officer making an arrest. The dependent variable is a count variable based on an eight-item Formal Authority Scale (FAS) created specifically for this research.These data were analyzed using Poisson regression models. Results indicate that situational level correlates, specifically the legal characteristics of an encounter, influence the quantity of formal authority police exercise against citizens. However, individual and community level correlates have little effect on police use of formal authority in police-citizen encounters. The findings of this dissertation indicate that police officers take informal and formal actions against citizens that are less than arrest (that officers do more than “nothing”), and that many of the correlates used in studies that focus on arrest outcomes also influence outcomes that do not involve arrest.
Advisors/Committee Members: FRANK, DR. JAMES.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: formal authority scale; police-citizen encounters
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10.
BUCKLER, KEVIN G.
AN EXAMINATION OF PRINT MEDIA ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN THE REPORTING OF HOMICIDE IN THE HOUSTON CHRONICLE.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2004, University of Cincinnati
► This study examines media process in print media behavior in the reporting…
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▼ This study examines media process in print media behavior in the reporting of homicide cases that occurred in 2001 that were investigated by the Houston Police Department. Content analysis was conducted using HPD press releases and news items published in the Houston Chronicle. Victim, offender, and circumstance information were obtained from the HPD. The study uses OLS and Logistical regression analysis to examine the effects of victim, offender, and social context measures on a variety of dependent measures, including whether a news item appeared in print, the number of news items that appeared in print, the number of words published, and media attention scores that combine measures of number of words, page placement, and the use of photographs with the news items. Additionally, news theme measures and information availability measures are examined to determine their effects on media outcome measures. The findings suggest victim traits such as female victims and multiple victims are the most important factors in predicting a variety of media outcomes. Robbery-related homicides, stranger homicides, homicides involving female suspects, those involving younger victims, and those involving minority suspects are also found to be important predictors for certain media outcome measures, but not for others. A domestic context and homicides emanating from arguments that escalated were found to decrease measures of intensity of coverage for certain models. Other models suggested that the use of a knife or cutting instrument in the homicide decreases intensity of coverage while assault-based homicides increase the intensity of coverage. Certain informational constraint measures were also found to be important predictors of media outcomes. News theme measures are significant predictors of intensity of media attention score. The implications of the findings are interpreted in the context of Barak’s (1994) “Newsmaking Criminology” framework. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Advisors/Committee Members: Travis, Dr. Lawrence.
Keywords: Media; Media coverage; Print media; Newspapers; Homicide; Crime
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11.
BUREK, MELISSA WINSTON.
A TALE OF TWO CRIME-TYPES: AN EXAMINATION OF THE WELFARE-CRIME RELATIONSHIP.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► Studies that examine the effects of welfare, specifically, Aid to Families of…
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▼ Studies that examine the effects of welfare, specifically, Aid to Families of Dependent Children (AFDC), have primarily examined the relationship between public assistance and serious offenses. These studies have found that as levels of welfare relief increase, there are decreases in serious offense rates. These findings are important to take into consideration due to the recent reforms of the welfare system that limit lifetime relief benefits to eligible recipients Because past studies have found a negative relationship between welfare spending and serious crime rates, it is possible that crime rates, at least serious crime rates, could increase as a result of decreases in welfare spending. To date, however, no study has examined the effects of welfare relief on the less serious or part two offenses. Part two offenses are actually more numerous than the more serious offenses. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of public assistance, namely AFDC, on part one and part two offenses. It was the goal of this study to gain a better understanding of the processes by which welfare relief can influence behavior by examining data from the state of Kentucky for the years 1980 and 1990. In particular, this study was interested in trends or changes in crime from time periods 1980 and 1990 as affected by welfare by using residual-change score measures of key variables under study. Residual-change scores allowed for the observation of the effects of fluctuations in welfare spending in relation to part one and two crimes over the ten-year time period. Thus, the current study expanded upon the existing body of literature examining the welfare-crime relationship by analyzing not only cross-sectional data using the multiple regression procedure, but also multiple regression analyses with residual-change score measures. Overall, the findings observed in the present examination were inconsistent with past findings, not only in regards to part two offenses, but also the commonly studied part one crime rates. Welfare spending measured as AFDC yearly spending per recipient, when significant, was generally found to positively contribute to the prediction of the crime categories under study during the 1980s and 1990.
Advisors/Committee Members: Chamlin, Mitchell B.
Keywords: welfare and crime; AFDC spending and crime; part two offenses; social disorganization, social support, and anomie in relation to welfare
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12.
Coaston-Shelton, Audrey A.
Identifying the Correlates of Job Satisfaction for School Resource Officers.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2009, University of Cincinnati
► Worker job satisfaction is a topic that drives much research in many…
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▼ Worker job satisfaction is a topic that drives much research in many professions. Identifying the factors that lead to a successful and gratifying work experience for workers has many positive benefits for both the worker and employer. While studies of job satisfaction have flourished since the 1930s in organizational and management literature, studies of job satisfaction for police officers began in the late 1960s. Job satisfaction studies of criminal justice personnel have typically been limited to police officers and correctional workers. Much of the scope of these studies has been limited to linking the demographic characteristics of these criminal justice personnel to job satisfaction.This study identifies the correlates of job satisfaction for officers in a distinct role in policing, SROs. Using data from self-report surveys, 170 SROs who were members of the Ohio School Resource Officer Association as of March, 2008, revealed by an overwhelming majority that they were satisfied with this role in policing. Along with data regarding the demographic and geographic characteristics of the sample, SROs were surveyed regarding role diversity and preference for duties, according to the Triad Model for school policing. SROs demonstrated a strong preference for duties that were outside traditional law-enforcement. However, due to the nature of their role in schools, SROs find themselves typically engaged in activities more aligned with traditional policing. The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on job satisfaction was explored. SROs expressed satisfaction with factors that were motivating and intrinsic in nature. Officers in this sample were found to be satisfied with their jobs, intrinsically motivated, and did not have high levels of work stress. They were educated, male, and volunteered for the position of SRO. The effects of non-response bias, as well as the implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Travis, Lawrence.
Keywords: Sch
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13.
COON, JULIE KIERNAN.
THE ADOPTION OF CRIME PREVENTION TECHNOLOGIES IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2005, University of Cincinnati
► Crime and violence in schools continues to concern the nation. Federally sponsored…
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▼ Crime and violence in schools continues to concern the nation. Federally sponsored projects have examined school problems and described available security technologies. These studies have also suggested how security products should be used and their possible advantages and disadvantages. There has been a lack of information concerning what security technologies are being used and by what types of schools. This dissertation uses a national sample of public schools to answer three major research questions: 1) What security technologies are most commonly used by schools? 2) What school and contextual level factors are associated with the level of security technology use? 3) Is security technology use in schools better explained by school problems, or other factors? The results of this research suggest that there is variation in the level of security product use among schools. Marking/identifying school property, lighting, telephones or duress alarms in classrooms, and burglar alarm systems are among the most common technologies used by schools. Generally, schools that are large; at the secondary level; with many safety rules and procedures; with high rates of school crime/disorder; with high levels of police and community presence; located in high crime neighborhoods; Southern; and urban schools, use more security products. Interestingly, school wealth is not a significant predictor of technology use. Further,school and contextual caracteristics are better than school crime/disorder as predictors of security technology adoption in schools.
Advisors/Committee Members: Travis, Dr. Lawrence F.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: security technology; crime prevention; school safety; school crime; school violence
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14.
DAIGLE, LEAH ELIZABETH.
GENDER DIFFERENCE IN JUVENILE MISCONDUCT: REVISITING THE GENERALITY-SPECIFICITY DEBATE.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2005, University of Cincinnati
► In attempting to explain male and female delinquency, theorists have taken two…
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▼ In attempting to explain male and female delinquency, theorists have taken two distinct approaches. In the first approach, theories that purport to be general have been used. In these theories, the same explanatory concepts are utilized to explain both male and female delinquency. In the second approach, a gendered explanation is used in which different variables are thought to be relevant in explaining male and female delinquency. This disagreement has spurred the development of the generality-specificity debate that centers on the question of whether general or gender-specific theories should be developed and applied to delinquency. In response to this debate, empirical examinations have been carried out to examine if traditional criminological theories can explain both gender’s delinquency participation. In addition, feminist researchers have also examined whether females’ unique experiences are related to engaging in delinquency. What this body of research has not done, however, is examined the etiology of delinquency across theoretical perspectives. As such, the current study addresses the generality-specificity debate by including variables from the feminist perspective, traditional criminological theory, and the life-course perspective. To meet this objective, data on 3,419 youths from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health) was used. Findings from the first stage of analysis revealed that males and females do differ in their levels of involvement in overall delinquency, nonviolent delinquency, and violent delinquency. Results from the multivariate analysis showed that there are some similarities in the predictors of male and female delinquency and substance use. For example, delinquent peers, victimization, and prior delinquent and substance abuse involvement were relatively robust predictors for both males and females. Despite these similarities, differences in the predictors across gender were discovered. For females’ delinquency, depression, autonomy, traditional strain, attachment to friends, and risky behavior are related. Males’ delinquency, on the other hand, is explained by general strain variables, involvement in sports, attention deficits, and pubertal development. These findings suggest the following conclusions: (1) the predictors of male and female delinquency differ across type of delinquency; (2) there are both similarities and differences in the predictors across gender; and (3) gender-specific approaches should be further examined for their applicability to delinquency. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cullen, Dr. Francis T.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: Delinquency; Gender; Juvenile; Feminist Perspective; Life-Course Perspective; Strain Theory; Social Bond Theory; Peers; Substance Use
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15.
DAI, MENGYAN.
PROCEDURAL JUSTICE DURING POLICE-CITIZEN ENCOUNTERS.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2007, University of Cincinnati
► Recent theoretical advances in the social psychology of procedural justice have facilitated…
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▼ Recent theoretical advances in the social psychology of procedural justice have facilitated the development of a process-based approach to policing. This approach emphasizes the fairness of the manner in which the police exercise their discretion during encounters with citizens. However, little is known about the effects of procedural justice on citizen behavior during encounters. Applying the theories of procedural justice and the social interactionist theory of coercion, this dissertation uses data from systematic social observations of police-citizen encounters to examine how procedurally fair behavior of the police affects two types of citizen behavior, citizen disrespect and noncompliance with police requests. A series of logistic regression models show that, as suggested by process-based policing, procedurally fair behavior of the police has substantive influence on citizen behavior. However, some procedural justice factors differentially affect citizen disrespect and noncompliance, suggesting that these two types of citizen behavior are distinct forms of behavior and should be examined separately. Further analyses reveal that some procedural justice factors interact with other independent variables and influence citizen disrespect and noncompliance. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding the effects of various factors, especially police procedurally fair behavior, on citizen cooperative interactions. The implications of these findings, for both policy and future research, are considered.
Advisors/Committee Members: Frank, Dr. James.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: Procedural justice; Citizen disrespect; Citizen noncompliance; Police citizen interactions
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16.
DE GUZMAN, MELCHOR CELDA.
INTEGRITY, LEGITIMACY, EFFICIENCY, AND IMPACT: DO ALL THESE MATTER IN THE CIVILIAN REVIEW OF THE POLICE?.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► Civilian Review Boards have become popular throughout the world as one of…
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▼ Civilian Review Boards have become popular throughout the world as one of the agencies to control the police. In 1991, the Philippines established a body synonymous to a civilian review board known as the People's Law Enforcement Board (PLEB). This study analyzed the performance of PLEB from 1991-1997. It also examined the perceptions of the complainants and police officers about the boards in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. Specifically, the study analyzed the boards' integrity, legitimacy, impact, and efficiency and how these characteristics relate to the satisfaction of client on the boards overall and on the specific stages of their proceedings. Generally, the respondents are satisfied with the boards. However, there was a tendency for citizens to be outcome-oriented and the police to be process-oriented. Furthermore, the expectations of the respondents about the efficiency of the PLEB mattered more than the actual number of days the PLEBs resolved cases. Among the other factors studied, the legitimacy of the boards' processes elicit more satisfaction from the respondents rather than the possession of integrity. Finally, perceived policy changes in the department was a significant predictor of the respondents' satisfaction more than perceived changes in supervision and attitudes. Recommendations were made to create a mixed model of a civilian review board and the dissemination of the boards' procedures to its clients especially on the expected time needed to process the cases.
Advisors/Committee Members: Frank, Dr. James.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: civilian review board; people's law enforcement board; philippine police; PNP; National Capital Region, Manila
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17.
Ervin Conover, Theresa.
Policing in the Suburbs: Assessing Wilson’s Theory of Local Political Culture.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2009, University of Cincinnati
► Since its original publication in 1968, James Wilson’s Varieties of Police Behavior…
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▼ Since its original publication in 1968, James Wilson’s Varieties of Police Behavior and the introduction of political culture has dominated the policing literature as an explanation of the relationship between community characteristics and police behavior. Three archetypal styles were identified: legalistic, watchman, and service. Wilson posited that a community’s policing style can be predicted by their form of local government. While support was found in his initial test, subsequent tests have been unable to garner support. This dissertation starts by using Wilson variables with data from a systematic social observation (SSO) study and measures policing style by frequency and formality of contacts rather than arrests. The study was conducted in 20 suburban communities in southwest Ohio.Alternative variables were introduced and their hypothesized relationship with frequency and formality discussed. The data on encounters were broken out into three subgroups: number of all, full and full encounters with probable cause and each were analyzed accordingly. Associations were found for crime indicator, non-residential land use and assessed value per capita in the alternative models using chi-square. There was no overwhelming support for either the Wilson or alternative variables to predict style. Next, variables representing both Wilson and alternatives were used to predict ratio level measures of frequency and formality. The Formality/Frequency Index represents the amount of formality exhibited in each respective community. In the end, political culture was not found to support the frequency of contacts (# of encounters) or formality (# arrests and/or citations). Crime indicator was the only variable to be a significant predictor of the Formality/Frequency Index (full encounter model) in any of the alternative models presented. This relationship is tenuous at best due to the small sample size. It is important to note that this dissertation was not centered on testing Wilson’s theory of political culture – the focus was on explaining the relationship between community characteristics and police behavior. However, it did use the theory as a benchmark, as a point of reference in the quest to identify these characteristics. This dissertation also discussed the state of the research which has addressed Wilson. It also has given plausible explanation as to why political culture may have been an appropriate measure in its day, but may no longer have explanatory power. Alternative community-level variables were presented that were hypothesized to explain variation in police behavior vis-à-vis frequency and formality of police-citizen encounters in suburbs. Some support for these alternative hypotheses was found, though the effect was not consistent. Ultimately these hypothesized relationships did not hold utilizing higher level statistical analyses. There is work to be done in addressing the variation found in police-citizen contacts between communities. The challenge for future research is to tie the acknowledgement that policing varies by community with characteristics that explain why.
Advisors/Committee Members: Frank, James.
Subjects: Criminology
Keywords: policing; local political culture
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18.
FAMEGA, CHRISTINE NATALIE.
DISCRETION OR DIRECTION?: AN ANALYSIS OF PATROL OFFICER DOWNTIME.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2003, University of Cincinnati
► Proactive policing reforms emphasize that during downtime (all time not responding to…
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▼ Proactive policing reforms emphasize that during downtime (all time not responding to citizen calls for service) patrol officers should engage in both self-initiated and directed activities based on crime analysis and problem identification. In general, community-oriented policing and problem-oriented policing stress decision making by line officers based on their own observations and knowledge of the area they are assigned to patrol, but also on crime information made available to them by supervisors. Hot spot policing and managerial approaches such as Compstat, place the responsibility for planning and implementing patrol activities on commanders, lieutenants, or other supervisory personnel. This study provides a descriptive analysis of officer downtime to address two issues inherent to proactive policing strategies within the confines of the Baltimore Police Department. First, whether patrol officers who are required to respond to citizen calls for service have time to engage in proactive policing activities. Second, whether proactive policing strategies from the numerous movements in police reform and crime prevention over the last 40 years have made it past administrative implementation to the front lines of policing. The findings of this research suggest that on average, over three quarters of a Baltimore patrol officers' shift is downtime. During this time they primarily self-initiate routine patrol, or back up other officers on calls to which they were not dispatched. Only six percent of downtime activities are directed by superiors, other officers or citizens. Two percent of these activities are directed by supervisors. The only activities that are more likely to be directed than self-initiated are serving warrants and subpoenas, and attempts to locate suspects, witnesses or informants. Compared to self-initiated activities, directed activities are significantly more likely to occur on private property and the use of directives is influenced by district. However, the directives provided do not appear to be a means of operationalizing problem oriented or community oriented policing theory or proactive policing strategies. These activities are probably more correctly conceptualized as activities that are not self-initiated (in other words, activities that result due to instructions, information or requests of officers, supervisors and citizens).
Advisors/Committee Members: Frank, Dr. James.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: police; patrol officers; workload; problem-oriented/community oriented policing; downtime/unassigned time
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19.
Gok, Ozkan.
Structural Disadvantage, Terrorism, and Non-terrorist Violent Crime in Turkey.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2009, University of Cincinnati
► This study examines the role of structural disadvantage in the non-terrorist violent…
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▼ This study examines the role of structural disadvantage in the non-terrorist violent and terrorism-related crimes. The objectives of the current research are to find answers to the questions regarding why and how crime rates vary across the provinces.The present study uses macro-level analyses to examine relationships between structural disadvantage variables and crime. The current study will use provinces of Turkey as units of analysis, and will look at the effects of different structural characteristics of provinces in connection with violent and terrorism-related crime rates. Unemployment, residential instability, poverty, economic inequality, family disruption, and low education are employed as structural disadvantage factors and their correlations with crimes are examined. Additionally, percent youth, population density, and region (only in terrorism-related crimes) are used as control variables. In the current research, total violent, homicide, aggravated assault, rape, robbery, and terrorism-related crimes in 81 provinces of Turkey are examined for a three year period ranging from 2006 to 2008. Crime data is obtained from Turkish National Police. Measures of structural disadvantage data are obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute, Census, Ministry of National Education, and Ministry of Health. Multivariate OLS and negative binomial regression results for non-terrorist violent crimes in general reveal statistically significant correlations between three structural disadvantage variables and rates of total violence, homicide, aggravated assault, rape, and robbery. Study results indicate that unemployment and family disruption have a significant positive impact on all types of non-terrorist violent crime rates. Lastly, low education is other structural disadvantage variable that is significantly and positively associated with total violent, homicide, aggravated assault, and robbery crime rates in present study. Zero inflated negative binomial analyses of terrorism-related crimes in Turkey show a number of important findings. Results indicate that among the structural disadvantage variables, poverty and residential instability have significant positive effects on terrorism-related crimes. This study reveals important nuances to overall general findings, with completely different indicators of disadvantage predicting non-terrorist versus terrorist violence. There are important differences between the nature of terrorism versus non-terrorist violence that might account for the differences in significance of specific indicators of disadvantage across these two categories. Non-terrorist and terrorism-related violent crimes have several differences in terms of motivation, opportunity structure, methods, and ideology. Additionally, non-terrorist violence crimes are usually preceded by social interaction. Many of these violent crime victims know their assailants and are involved in a dispute of some sort with their assailants. As such, from a macro viewpoint, they are most likely to be triggered by structural conditions that provide or indicate relational stressors. On the other hand, in terrorism-related crimes, generally there is no social interaction between offender(s) and victim(s), so relational stress is not an issue. In contrast, political ideology is a typical motivation. Thus, dimensions of disadvantage that tap into social change and social injustice are logically more likely to be related to terrorist violence.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wilcox, Pamela.
Subjects: Criminology
Keywords: structural disadvantage; non-terrorist violent crime; terrorism-related violent crime; Turkey
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20.
GRIFFIN, TIMOTHY W.C.
THE IMPACT OF PRESUMPTIVE SENTENCING GUIDELINES ON DISPARITY IN SENTENCING IN OHIO.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► In the past three decades, various forms of structured felony sentencing schemes…
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▼ In the past three decades, various forms of structured felony sentencing schemes have been developed in numerous states and the federal government as a response to the perceived inadequacies of earlier, indeterminate, parole-based sentencing systems. Among the types of structured sentencing systems developed are commission-based guidelines, in which a legislatively established “sentencing commission” develops a sentencing package for approval by lawmakers. The stated goals of such reforms usually include certainty of punishment for lawbreakers and the reduction of unwarranted disparity in sentencing by race or any other “extra-legal” factors. While many observers believe that these various reforms have generally been successful in reducing unwarranted disparity in sentencing, the evidence used to support such a claim is often methodologically weak. In this study, the direct effect on unwarranted racial disparity of Ohio’s Senate Bill 2, a presumptive guidelines system established in 1996, is examined in an effort to help improve the quality of research examining this question. Multi-phase logistic regression analyses of samples of felony cases drawn before and after Senate Bill 2 in Hamilton County and Franklin County Ohio were conducted, and few differences in the charge reduction or guilty plea phases were found. However, in the imprisonment decision, it was found that young, African-American males were significantly more likely to be imprisoned, net of other factors, but there was no such significant finding in the post-Senate Bill 2 model. The results could suggest a positive impact of the Bill in reducing unwarranted disparity, but the findings are weakened in that there was no significant change of the importance of the interaction of age, race, and sex between the pre-and post-SB 2 model. The implications of this and other findings are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wooldredge, Dr. John.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: Sentencing Guidelines; Disparity
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21.
Groh, Samantha.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT AND OFFENDERS.
Degree: MS, Education : Criminal Justice, 2006, University of Cincinnati
► Cognitive-behavioral treatment is one of the most popular treatment methods used with…
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▼ Cognitive-behavioral treatment is one of the most popular treatment methods used with offenders. Its popularity is believed to stem from the ease with which the techniques are implemented, its emphasis on the clients’ role in improving their own behavior, and the strength of the empirical basis upon which it was founded and continues to be examined today. This project examines cognitive-behavioral treatment in depth, reviewing the history of cognitive-behaviorism and current techniques and perspectives. An effort is then made to assess the extant literature on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment in comparison to other leading correctional strategies. The project outlines the central problems that can impede the successful implementation of group treatment in correctional settings. It then concludes with a discussion of future research needs such as ethical issues in correctional treatment and the need for additional research about how best to implement cognitive-behavioral treatment programs in the correctional field.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cullen, Dr. Francis T.
Keywords: treatment,; offenders,; corrections,; cognitive-behavioral,; cognitive,; behavior,; treatment programs,; rehabilitation
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22.
GROWETTE BOSTAPH, LISA M.
RACE AND REPEATS: DOES THE REPETITIVE NATURE OF POLICE MOTOR VEHICLE STOPS IMPACT RACIALLY BIASED POLICING?.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2004, University of Cincinnati
► This dissertation explores a possible use for the repeat phenomenon in examining…
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▼ This dissertation explores a possible use for the repeat phenomenon in examining racial disparities in police motor vehicle stops. Racial profiling, in terms of motor vehicle stops, is one of the more controversial issues in policing today and, subsequently, numerous studies and reports have been issued regarding the distribution of motor vehicle stops across the races. Beyond identifying the existence of racial disparities in motor vehicle stops, explaining why those disparities exist and how they should be addressed are relatively new topics in this growing body of research. The repeat phenomenon is an untapped resource in research on police motor vehicle stops. The repeat phenomenon is the existence of a small proportion of people or places (officers, citizens, places, victims) that account for a much larger proportion of events. In criminal justice and criminology, this phenomenon has been identified and discussed in criminal offending, victimization, locations of criminal events, and, to a lesser degree, officer behavior. The discussion, though, has not been extended to motor vehicle stops. The present study will focus on two aspects of the repeat phenomenon, officers and citizens. The existence of the repeat phenomenon in motor vehicle stops may offer a fresh insight into racial profiling. If repeat officers and citizens do exist in the realm of motor vehicle stops, what is the impact on the racial disparity uncovered in motor vehicle stop research? If a small group of officers is making the majority of motor vehicle stops, and that majority of stops has a high level of racial disparity, focusing future research on those repeat officers may lead to both explanations for and strategies to address racial profiling. In addition, if a small group of citizens accounts for a large proportion of the drivers stopped by the police, focusing future research on those repeat citizens may also lead to explanations for and strategies to address racial profiling. This study examines the existence of repeat officers and citizens in a population of motor vehicle stops in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio during a portion of the year 2001. In addition, the study will also address the impact of either (or both) repeat officers and/or citizens on the level of racial disparity in motor vehicle stops found in this dataset. Finally, areas of future research addressing possible theoretical explanations for racial disparity in motor vehicle stops will be explored.
Advisors/Committee Members: Engel, Dr. Robin S.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: racial profiling, officer performance, repeat officers, repeat phenomenon, traffic stops
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23.
GUNNISON, ELAINE KRISTIN.
UNDERSTANDING FEMALE DESISTANCE FROM CRIME: EXPLORING THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► The criminal career approach posits that desistance from criminality is an important…
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▼ The criminal career approach posits that desistance from criminality is an important dimension of offending to examine. However, relatively few studieshave explored the factors that promote an offender to desist from previous criminal offending patterns. The little empirical research that has beenconducted on desistance from criminality has focused primarily on males. Therefore, little is known about female desistance patterns and whether there are gender differences in the factors associated with desistance. Using data from the National Youth Survey, a data set rich in social and psychological variables, this investigation advances previous research by examining female (n=728) and male (n=789) desistance patterns from general and serious delinquency. Results from mean level comparisons reveal that female and male desisters are more likely to possess strong moral beliefs and exhibit attachment to religion than their persister counterparts. In addition, female and male desisters are less likely to have delinquent peer associations or use drugs and/or alcohol than female and male persisters. Logistic regression analyses reveal that females who are older, married, and have high perceptions ofcertainty and severity of punishments are more likely to desist from general delinquency. Additionally, females who became pregnant and serve in the military are more likely to desist from serious delinquency. For males, age, family attachment and reductions in delinquent peer associations predicted desistance from general delinquency. Furthermore, reductions in delinquent peer associations predicted desistance from serious delinquency. Results from log likelihood ratio tests reveal that changing levels of delinquent peer associations have a more salient effect on desistance from serious delinquency for males. The theoretical, policy, and research implications of this research are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: CULLEN, DR. FRANCIS T.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: female desistance; male desistance; criminal careers; female offenders; delinquency
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24.
HANLEY, DENA E.
RISK DIFFERENTIATION AND INTENSIVE SUPERVISION: A MEANINGFUL UNION?.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► Martinson’s (1974) statement that “nothing works” landed a blow to correctional rehabilitation,…
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▼ Martinson’s (1974) statement that “nothing works” landed a blow to correctional rehabilitation, and researchers have since worked diligently to dispel the notion that correctional rehabilitation and treatment are not worthy endeavors. The result of this work has provided the field with a wealth of knowledge about effective correctional practices. Among these practices is the risk principle. The risk principle contains two parts. First, the risk principle holds that behavior can be predicted. Second, the risk principle maintains that intensive services should be reserved for high-risk offenders. This dissertation examines the latter aspect, the case classification principle. Using a secondary analysis of data collected for several evaluations of intensive supervision programs (ISPs), this dissertation analyzes whether appropriate service delivery impacts recidivism rates of offenders. This dissertation finds that offenders who receive appropriate services (the intensity of service delivery corresponding with an offender’s risk level) are significantly more likely to be associated with at least one technical violation, but less likely to be re-arrested. More specifically, the results of this dissertation show that high-risk offenders who receive appropriate services have significantly lower re-arrest rates than do those offenders who do not receive appropriate services. This relationship, however, does not hold true for low risk offenders.
Advisors/Committee Members: Latessa, Dr. Edward.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: risk; offenders; appropriate service delivery; intensive supervision
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25.
HARPSTER, TRACY K.
THE NATURE OF 911 HOMICIDE CALLS: USING 911 HOMICIDE CALLS TO IDENTIFY INDICATORS OF INNOCENCE AND GUILT.
Degree: MS, Education : Criminal Justice, 2006, University of Cincinnati
► The Nature of 911 Homicide Calls: Using 911 Homicide Calls to Identify…
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▼ The Nature of 911 Homicide Calls: Using 911 Homicide Calls to Identify Indicators of Innocence and Guilt Abstract This exploratory study examined verbal indicators to critically analyze 911 homicide statements for predictive value in determining the caller’s innocence or guilt regarding the offense. The audio recordings and transcripts of one hundred 911 homicide phone calls (fifty innocent callers and fifty guilty callers), obtained from police departments and sheriff’s departments throughout the United States, provided the database utilized for the study. This study used a retrospective approach, utilizing adjudicated homicide cases in which the determination of guilt or innocence of the caller had already been proven through the legal system. Since the homicide cases were closed, the study was able to focus on the degree to which the twenty variables were able to indicate the likelihood of guilt or innocence of the 911 callers. The first variable examined is the “Plea for help,” which would be expected when a caller uses the 911 emergency contact resource to report a homicide or death. If the Plea for Help is evident, the following sub-categories were also coded and examined: A. Who the help requested for (victim, caller) B. The location of the plea (first communication, later communication). C. The context of the plea (immediacy, lack of immediacy). D. Urgent demand for officer response (present, not present). Additionally, the following variables were also analyzed: Modulation, Verbal Reaction before Dispatcher Introduction, Self-Correction, Extraneous Information, Inappropriate Politeness, Caller’s Acceptance of the Victim’s Death (with and without relationship), Possession of a Problem, Insulting/Blaming the Victim, Minimization (early in discourse and later in discourse), the “Huh Factor,” Repetition, Conflicting Facts and the Caller’s Resistance to Answer the Dispatcher’s Question. Univariate Analysis and Bivariate Analysis were utilized to study the data. The research results revealed that the presence or absence of sixteen of the variables can indicate the likelihood of the caller’s innocence or guilt regarding the offense of homicide.
Advisors/Committee Members: Latessa, Dr. Edward.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: 911 Homicide Calls; Indicators of Innocence; Indicators of Guilt
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26.
HUBBARD, DANA JONES.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND OTHER RESPONSIVITY CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SUCCESS IN OFFENDER REHABILITATION.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► The specific responsivity principle suggests that personal characteristics of offenders may interfere…
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▼ The specific responsivity principle suggests that personal characteristics of offenders may interfere with their ability to be receptive to treatment. This is the least researched aspect of the principles of effective intervention. While many have suggested this principle to be true, the exact personal characteristics thought to interfere with treatment are not yet known. This dissertation sought to address this principle by asking the following research questions, 1) Is gender a responsivity consideration? and 2) Are other characteristics such as intelligence, self-esteem, depression, personality, and a history of sexual abuse related to success in a cognitive-behavioral program? Data were gathered on 446 men and women offenders and success was measured by program completion, no arrests, and no incarcerations. While many of the characteristics were not found to be related to success in cognitive-behavioral treatment, gender and a history of sexual abuse were found to be related. Women were less likely to be arrested and incarcerated and people with a history of sexual abuse were more likely to be arrested. What is equally as interesting is that other potential responsivity characteristics such as intelligence, personality, and self-esteem were not found to be related to outcomes. These findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral treatment, a program that meets the general responsivity principle, may help different types of offenders be receptive to treatment thus overriding the specific responsivity principle.
Advisors/Committee Members: Latessa, Dr. Edward J.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: corrrectional rehabilitation; responsivity; cognitive-behavioral treatment; offenders
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27.
HURLEY, DAVID C.
CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION: THE CINCNNATI EXPERIENCE.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2003, University of Cincinnati
► This study examines the general and specific effect of the installation of…
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▼ This study examines the general and specific effect of the installation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) on crime and disorder at three sites in Cincinnati, OH. This research analyzes CCTV from the situational crime prevention perspective that the installation of CCTV might alter the behavior of potential offenders by blocking their opportunities to offend. The study also integrates CCTV with the routine activities approach by examining whether CCTV operates as a manager or a guardian. Additionally, the study expands the previous literature by analyzing the impact of CCTV on disorder. To capture the impact on disorder, this study uses police calls for service data to measure the impact of CCTV at monitored locations before and after the installation of the cameras. Bivariate regression models were calculated for specific and composite calls for service. The installation of CCTV resulted in a general reduction in all calls for service and in particular a decrease in disorder calls for service. Unlike British research, little support was found for reductions in specific types of crime. Some of the findings may be influenced by the differences in the set up and utilization of CCTV between the two countries. This research also indicates that CCTV could be better described as a manager than a guardian.
Advisors/Committee Members: Travis, Dr. Lawrence.
Keywords: CCTV; evaluation; situational crime prevention; effectiveness of
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28.
JEFFERIS, ERIC.
CRIMINAL PLACES: A MICRO-LEVEL STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL THEFT.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2004, University of Cincinnati
► This study investigates the concept of criminality of place, specifically considering residential…
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▼ This study investigates the concept of criminality of place, specifically considering residential theft (i.e., residential burglary and residential larceny). By utilizing official police records, this study examined the spatial distribution of theft across residential locations in a large, Midwestern city. Land parcel level analyses were conducted using geographic information systems (GIS), tabular analyses, logistic regression, and a spatial-scan statistic. The results showed that not only were thefts not uniformly distributed among residential locations, but that a few locations (less than five percent) were responsible for most of the thefts reported to the police. Further, the spatial-scan statistic analysis indicated that that risk of residential theft is significantly clustered at relatively few places and the non-random distribution is likely due to some underlying risk factors. Finally, this study then examined the characteristics of these locations to determine whether elements of social disorganization, routine activities or an integrated theory perspective resulted in the prediction of these high theft incident locations. The results showed that a combined model had more predictive ability than either theory alone.
Advisors/Committee Members: Travis, Dr. Lawrence.
Keywords: Criminal places; Residential theft; Residential burglary; Residential larceny; Spatial analysis; Routine activities; Social disorganization; Integrated theory
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29.
JOHNSON, RICHARD RUSSELL.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL SUSPICION BY STATE TROOPERS DURING TRAFFIC STOPS.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2007, University of Cincinnati
► The present study was a preliminary exploration into how state troopers develop…
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▼ The present study was a preliminary exploration into how state troopers develop suspicion upon which to base their searches of motor vehicles during traffic stop encounters. Utilizing a qualitative analysis of the responses of 148 state law enforcement officers who participated in sixteen focus group interviews, the present study investigated what factors state troopers rely upon during traffic stop encounters to build suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. More specifically it examined what words, behaviors, and objects sparked the suspicions of state troopers involved in highway criminal interdiction efforts. The results indicated that the respondents relied upon a number of suspiciousness cues such as the statements of the motorists, the objects they observed in relation to the vehicle, and the display of nonverbal indications of nervousness. The respondents insisted that they did not rely on a narrow list of suspiciousness indicators, but rather took a totality of the circumstances approach. Finally, variation in the suspiciousness indicators used was revealed between the respondents who were more successful and less successful than their peers in the detection of illegal contraband.
Advisors/Committee Members: Engel, Dr. Robin S.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: police; law enforcement; searches; racial profiling
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30.
KADLECK, COLLEEN.
POLICE UNIONS: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION.
Degree: PhD, Education : Criminal Justice, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► Police employee organizations and unions have long been seen as obstacles to…
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▼ Police employee organizations and unions have long been seen as obstacles to police chiefs and to policy implementation (Walker 1984). More recently, police unions have been identified as an obstacle to the implementation of community policing (Sadd and Grinc 1996). While much has been written concerning police unions, most of the studies are based on anecdotal accounts of police labor relations in a particular department (see Levi 1977 for a representative piece of union research). Police unions have yet to be described or examined empirically. This work uses a large representative sample of police agencies as a starting point to survey both police chiefs and police union leaders to answer three major research questions: (1) what are the characteristics of the typical police employee organization? (2) what are police chief and police employee organization leader perceptions of police labor relationships? and (3) to what extent do police employee organizations interfere with the implementation of community policing? The findings of this research suggest that police employee organizations share many of the characteristics of police agencies: most are relatively small and locally based. Police chiefs and police employee organization leaders have somewhat different perceptions of police labor relationships and these perceptions appear to be related to experience and conflict. Very few police chiefs or police employee organization leaders reported conflict over the implementation of community policing in the last three years.
Advisors/Committee Members: Travis, III, Dr. Lawrence F.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: POLICE UNIONS; LABOR RELATIONS; COMMUNITY POLICING; HISTORY OF POLICE UNIONS
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