Department: Education : Counselor Education ![[clear]](close-x.png "Remove this limiter")
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1.
BARNES, DARLENE.
A Comparative Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance Among Case Managers Working in Community-Based Mental Health Settings.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2008, University of Cincinnati
► Relationships between emotional intelligence (EI) and performance have been examined across varying…
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▼ Relationships between emotional intelligence (EI) and performance have been examined across varying degrees in very diverse occupational settings (e.g., marketing, recruitment, academic, clinical). Nonetheless, there continues to be considerable controversy as to its predictive validity and the most effective measurement method. Even with such controversy, there is a preponderance of research that strongly recommends this topic as worthy of further study. This study examined the relationships between job performance measures and a brief measure of emotional intelligence (i.e., the BarOn EQ-i short version) in case managers working with adult consumers in community-based mental health settings. A total of 117 community case managers participated in the study. This population was specifically targeted due to the significant emotional labor associated with the job. The primary hypothesis addressed whether emotional intelligence is predictive of specific aspects of job performance. The results of this study provided no significant statistical correlations between job performance and emotional intelligence in the case management population. There were some interesting results identified in cross correlations between agencies, including years of experience, frequency of expressed emotions, and case management models. Although the findings were non-significant, the evidence presented here does suggest further study with implications for counseling and recommendations for future research.
Advisors/Committee Members: Yager, Geoffrey.
Subjects: Behaviorial sciences
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Job Performance, Case Managers, Community Mental Health
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2.
Callery, Patrice Ren'e.
Perceptions of Personal and Job Stressors of Direct Care Staff: Implications for Counseling Services.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2006, University of Cincinnati
► The population of aged individuals in need of skilled nursing and daily…
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▼ The population of aged individuals in need of skilled nursing and daily care assistance is vastly increasing. Direct care staff members provide primary intimate, physical and emotional care for residents and indirect care for families that are associated with nursing home facilities. Strenuous physical and emotional stressors are experienced by direct care staff in providing the most intimate care for nursing home residents, yet these staff fall within the strata of lower paid employees. This study served as an attempt to explore the personal and work environmental stressors of direct care staff. Additionally, this study served as an attempt to bring awareness about the current coping methods of direct care staff. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s human ecology theory was used as a framework for this study to better understand the interaction of the individual Person with their Environments. Using a qualitative research method, three nursing homes were selected through purposeful sampling. Twelve direct care workers were selected according to their availability and the work duties that they perform in the selected nursing homes. Three focus groups were facilitated using ten semi-structured interview questions. Focus groups were tape recorded and transcribed in preparation for analysis. Analysis of the obtained data consisted of a critical review of transcripts from each focus group. Data were further analyzed by creating codes and categories from responses reported from participants during focus groups. In addition, observational field notes recorded by the primary researcher were reviewed to indicate the influence of each facility’s culture. This study found that direct care staff experience daily personal stressors from their home and work environments. Respondents discussed personal concerns for the wellbeing of nursing home residents such as health issues, better treatment by staff, and an increase in family visitation. Recurrent responses indicated stressful Person and Environmental interactions unique to their home and work environments. It was concluded that direct care staff are a stressed population providing constant caregiving efforts both at home and at work. Additionally, there was discussion of the lack of available confidential outlets for direct care staff to discuss their personal and work related concerns. Implications for counseling were discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Watson, Dr. Albert.
Keywords: Counseling; Ecological Counseling; Direct Care Staff; Nursing Home Employees; Employee Burnout; EAP's
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3.
CHEN, SHU-CHUNG.
EASTERN AND WESTERN CULTURAL VALUES: IMPLICATION FOR TRAINING ASIAN COUNSELORS.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2004, University of Cincinnati
► Most Asian counselors have been trained within a counseling model based on…
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▼ Most Asian counselors have been trained within a counseling model based on Western thought, theories, and values. The present study may be the first to address directly the potential impact of cultural values upon Asian counselors. As an initial step to understanding possible values differences between Asian and American counselors, this research examined the differences in perceptions between Taiwanese and Ohio counselors as they reviewed two values-related client scenarios. Seventy-six Taiwanese and 78 American counselors were included as participants in the research study. Two case scenarios involving a client in a personal conflict with other family members were created for the study. After reading the cases, each respondent was asked, through a written questionnaire, to give impressions and reactions of the case including conceptualizations, possible goals and strategies. In addition to qualitative analyses of the collected data, three scales were developed to measure the participants’ (a) expected comfort in dealing with the client described, (b) the extent of non-directiveness that would be likely employed, and (c) the amount of collectivistic (versus individualistic) orientation in goal and strategy selection. Additionally, after completely all other aspects of the questionnaire, participants were asked to complete the Asian Values Scale (Kim, Atkinson, and Yang, 1999). A multivariate analysis with repeated measures tested the differences between Asian and American counselors on their reactions and impressions of the two scenarios. The main effects for both nationality and scenario were found to be significant, with Asians more comfortable as a counselor with either client. The nationality by scenario multivariate interaction (S x N) also was significant, and the relevant univariate analyses provided evidence that the primary sources of the significant interaction were in the univariate tests for Non-directiveness and Collectivistic Focus. Although Asian counselors tended to be more likely to be directive and collectivistic, they reacted differentially to the two scenarios on these measures. In the qualitative analysis, differences presented that Taiwanese and American counselors were indicated in conceptualizing client’s issues, setting goals, and building strategies. Possible implications of the results and suggestions for further research were included.
Advisors/Committee Members: Yager, Dr. Geoffrey G.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
Keywords: Asian; Beliefs; Cultual values; Attitudes; Phylosophy; Asian cultural values; Asian counselors; East and West contrast; Definition of East and West; Asian counselors training
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4.
CLUTTERBUCK, OWEN LEE.
A CASE STUDY OF AN EFFECTIVE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION PROGRAM FOR ADOLESCENT MALES WITH EMOTIONAL / BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► This study was designed to examine the dynamics and effectiveness of a…
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▼ This study was designed to examine the dynamics and effectiveness of a formal substance abuse prevention program for adolescent males with emotional / behavioral disorders at a state chartered, non-public, independent alternative school. Through the themes of promotion, commitment and participation the process of collaboration between the action researcher ( program facilitator ) and school staff was documented. A desription of the direct impact of the substance abuse prevention program on student participants included themes of preparation, substance use / abuse, growth / development and follow-up. Finally, school administrators' and staffs' perceptions of the program value was assessed through the themes of outcome and plans. A naturalistic inquiry paradigm using the case study method was the research design adopted for this program and was particularly applicable in identifying and portraying the multiple patterns that emerged. The design was selected because there exists a critical need to document the components and related dynamics of substance abuse prevention initiatives for adolescents in general and adolescent males with emotional / behavioral disorders in particular. The data was in the form of anonymous responses to surveys and questionnaires, field notes collected during observation and semi-structured, open-ended interviews. The Hope Academy was purposely selected for this study. The site was chosen because it provided the researcher an opportunity to study a maximum variety of adolescent males with emotional / behavioral disorders from differing ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds as well as the unique design of an alternative educational setting. Through a thematic narrative an inductive comparative analysis of the data resulted in patterns, categories and themes which demonstrated the purpose of the research. The results of this study demonstrate the numerous benefits to be obtained from a formal school based substance abuse prevention program for all children and adolescents. In addition, the results provide a process model for instituting a substance abuse prevention program for all educators who wish to provide an invaluable addition to their curricula.
Advisors/Committee Members: Watson, Dr. Albert.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
Keywords: substance abuse prevention; primary prevention; adolescent males with emotional / behavioral disorders; life skills training; drug and alcohol education / prevention
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5.
CROWELL, JERI L.
AN EXPLORATION OF URBAN TEACHERS' WORK FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2007, University of Cincinnati
► This study's purpose was to explore the daily work lives of urban…
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▼ This study's purpose was to explore the daily work lives of urban teachers to understand how they experienced career fit, and factors that helped them work in the environment. The ecological counseling model was used as the framework to understand the person-environment fit of five urban teachers, whose stories are revealed in this qualitative inquiry. Teachers described an urban school as challenging, with poor funding, few supplies, disadvantaged low-achieving students, and little parental or administrative support. Students from violent neighborhoods came with family issues associated with poverty: substance abuse, poor health, domestic abuse, and broken families. Urban-dwelling students are at risk because of the emotional, psychological, and intellectual problems that define the plight of poverty. Initial coding created themes: sense of responsibility, personal rewards, caring, resourcefulness, flexibility, and autonomy. Teachers felt responsibility for students' intellectual, moral and emotional development, using personal resources of flexibility, resourcefulness and caring. Lacking support from parents or administrators, they felt autonomous, but despite challenges, teachers experienced personal rewards. Further analysis revealed three ecological principles of import: multiple contexts are considered, interactions between person and environment are particularly salient, and meaning making is the basis for how people perceive reality. Multiple contexts involved daily assessments of student interactions. Interactions between person and environment were also salient for teachers to define their life-career context. The principle of meaning making was how teachers perceived reality in relation to the urban setting, shaping their own experiences, values, attitudes, goals and purposes. This study bridged two disciplines, counseling and education, to explore the career fit of urban teachers. Data supported use of the ecological counseling model to promote understanding of the person-environment interactions of the teachers. The metatheoretical interdisciplinary nature of the model offers possible recommendations for urban teacher support. How teachers made meaning of their careers in an urban setting highlighted how they developed coping abilities in negotiation and resolution of personal and environmental factors. Retention may be enhanced by understanding their motivations and reinforcing their personal rewards. By their own report, teachers understood urban school challenges, and still made the career choice.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cook, Dr. Ellen P.
Keywords: ecological counseling; urban teachers' careers; person-environment fit; meaning making is the basis for perceptions
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6.
Flaum, Michelle E.
The Effects of Likeability and Physical Attractiveness on Perceptions of the Competency of Counselors Committing Ethical Violations.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2008, University of Cincinnati
► This study explored the effects of three counselor factors (likeability, physical attractiveness,…
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▼ This study explored the effects of three counselor factors (likeability, physical attractiveness, and ethical behavior) on the ratings of the counselor's Expertness, Attractiveness, and Trustworthiness by participants who read stimulus materials depicting a counseling session. This 2 X 2 X 2 analogue design employed the Counselor Rating Form - Short Form (Corrigan and Schmidt, 1983) to capture participants' perceptions of the counselor from one of eight possible combinations of likeable/unlikeable, physically attractive/physically less-attractive, and ethical/unethical behavior. Eighty one advanced graduate counseling students from a Midwestern university were randomly assigned to one of the eight conditions. Participants read a counselor biography, viewed a photograph, and read a transcript of a counseling session before rating the counselor using the CRF-S. Multivariate analyses and follow-up univariate analyses yielded significantly higher ratings for the likeable counselor (p < .001), for the physically attractive counselor (p < .05), and for the ethical counselor (p < .001). There were no significant interactions among the three independent variables in the multivariate analysis. Univariate analyses revealed that the likeable counselor was rated as significantly more Expert, Attractive, and Trustworthy; analyses for physical attractiveness revealed that the physically attractive counselor was rated significantly more Attractive; and results also showed that the counselor who behaved ethically was rated significantly higher on Expert and Trustworthy subscale items. The limitations of this study, as well as suggestions for further research, are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Yager, Geoffrey.
Subjects: Psychology; Psychotherapy; Therapy
Keywords: counseling; therapeutic relationship; social influence; halo effect; counselor ethics
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7.
GORIS, ACHA GEORGE.
An Ecological Counseling Exploration of Common Marital Issues Faced by African Immigrants in the United States.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2008, University of Cincinnati
► African immigrants experience higher rates of separations and divorces compared to other…
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▼ African immigrants experience higher rates of separations and divorces compared to other immigrant groups in the United States. However, family plays a central role in the life and identity of Africans. The goal of this study was to explore the marital issues African immigrants (AIs) face through the ecological counseling model. Six participants were interviewed through an open-ended, nondirective interview structure, giving the opportunity for participants to tell their stories from their perspectives. The results revealed six common areas of difficulties among married African immigrants. These are: difficulty managing family finances, extended family needs and demands, the difficulty in open communication about money and extended family, the struggle of childcare, problematic immigration policies and laws, and the dominance of the male spouses. In further analyzing these themes, male dominance or the need for the male spouse to possess some control appeared to be the undercurrent for most of the issues identified. All the difficulties that AI couples experienced could be traced to the different expectations for men and women in African worldview and Western culture, with the former favoring the male spouse taking charge and leading his family, and the latter valuing more equality between men and women. These findings also revealed the necessity and challenge for both African men and women to renegotiate their roles and find effective ways of communicating with each other.
Advisors/Committee Members: Tang, Mei.
Subjects: Behaviorial sciences
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8.
Hightower, James E.
Problem Solving Strategies as Compensatory Education for Disadvantaged High School Students at Risk of Dropping Out of School.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2007, University of Cincinnati
► This study examined outcomes associated with two interventions used with academically disadvantaged…
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▼ This study examined outcomes associated with two interventions used with academically disadvantaged students (n=15). This study compared the outcomes of three groups: (a) problem solving group (n=5); (b) tutoring group (n=5), and (c) control group (n=5). Specifically, the study compared the effects of problem solving strategies as an intervention to enhance disadvantaged students academic performance and to prevent school drop out. A quasi-experimental, pre-post assessment design with two treatment groups and one control was employed to measure outcomes of the three groups. The experimental treatment conditions were defined as problem solving strategies and tutoring. The control condition received no treatment. Prior to providing treatment, a pretest was administered to all three groups. The treatment process consisted of administering problem solving strategies to the problem solving group and tutoring to the tutoring group. A posttest was administered after treatment. The problem solving group generated real life issues that they used problem solving strategies to address during the treatment sessions while the tutoring group addressed school-related assignments that were initiated by the students. The control group received only the pre-posttest assessments during the study. There were no differences in the dropout rate among the three groups. However, there was a percentage difference in the number of students who dropped out of school from each group. Additionally, there were no differences in (a) the total competence score, (b) the academic performance or school scale, and (c) the total problem score.
Advisors/Committee Members: Watson, Dr. Albert.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
Keywords: problem solving; social skills training; At risk students; social competency
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9.
HOOKER, RICHARD J.
THE COMORBIDITY OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL ILLNESS DIAGNOSIS AMONG DELINQUENT MALE YOUTH, ITS CORRELATES AND THE INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE TYPICALLY EMPLOYED.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► There is a lack of information on the prevalence of youth with…
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▼ There is a lack of information on the prevalence of youth with mental health and/or substance abuse disorders in the juvenile justice system. It is essential that treatment professionals understand the problems of delinquent male youth and their families so that effective assessment and treatment planning can occur. This study examined the charts of delinquent male youth (N=255), aged 10-17 (mean age =14.9 years), who had completed a 14-day secure residential diagnostic assessment program during the period of January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2000. The youth were ordered by the juvenile court to complete the assessment prior to the disposition of their case. The sample consisted of 60% African American and 35% Caucasian youth. The prevalence of dual diagnosis was 52%. Among the dually diagnosed youth, 91% were diagnosed with a behavioral disorder while 4% were diagnosed with a "traditional" mental health disorder and 5% were diagnosed with both a behavioral and a "traditional" mental health disorder. Extensive problems of delinquency, substance abuse, mental illness, negative peer association, and cognitive impairment were found among the youth. Problems of criminality, substance abuse, mental illness, child abuse and neglect, domestic violence, and inadequate parenting were found among the families of these youth. The recommendations to the juvenile court were discussed. A significant relationship (Cramer's Phi=.33, p=.001) between witnessing domestic violence and substantiated physical abuse was found. Also, a significant relationship (Cramer's Phi=.47, p=.001) was found between maternal substance abuse and substantiated neglect. Implications for clinical practice and suggestions for future research were discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wilson, Dr. F. Robert.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
Keywords: DELINQUENT MALE YOUTH; DUAL DIAGNOSIS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; MENTAL ILLNESS; JUVENILE JUSTICE
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10.
LASURE-BRYANT, DANIELLE RENEE.
CORRELATES OF GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONING (GAF) SCORES FOR OLDER ADULT USERS OF A COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTER.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► Social support, physical health and clinical characteristics are correlated with pre- and…
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▼ Social support, physical health and clinical characteristics are correlated with pre- and post-treatment Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores. Seventy clinical files of older adults treated at several community mental health centers were evaluated for the study. It was hypothesized that (1) post-treatment GAF scores would be significantly higher than pre-treatment scores thereby demonstrating treatment effect; (2) older adults who had reported more access to social support and fewer chronic conditions would have higher GAF scores at the beginning of treatment; (3) change in GAF scores will be statistically and positively related to with variables of social support, physical health and clinical characteristics. For the first hypothesis, a dependent t test was used to determine treatment effect. Results revealed that there was a statistically significance difference between pre- and post-treatment GAF scores. Pearsons Correlation was used for the second hypothesis. Initial GAF scores were correlated with variables of social support and physical health. Results revealed no statistical significance. A step-wise multiple regression analysis was used to examine what variables contributed to the difference in GAF scores. Results showed two variables, number of sessions and total activities were statistically significant with higher end of treatment GAF scores. In addition to the hypotheses testing, demographic data from the study was compared with data from the U.S. census. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed as well.
Advisors/Committee Members: Watson, Dr. Albert.
Keywords: older adults; global assessment of functioning (GAF); mental health treatment; mental health outcomes
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11.
Losey, Raymond A.
An Evaluation of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program’s Effectiveness in a High School Setting.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2009, University of Cincinnati
► An ecological approach to bullying prevention is critical for the reduction of…
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▼ An ecological approach to bullying prevention is critical for the reduction of bullying and victimization. Any intervention implemented in a school to reduce bullying should include a variety of targets on all levels of the ecology and these interventions need to be sustainable by the school following introduction of the intervention. Schools are more aware today that bullying victimization causes harm to all those involved. Victims of school bullying suffer from increased mental health problems, perpetrators of bullying are more likely to enter the legal system and school communities have a more negative school culture that makes it harder for students to learn. States are requiring schools to be more accountable for eliminating bullying in school and schools respond by implementing research-based bullying prevention programs. The Olweus Bullying Prevention program has demonstrated effectiveness in elementary schools yet has limited research on its effectiveness in high schools. Considerable research has demonstrated the effectiveness of Olweus Bullying Prevention program in reducing bullying, victimization and other school related problems. However, less is known about the program’s impact to reduce bullying behaviors in high school settings. The present study aimed at evaluating the Olweus Bullying Prevention program in a high school setting. Two high schools in the Midwestern region participated in the study with one school as the experiment school by implementing the Olweus program during one academic year. 699 students completed the Olweus Bully/Victim questionnaire at the beginning and end of the school year. The within group repeated design was employed to investigate the pre and post implementation difference and the MANOVA was performed to compare the differences in bullying and victimization between control and experimental school. The results showed no statistically significant effect of the intervention for reducing bullying others or bullying victimization. There was a slight reduction in bullying victimization in “hot spots” but this was not statistically significant. The possible reasons for failing to find any significant differences were discussed in relation to the ecological fitness of any prevention and intervention programs. The implications from the findings of this study illustrated the importance of supportive local administration and staff members in successful implementation of Olweus program It is equally important for Olweus trainers to create a favorable working relationship with school administration and the bullying prevention coordinating committee, assess the school’s readiness to implement the program, help the school address these issues prior to implementation. During the intervention period, it is critical that a variety of interventions are implemented on all levels of the school’s ecological system.
Advisors/Committee Members: Tang, Mei.
Subjects: Behaviorial sciences; Educational theory; Psychology; Teacher education; Teaching
Keywords: bullying, bullying prevention, Olweus
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12.
Newmeyer, Mark D.
Understanding the Factors Influencing Retention Among College Freshmen Using the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2006, University of Cincinnati
► This investigation explored the contribution of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory…
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▼ This investigation explored the contribution of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) in understanding retention among college freshmen enrolled in a large Midwest urban university. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), LASSI results were modeled along with exogenous demographic variables (i.e., age, gender and ethnicity) and exogenous retention indices (i.e., ACT/SAT results and high school cumulative Grade Point Average - GPA). Endogenous variables in the model included college cumulative GPAs of all student participants (n = 483) and their retention records over the course of five academic quarters. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to check for item robustness within each of the ten LASSI scales. Items with significantly smaller factor loadings from each of the ten respective scales were eliminated prior to executing SEM. Asymptotic distribution-free estimates were used to adjust for non-metric variables in the model. Final model indices were X2 (15.9, N = 483) = 18, p = .597, GFI = 1.0, NFI = .969, AGFI = 1.0, RMSEA = .000, AIC = 69.93, and PGFI = .400 and indicate a good fit with the data. No direct path exists between the LASSI scales and either College GPA or retention. However, the construct “Will” was significantly correlated with College GPA, indicating that both attitude and motivation are critically important to student success. Significant paths from Gender to Retention and Gender to College GPA support the likelihood of male students being at greater risk of not persisting. A path from Ethnicity to College GPA also supports previous research suggesting that minority students are at a greater risk. Though the LASSI failed to contribute to a group level analysis of retention, caution is advised in dismissing the instrument as it may have significant clinical relevance (e.g., an academic advisor assisting a student in a one-on-one setting).
Advisors/Committee Members: Yager, Dr. Geoffrey G.
Subjects: Education, Higher
Keywords: Retention; Learning and Study Strategies Inventory; LASSI; Structural Equation Modeling; SEM
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13.
O'CONNELL, WILLIAM PATRICK.
NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF INCARCERATED ALCOHOL AND DRUG OFFENDERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELING.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► There has been little empirical research regarding the needs of family members…
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▼ There has been little empirical research regarding the needs of family members of incarcerated alcohol and drug offenders. The purpose of this study was to explore the needs of family members using a multisystemic model. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales (FACES II), the Quality of Life inventory, the Quality of Criminal Justice Services (QCJS) and the Quality of Counseling Services (QCS) self-report scales were administered to 85 family members visiting men incarcerated for alcohol and drug abuse issues in Hamilton County, Ohio. The design was exploratory utilizing correlational comparisons between cohesion, adaptability, family type, quality of life, quality of criminal justice services, and quality of counseling services. Additionally the variables were considered in combination with demographic variables, i.e., gender, race, relationship type, educational level, presence of dependents and interest in counseling. Preliminary findings suggest the sample population scored in the balanced, functional range of family type on FACES II. Respondents indicated general satisfaction with multiple life domains on the Quality of Life inventory. With the exception of financial issues, respondents were least satisfied with counseling and criminal justice services compared to other life domains on the Quality of Life instrument. Pearson Product-Moment Correlations for pairs of variables yielded a statistically significant relationship between quality of life scores and respondents' level of satisfaction with criminal justice and counseling services. A two-way factorial analysis of variance showed a statistically significant relationship between quality of life and gender, while an interaction effect between gender and race was evident on the quality of criminal justice scale. The results suggest Minority males were less satisfied with criminal justice services than Minority females and White females were less satisfied with criminal justice services than White males. Independent Samples T-tests demonstrated a statistically significant difference between significant others and other family members for satisfaction with criminal justice and counseling services. Significant others reported a lower rate of satisfaction than other family members. One-way analyses of variance yielded statistically significant results for quality of counseling services. Respondents with post secondary education were less satisfied with counseling services for the offender than those who reported a high school degree or less. Analyses of variance also showed a statistically significant difference between groups regarding interest in counseling services. Respondents with no interest in counseling services had a higher quality of life score than respondents with no opinion or an affirmative interest in counseling services to cope with stress. The findings from this study, coupled with previous research linking the needs of family members to the quality of interaction with the multiple systems in which they interact, substantiate the rationale that significant others and other family members of incarcerated alcohol and drug offenders ought to be the target of counseling interventions.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cook, Dr. Ellen.
Subjects: Sociology, Criminology and Penology
Keywords: needs assessment; family needs; alcohol and drug; offenders and family; counseling family
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14.
Page, Michele Neace.
Reactions in the Field: Interviews with Helping Professionals Who Work with Biracial Children and Adolescents.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► The number of interracial couples and marriages are growing in the United…
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▼ The number of interracial couples and marriages are growing in the United States, and it is expected that the number of biracial children will also increase. It is estimated that within five years, a third of America’s youth will be the offspring of an interracial relationship (Synder, 1996). The future design of support services to meet the needs of the biracial population is obviously crucial. The literature review has revealed a lack of training of helping professionals and a framework for identifying and understanding biracial populations. Counseling professionals have recognized the need to increase research in the area of working with biracial children, but no previous study has gathered information from helping professionals in the field. This study was designed to explore the knowledge, skills, attitudes and expectations of professionals who work with biracial children. Twenty male and female participants were interviewed from various helping professions including social work, mental health and school counseling. Each participant was required to have two years work experience with biracial children. Data was collected through a structured interview. Years of experience for helping professionals ranged from two to twenty-five with 85% of the respondents being Caucasian. Helping professional’s top concerns for working with biracial adolescents and children were a lack of training, real-life experiences, awareness or comfort with identity, and acceptance of biracial children by others. The expectation for the future professional development and growth included the desire for more interaction of all people within their community. This study supported the identified area of need in previous literature regarding a lack of training and experience. Long range sociopolitical issues appear to be upcoming issues for biracial individuals as well as the desire of helping professionals to be better prepared and supportive to biracial children and adolescents.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wilson, Dr. F. Robert.
Subjects: Psychology, Developmental
Keywords: multiracial; helping professionals; biracial children and adolescents
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15.
ROHRER, JAMES RANDAL.
FACTORS IN THE MARITAL ADJUSTMENT OF COUPLES AFTER THE SPINAL CORD INJURY OF ONE OF THE PARTNERS.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► This study explores the impact spinal cord injury (SCI) of one of…
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▼ This study explores the impact spinal cord injury (SCI) of one of the partners has had upon the marital relationship and the individual and relational characteristics which participant couples believe have helped them to maintain the integrity of their relationship. In this qualitative investigation, five couples discuss the story of their relationship prior to, and subsequent from, the spinal cord injury of one of the partners. Couples describe the characteristics and factors which assisted them in coping with SCI and make recommendations for rehabilitation and mental health professionals that increase support for individuals with SCI, their spouses, and their marriages. Literature spanning 40 years is reviewed and used as a foundation for the design of this study. This investigation is grounded using a combination of theoretical approaches: personal construction theory to seek understanding of the personal adjustment of each of the partners to the disability, ecological theory to seek explanation regarding the complexities involved in responding to trauma and marital strain; and symbolic interaction theory to give context to family systems issues as the couple adjusts roles, functions, and expectations. A descriptive, multiple case study design was used to seek understanding of the experience of participant couples and to strengthen the validity and stability of the findings. Participants were invited from two pools: An SCI association of a medium-sized midwestern state, and an Internet listserve of SCI couples. Selection criteria included: SCI occurrence at least 18 months prior; injury due to sudden onset; and, involvement in a committed relationship at the time of injury which has maintained up to the time of the study. A semi-structured format was used for each 2 ½ to 3 hour interview. All couples noted major changes in priorities and daily activities, marital role changes, the need for personal care and independence, and social changes for the couple as having major impact upon their relationship following SCI. Eighty percent reported their relationship to be stronger and the majority claimed an increase in intimacy. Extraordinary stress for the non-injured spouse and increased financial pressures are noted. Major factors contributing to maintaining these relationships include: a clear commitment to the relationship; having strong values and a spiritual foundation, meaningful employment for each spouse; having parents as good marital role models; having a positive attitude; and, returning to a normal pattern of living. Couples stressed the importance for rehabilitation professionals to listen attentively, to support and include the non-injured spouse, and to provide the couple with time alone. This research verified the results of previous studies. New findings included reduction in marital conflict regarding gender-role changes after SCI and the need for couples to share emotional closeness and friendship.
Advisors/Committee Members: Yager, Dr. Geoffrey.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
Keywords: spinal cord injured; marital adjustment; rehabilitation; couples counseling; disability
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16.
ROSEN-GALVIN, CHRISTINA MARIE.
VALUES, SPIRITUALITY, AND RELIGIOUS TOPICS DISCUSSED IN COUNSELING SUPERVISION.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2004, University of Cincinnati
► This study examined the extent that counselors receiving supervision are encouraged to…
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▼ This study examined the extent that counselors receiving supervision are encouraged to discuss spiritual or religious issues. Information was gathered using quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the extent to which counselors and supervisors discuss spiritual or religious beliefs during supervision sessions. The study questioned whether counselors may not be discussing religious and spiritual concerns due to counselor competency, possible ethical concerns, and counselors’ relationship with supervisors.Counselors receiving supervision and supervisors providing clinical supervision received a quantitative questionnaire to identify topics discussed during supervision. Following the completion of the questionnaire, six counselors and six supervisors were involved in structured interviews. In the process of these interviews, emphasis was placed on the potential barriers preventing counselors or supervisors from discussing issues of values, religion, and spirituality. There were significant differences in counselors’ and supervisors’ perceptions of the extent that values were discussed in supervision: 68% of supervisors and 30% of counselors reported discussing values. Furthermore, in the interview process, all the supervisors reported discussing values and only some counselors reported likewise. There were also statistical significant differences in the perceptions of counselors and supervisors regarding the presence of religious discussions: 33% of supervisors and 5% of counselors indicating religion was addressed. Similarly, in the interviewing process, all supervisors stated religion was addressed, and only two counselors indicated the same. There were no statistical significant differences relating to supervisors’ and counselors’ perceptions of potential discussions of spirituality: 37% of supervisors and 25% of counselors reporting spirituality was addressed. Nonetheless, in the qualitative analyses, all supervisors reported the discussion of spirituality in supervision while the majority of counselors reported no such discussions. Counselors indicated several reasons for not addressing religion or spirituality in supervision including: lack of safety, feeling incompetent, worry that the supervisor wasn’t initiating such a topic, belief it may be irrelevant, and concerns that such topics might not be ethical. The study has furthered the current knowledge on the extent to which counselors are receiving supervision on how best to deal with spiritual and religious topics.
Advisors/Committee Members: Yager, Dr. Geoffrey G.
Keywords: Values, Spirituality, Religious, Counseling Supervision; Counselor; Supervisor; Values; Religion; Spirituality; Counseling Supervision; Mental Health and Values, Religion, Spirituality
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17.
RUSS, KATHRYN ALIDA.
EFECTS OF APPALACHIAN CULTURE ON CAREER CHOICE.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2006, University of Cincinnati
► This study explores the career development of people of Appalachian culture, legally…
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▼ This study explores the career development of people of Appalachian culture, legally defined as inhabitants of the Appalachian Regional Development area. The culture applies to them, as well as their recent descendents who have migrated outside the legal geographic boundaries. Research found Appalachians to have restricted career choice with a disproportionately large number in blue collar occupations and low participation in white collar sales and management positions (Seufert and Carrozza, 2004), to be stereotyped, and to mistrust people outside the culture. This study was undertaken to investigate some of the possible Appalachian cultural factors contributing to career choice, using Social Cognitive Career Theory (Lent, Brown, and Hackett, 1994) as a research framework. Factors investigated were family background, trust levels, occupational interests, career self-efficacy and career choice. It was hypothesized that career choice was influenced by the other factors with career self-efficacy acting as a mediating variable between career choice and the other variables, with differing influences for Appalachians and non-Appalachians. Two groups of high school sophomores (Appalachian and non-Appalachian) were recruited for the study. Instruments used were the Career Decision (Making) Self-Efficacy Scale – Short Form (CDMSE-SF, Betz and Taylor, 2001), Kuder Interests Assessment with Person Match®, demographic and Trust questionnaires. Students provided their current occupational choices, which were converted to Holland codes (Gottfredson et al, 1982) and to Total Socioeconomic Index (TSEI) prestige codes (Hauser and Warren, 1996) as an outcome variable. A Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) path analysis was used to describe the relationship among predicting variables and the outcome variable (TSEI measure). Results were mixed, but the hypotheses were generally supported by the model results. Students were influenced by family background, trust levels, occupational interests and self-efficacy in choosing careers, but at different levels and in different paths for the two groups, depending on career interests. Self-efficacy was a mediating variable for Appalachians between the predicting variables and career choice. Statistically, self-efficacy and trust levels between the two groups were found insignificant. Although SES was comparable for the groups, occupational interests were different, indicating cultural influences. Implications for counseling with Appalachians are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Tang, Dr. Mei.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
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18.
SAVAGEAU, CHERYL WINTER.
AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF STRESS EXPERIENCED BY PARENTS OF MISSIONARIES.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2005, University of Cincinnati
► This study used an ecological approach to explore the distress and reactions…
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▼ This study used an ecological approach to explore the distress and reactions reported by parents of missionaries (POMS) whose adult children have committed to at least 10 years of foreign missionary service on behalf of Restoration Movement (RM) Christian churches or missions organizations. The study sample consisted of 50 participants, including 32 females and 18 males, ages 45 to 86, who lived in four regions of the United States and had adult children serving in foreign missions for an average of 8,740 miles away for an average of 6.91 years. Levels of POM distress were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90 R) and negative to positive POM reactions were measured using an original survey. Relationships among these two variables and 11 remaining study variables were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression analyses. Results showed POMs as a group do not report clinically significant distress, although 24% did so, and as a group POMs showed levels of distress higher than norms for a non-patient population provided by SCL-90 R test publishers. Unlike the test publisher norms, male POMs report more distress than females. The study sample indicated positive reactions to having adult children serve in missions, but negative reactions to having grandchildren living on foreign mission fields. Personal mobility and a lack of church support was associated with more negative reactions among all POMs, and particularly among males. Being surprised by an adult child’s career decision was associated with more negative reactions among female POMs. A history of personal missionary service was related to more positive reactions. Directions for future research and applications for counselors are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cook, Dr. Ellen P.
Keywords: parents of missionaries
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19.
SCOTT, WENDY MICHELLE STONE.
UNDERSTANDING THE NEEDS OF RURAL WOMEN WITH LOW INCOME: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2005, University of Cincinnati
► The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment needs, perceptions…
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▼ The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment needs, perceptions about counseling, multilevel strengths, and potential barriers to services for women who live in rural settings and have limited financial resources. This study was designed to better understand how mental health needs are currently being met by formal mental health services, and what support systems exist so that services can naturally expand on multilevel resources. Principles of the ecological counseling perspective were utilized in the study’s conceptualization and methodology. A qualitative research methodology was employed. The initial research questions were: What are the counseling needs of rural women, particularly those of low income? What are the barriers to treatment for this population? What are the strengths of this community that can be used in treatment? Additional questions emerged throughout data collection and were subsequently incorporated into ongoing collaboration with participants. Individual interviews were conducted with five women in a rural county in Ohio. In addition, interviews with two physicians, two service providers, and one expert review were also conducted to enhance understanding of rural women’s lives and need for assistance. Data were organized into ecologically defined levels decreasing in proximity to the individual: sociocultural level, community level, family level, and individual level. Coding was conducted utilizing ecological levels and emergent codes from interviews. The ecological perspective was used to provide a framework for analysis in order to explore the needs of women affected by poverty within the environmental context of their lives. To remain consistent with the ecological perspective and to increase the trustworthiness of the study, data were triangulated with a series of individual interviews, interviews with community members, and expert reviews. Further, the ecological counseling perspective guided the selection of community participants. Data suggest that a safe and supportive counseling relationship is most helpful in rural women’s overall counseling experience. The centrality of interpersonal relationships emerged as a common theme in describing rural women’s view of self, family, and counseling services. The self-in-relation perspective was used as a framework for understanding the role of relationship in participant’s lives. The theme of connection to others guided data analysis as a way of understanding how women can cultivate a growth- producing environment while maintaining support through their close relationships. This connection emerged as essential to how they viewed their own lives and counseling services. Limitations and implications for future research were discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cook, Dr. Ellen P.
Subjects: Education, General
Keywords: Rural Women; Ecological Counseling
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20.
Sicking, Joseph Anthony.
Measures of Religious Orientation Among Counselors With a Positive Spiritual Identity Who Differ in Religious Culture.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► With the recent emergence of spirituality and religion as areas of counseling…
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▼ With the recent emergence of spirituality and religion as areas of counseling competency, there has emerged a parallel need for effective assessment tools for distinguishing healthy from unhealthy spirituality and religiosity. Some authors have suggested that the construct of religious orientation be used in this capacity. The history of this construct suggests that care be taken if this idea is to be used in counseling practice. In the literature, two primary approaches have emerged. The first views a mature orientation towards religion and spirituality as motivated by the intrinsic worth of such behavior, not social or personal benefit. Those viewing mature religion as quest counter that mature religion and spirituality are characterized by tentativity, complexity, and doubt. Both constructs and their associated measures have received criticism. A resolution may rest in exploring how religious culture (defined as a set of social structures, rituals, codes, theologies, narratives, and symbolic orders centering upon spirituality and religion) has shaped this literature. The current study investigated the relationship between religious orientation and membership in contemporary American religious culture. A total of 106 participants were drawn from geographically diverse counseling graduate programs. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, Gorsuch and McPherson's (1989) Religious Orientation Scale-Revised, Batson and Schoenrade's (1991) 12 Item Quest Scale, and a short form of the Marlowe-Crowne (1960) Social Desirability Scale. Based upon their responses to the questions "Do you consider yourself religious?" and "Do you consider yourself spiritual?", participants were placed in one of four religious cultures described by Roof (1999). In this study, only those who considered themselves "spiritual" were sufficient in number to analyze. Significant differences were found between groups on scores of quest orientation, intrinsic orientation, and extrinsic-social orientation. Item analyses indicated differential item functioning between these two populations. Participants' ratings of the face validity of the Religious Orientation Scale-Revised were significantly lower among those in the non-religious culture. Elementary linkage analysis (McQuitty, 1957) indicated that the relationships among religious orientation constructs differed between cultures. It is suggested that these findings support the use of religious culture as an alternative, critique, and hermeneutic to traditional constructs of religious orientation.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cook, Dr. Ellen P.
Keywords: religious orientation; religious culture; counseling practice
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21.
SMITH, JACQUELINE R.
THE INFLUENCE OF UPWARDLY MOBILE AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S RACIAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT ON ANTICIPATED SATISFACTION OF COUNSELING SERVICES.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► Changing population trends and the diversification of the United States population have…
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▼ Changing population trends and the diversification of the United States population have prompted mental health professionals to reevaluate the efficacy of strategies and approaches used in counseling. The heavy focus of research on Blacks of lower socioeconiomic status raises serious questions about generalizing findings to all African Americans without regard for possible intra-racial differences. This study explored whether upwardly-mobile, African American women's satisfaction of counseling methods, counselor ethnicity, and racial composition of counseling group membership was associated with their level of racial identity. One hundred and twenty three African American women completed a survey using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 to rate their anticipated satisfaction of a specifically described counseling service. Participants also completed the Black Racial Identity Research Scale Revised. Results revealed that racial identity did not influence satisfaction on any of the variables investigated. There was a significant difference between anticipated satisfaction with a Black counselor and a White counselor. There were no significant differences between anticipated satisfaction of individual counseling and group counseling or between racially heterogeneous and racially homogeneous counseling group memberships. Findings of this study underscore previous research stating that African Americans prefer same-race counselors. The results also suggest that the type of counseling and composition of counseling groups may not be as salient to African American women as counselor-client racial similarity. Implications of this research suggest that the visual and physical presence of African American counselors within mental health and counseling agencies could make professional counseling more attractive, accessible, and credible for African American women. In addition, counselor-client racial matching may also reverse the underutilization of mental health services among people of color seeking professional counseling.
Advisors/Committee Members: Conyne, Dr. Robert.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
Keywords: racial identity development; counseling satisfaction; counseling middle-class African American women; African American women; middle-class African American women
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22.
Sowders, Sharon Ann.
Faith Matters: The Effects of Religious Orientation and Counseling Approach on Ratings of Counselor Effectiveness and Anticipated Client Satisfaction.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► Research has indicated that religious individuals comprise a heterogeneous group, and that…
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▼ Research has indicated that religious individuals comprise a heterogeneous group, and that degree of conservatism is one aspect of religiousness that influences preferences in counseling. The present study further explored the heterogeneity of religious persons by examining the effect of religious orientation on counseling preferences. Participants were individuals who attended one of two large, nondenominational, midwestern churches. They were predominately Caucasian females in their middle adult years. The research design was a 2 × 3 factorial design, where 2 levels of religious orientation (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) were crossed with 3 levels of counseling approach (explicitly religious vs. implicitly religious vs. religiously insensitive, or ERCA vs. IRCA vs. RICA). Perceived counselor effectiveness was measured by the Counselor Rating Form – Short (Corrigan and Schmidt, 1983), and anticipated satisfaction in counseling was measured by the Anticipated Satisfaction Questionnaire, a survey developed for use in this study. Counseling approach affected both perceived counselor effectiveness and anticipated satisfaction in counseling. Specifically, counselors employing the religious approaches were perceived as being more effective and as promising greater satisfaction than the counselor employing the nonreligious approach. However, no difference was found for either perceived effectiveness or anticipated satisfaction when the ERCA and the IRCA groups were compared. Religious orientation had no independent effect, but did seem to moderate the effect of treatment. The intrinsic and the extrinsic participants perceived the counselors employing the religious and the nonreligious approaches as being equally effective. However, the participants differed in their level of anticipated satisfaction in counseling. Although both the intrinsic and the extrinsic participants anticipated much satisfaction with the counselors employing the religious approaches, the intrinsics anticipated notably less satisfaction with the religiously insensitive counselor than they did with the religiously sensitive counselors, whereas the extrinsics anticipated about the same amount of satisfaction with the religiously sensitive and the religiously insensitive counselors. The results indicate the importance of clinicians' acknowledgement and affirmation of their clients' religious beliefs and values. Additionally, the findings provide further evidence of the heterogeneity of religious persons, since intrinsic participants were more sensitive to the neglect of religion in counseling than were extrinsic participants.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wilson, Dr. F. Robert.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
Keywords: religious orientation; religious counseling; clinical counseling
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23.
Stock, Joy Wilson.
Investigation Of Long-Term Symptoms Associated With Childhood Sexual Abuse From The Perspective Of Mental Health Professionals Working In The Field.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2002, University of Cincinnati
► Sexual abuse is a painful experience for victims and survivors. The rate…
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▼ Sexual abuse is a painful experience for victims and survivors. The rate of sexual abuse prevalence varies from study to study (6% to 62%, Finkelhor, 1990), but all indicate that a significant number of children will have long-term symptoms. A literature review was conducted to identify the symptoms reported most frequently. The prevalent symptoms identified included: anger, anxiety, depression, fears/ fearfulness, hope-/helplessness, loneliness/isolation, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, relationship difficulties, sexual problems, shame/guilt, suicidal ideations/ self-destructive behaviors, trust difficulties. Published group plans were reviewed to compare the long-term symptoms identified in the literature review with the focus of published clinicians. The focus of this study was to check the perceptions of mental health professionals working with survivors. Most research studies examined symptoms reported by survivors (e.g., Bell and Belicki, 1988; Finkelhor, 1990), but have neglected the perceptions of professionals who conduct groups. Some professionals have produced literature based on their clinical work (e.g., Gil, 1990; Courtois, 1988) but these studies did not corroborate this information using other group leaders. Thirty female mental health professionals were surveyed. The participants reported being licensed or certified mental health professionals or job-trained workers who conduct female survivor groups. Data were collected through conferences and networking. Years of experience ranged from less than one year to more than 12 years. One out of five of the individuals surveyed report that they consider themselves to be an expert; while 30% of the individuals surveyed report conducting groups because of a job requirement. Mental health professionals listed the top three symptoms observed when conducting groups – depression, low self-esteem and trust difficulties. Another section of the survey requested that participants rate the symptoms identified in the literature as never, seldom, sometimes, frequently, or always the focus of group time. The top three symptoms identified in this process were-guilt/shame, trust difficulties, and low self-esteem. No previously unidentified symptom was revealed by this study. However, this study verified that symptoms identified in the literature are seen as important by participants. Long-term symptoms prevalent in the research literature, symptoms in published plans, and symptoms observed by professionals surveyed for this study are generally consistent. Implications for mental health professionals and future research were discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cook, Dr. Ellen P.
Subjects: Psychology, General
Keywords: long-term symptoms; sexual abuse; female survivors; mental health professionals
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24.
WILLIAMS, JENNIFER E.
SELF-REPORTED MUTICULTURAL COUNSELING COMPETENCE OF COUNSELING STUDENTS IN OHIO, INDIANA, AND KENTUCKY: STARTING WITH THE PERSON IN THE MIRROR.
Degree: EdD, Education : Counselor Education, 2001, University of Cincinnati
► The purpose of this exploratory study was to expand the body of…
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▼ The purpose of this exploratory study was to expand the body of knowledge regarding the relationship of demographics, educational variables, and program accreditation on mid-west, Tri-state (Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky) counseling students' self-reported levels of multicultural counseling competency as measured by the Multicultural Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills Survey (MAKSS) assessment scores. The demographic variables under consideration included gender, race/ethnicity, income, and type of employment. Educational variables were the highest level of education completed and type / amount of multicultural counseling instruction received to date. One hundred seventeen students enrolled in 26 different counselor education programs in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky participated in this study. Each student completed a demographic questionnaire developed for this study and the Multicultural Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills Survey (MAKSS). The demographic questions provided information on the respondents' educational level and other demographic variables (e.g., race, prior multicultural counseling courses, etc.). The MAKSS generated a measure of multicultural competency in three areas: multicultural counseling awareness, multicultural counseling skills, and multicultural counseling knowledge. Results indicated that (a) overall, there is no significant difference between students' self-reported levels of multicultural awareness, skills, and knowledge, (b) there is a positive relationship between the amount of multicultural counseling instruction received and multicultural counseling competency assessment scores, (c) counseling students of color report a higher level of multicultural counseling competency than white students, (d) there is a relationship between self-reported multicultural competence and demographic variables such as prior multicultural counseling education, highest degree earned, age, etc., and (e) there was a significant difference between the multicultural counseling competency scores of students enrolled in institutions following the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs (CACREP) standards compared with those that do not. Additionally, the majority of the numerous definitions of multiculturalism in counseling literature tended to cite counselor self-awareness as a major component of multicultural competence. Results are discussed in terms of the limitations of this study and its implications for future research.
Advisors/Committee Members: Watson, Dr. Albert L.
Subjects: Education, Guidance and Counseling
Keywords: multicultural counseling; muticulturalism; cultural competency in counseling; counselor education; assessment of multicultural counseling competence
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