Department: Veterinary Clinical Sciences ![[clear]](close-x.png "Remove this limiter")
51 matches in the database.
These are records: 1 - 30.
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1.
Aarnes, Turi K.
Fluid administration for the treatment of isoflurane-induced hypotension in dogs.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2009, Ohio State University
► Isoflurane is the most commonly used inhalant anesthetic in veterinary practice. Hypotension,…
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▼ Isoflurane is the most commonly used inhalant anesthetic in veterinary practice. Hypotension, a side effect of isoflurane anesthesia, increases morbidity and mortality. Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy is frequently proposed for correction of anesthetic-induced hypotension. The efficacy of fluid therapies for the treatment of isoflurane-induced hypotension has not been investigated. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of the IV administration of a crystalloid (Lactated Ringer’s Solution, (LRS)) or colloid (Hetastarch, HES) on isoflurane-induced hypotension in dogs. We hypothesized that IV fluid administration would correct isoflurane-induced hypotension and that HES administration would correct isoflurane-induced hypotension more rapidly, more effectively, and with a smaller volume than with LRS. Six Beagles were studied. Isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was individually determined. All dogs underwent each treatment in a random-ordered three-way cross-over design, separated by a minimum of 7 days: an infusion of HES, an infusion of LRS, and no IV fluid administration (NFA). Following propofol induction and isoflurane maintenance, dogs were instrumented. Dogs were maintained at 1.3 times MAC for an additional 30 minutes. Baseline data were collected. The isoflurane concentration was increased to achieve a systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) of 80 mmHg (time 0). The isoflurane concentration required to attain a SABP of 80 mmHg was maintained for the duration of the experiment. Fluid administration in the HES and LRS groups began at time 0 at a rate of 80 mL/kg/hr. Fluid administration was discontinued if SABP returned to within 10% of baseline. If SABP did not return to within 10% of baseline values, fluid was administered to a pre-determined maximum volume: 40 mL/kg for HES and 80 mL/kg for LRS. Heart rate, SABP, mean ABP, diastolic ABP, mean pulmonary artery pressure, right atrial pressure, cardiac output, and blood volume change (BV) were measured and recorded at baseline, time 0, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes in all groups, and at 150 and 180 minutes in the fluid treatment groups. Blood gases, pH, lactate, electrolytes, packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP), albumin, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), and viscosity were determined at baseline, time 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, and viscosity was also determined at 180 minutes in the fluid treatment groups. Blood was collected 24 hours after recovery for hemogram, PCV, TP, lactate, viscosity, and chemical profile analysis. Cardiac index (CI) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were calculated. Administration of 80 mL/kg of LRS did not increase SABP in any dog, while administration of 40 mL/kg or less of HES increased SABP in four of six dogs. SABP, DABP, and MABP were significantly increased in dogs that received HES compared with LRS. CI increased and SVR decreased with fluid administration. Viscosity was lower in dogs that received LRS compared with HES. PCV and TP decreased with LRS. COP increased with HES. Hetastarch but not LRS increased SABP despite lower volumes of HES administered. The present study supports the administration of HES over LRS for the treatment of isoflurane-induced hypotension in dogs.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bednarski, Richard.
Keywords: isoflurane, anesthesia, hetastarch, hypotension
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2.
Baan, Mieke.
Protective effects of Zinc-L-Carnosine/ Vitamin E on aspirin-induced gastroduodenal injury in dogs.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2009, Ohio State University
► Zinc-L-carnosine has protective effects against epithelial injury in cell culture and rodent…
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▼ Zinc-L-carnosine has protective effects against epithelial injury in cell culture and rodent models of gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal injury. This randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study investigated the protective effects of zinc-L-carnosine in combination with alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) on the development of aspirin-induced GI lesions in dogs. Eighteen healthy mixed-breed dogs were given 1 tablet (n=6) or 2 tablets (n=6) of 30 mg zinc-L-carnosine/ 30 IU vitamin E q12h PO, or a placebo (n=6) on Days 0 – 35. On Days 7 – 35, all dogs were given 25 mg/kg buffered aspirin q8h PO. Endoscopy was performed on Days -1, 14, 21, and 35, and GI lesions were scored using a 12-point grading scale. All dogs developed mucosal lesions. Treatment had no significant effect on gastric (p=0.31) or duodenal lesion scores (p=0.067). Zinc-L-carnosine/ vitamin E did not prevent gastric mucosal lesions in an aspirin-induced model for GI injury.
Advisors/Committee Members: Sherding, Robert.
Subjects: Veterinary services
Keywords: polaprezinc; zinc-L-carnosine; vitamin E; dog; gastroduodenal injury; endoscopy; aspirin
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3.
Ball, Rebecca L.
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Double Versus Single Plated Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Constructs in Axial Loading.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2009, Ohio State University
► The tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) was introduced in 1993 as an…
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▼ The tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) was introduced in 1993 as an innovative surgical procedure to treat stifle instability secondary to rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) (Slocum 1993). The TPLO procedure eliminates cranial tibial thrust by converting this force into a compressive joint reaction force without restoring the passive constraint of the cranial cruciate ligament, resulting in a stable stifle during the stance phase of the gait cycle (Slocum 1993, Sahar 2006). The osteotomy created is stabilized by one of a variety of custom designed TPLO plates all of which vary in design characteristics, material and biomechanical properties. Large and giant breed dogs have been shown to have a predisposition to develop rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament at a young age and biomechanical data regarding the performance of TPLO implants in these breeds is lacking (Duval 1999, Whitehair 1993). The objective of this study was to compare the axial stiffness of TPLO constructs stabilized with a single Synthes® broad TPLO plate (TPLO-broad) or a Slocum TPLO plate and a limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) (TPLO-double). Synthetic bone models were randomly assigned to one of two groups. All models underwent a standard TPLO and were stabilized with either a Synthes® Broad TPLO plate or a Slocum TPLO plate and a LC-DCP. A gap was maintained at the osteotomy during plate application. Constructs were testes in axial compression and axial displacement and loads were recorded. Construct stiffness was calculated from load-displacement curves and comparisons of mean stiffness were performed. The mean construct stiffness for the TPLO-broad constructs was not significantly different from that of the TPLO-double constructs. The minimum effective number of implants should be used clinically to achieve stability when performing a TPLO. Implant stiffness is a key contributor to the stability of an osteotomy and is integral to osteotomy healing.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dyce, Jonathan.
Subjects: Veterinary services
Keywords: TPLO; biomechanical testing; axial loading; bone plate
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4.
Barsnick, Rosa.
Hormones of Energy Metabolism in Critically Ill Foals: Insulin, Glucagon, Leptin, Adiponectin, Ghrelin and Growth Hormone.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2010, Ohio State University
► Endocrine dysregulation of energy metabolism is well documented in critically ill humans,…
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▼ Endocrine dysregulation of energy metabolism is well documented in critically ill humans, but limited information exists in septic foals. The purpose of this study was to provide information on energy metabolism hormonal response in critically ill foals, focusing on insulin, glucagon, leptin and adiponectin, as well as ghrelin and growth hormone (GH), and to determine the association of these hormones with survival in septic, sick non-septic and healthy foals. We hypothesized that concentrations of insulin, glucagon, leptin, ghrelin, GH and triglycerides will be higher, while adiponectin and glucose will be lower in septic foals than healthy and sick non-septic foals. Magnitude of these differences will be associated with severity of disease and non-survival. This study was a prospective multi-center cross-sectional study, and 44 septic, 62 sick non-septic, and 19 healthy foals of <7 days of age were included. Blood samples were collected at admission. Foals with positive blood culture or sepsis score >12 were considered septic. Septic foals had lower glucose and insulin, and higher triglyceride and glucagon concentrations than healthy foals. Glucagon and adiponectin concentrations were not different between septic foals that died (n = 14) or survived (n = 30). Higher insulin and lower leptin concentrations were associated with mortality. Insulin sensitivity assessed by QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index) was increased in septic foals. Septic foals had significantly higher ghrelin concentrations than sick non-septic foals and healthy controls. GH was higher in hospitalized foals (septic and sick non-septic) compared to healthy foals. Both hormones were negatively correlated with glucose and positively correlated with triglycerides. There was no difference in ghrelin and GH concentrations between septic foals that died (n = 14) or survived (n = 30), but higher ghrelin concentrations were associated with higher sepsis scores. The endocrine energy response to systemic inflammation and negative energy balance in septic foals is characterized by hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low insulin and high glucagon concentrations. Energy endocrine response, especially leptin and insulin, differs between septic foals and critically ill humans. Increases in ghrelin and GH also appear to be associated with the energy status in these foals.
Advisors/Committee Members: Toribio, Ramiro.
Subjects: Veterinary services
Keywords: Insulin; Glucagon; Leptin; Adiponectin; Ghrelin; Growth Hormone; Sepsis; QUICKI
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5.
Ben-Amotz, Ron.
Effects Of Intraperitoneal Bilirubin Administration On Infarct Area And Left Ventricular Function In A Rat Model Of Acute Coronary Occlusion.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2011, Ohio State University
► Bilirubin was considered to be a toxin that accumulates after catabolism of…
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▼ Bilirubin was considered to be a toxin that accumulates after catabolism of heme by the enzyme heme oxygenase. However, a mounting body of evidence suggests that bilirubin, at physiological (non-toxic) doses, is a powerful antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic agent. Recent clinical studies have shown that human beings with mild hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert Syndrome) are protected against coronary heart disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether administration of exogenous bilirubin to normal rats would convey similar protective effects in an experimental model of coronary ischemia. Our hypothesis was that bilirubin administration (20uM/kg, IP, 1 hour before injury) would decrease infarct area and preserve left ventricular function when compared to non-treated rats. Coronary ischemia was induced by temporary (30 min) ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in control rats (n=5) and in bilirubin treated rats (n=5), followed by a 1hour period of reperfusion. Left ventricular function was estimated non-invasively using echocardiographic measurements of fractional shortening and percent area shortening. Effects of anesthesia on cardiac function were controlled by using a sham group (n=5). There was a significant reduction of infarct size in the bilirubin treated group compared to the non-treated group (p<0.0067). Left ventricular systolic function decreased in both experimental groups after ischemia and reperfusion, although bilirubin seemingly provided a protective effect on fractional shortening during the period of ischemia (p=0.034). Based on these results, bilirubin supplementation appears to provide significant myocardial protection following ischemia in this rodent model. However, protective effects on left ventricular function were noted only during the period of ischemia.
Advisors/Committee Members: Adin, Christopher.
Subjects: Surgery; Veterinary Services
Keywords: Ischemia, Reperfusion, Injury, Occlusion
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6.
Bergh, Mary Sarah.
Radiographic, Computed Tomographic, And Histologic Study Of Central Tarsal Bone Fractures In Racing Greyhounds.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2008, Ohio State University
► Fracture of the right central tarsal bone (CTB) is a common injury…
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▼ Fracture of the right central tarsal bone (CTB) is a common injury in racing greyhounds. The aim of this study was to use standard radiography, computed tomography (CT), and histology to evaluate changes in CTB of racing greyhounds to determine an underlying cause of fracture. Paired tarsi from 12 racing greyhounds were evaluated; six dogs had sustained fractures to the right CTB. Radiographs and CT were evaluated on intact tarsi and dissected CTB. The bone mineral density gradient was calculated in the sagittal plane of each bone and on either side of fracture planes. Fractured right CTB had greater bone mineral density, in the dorsal and mid body regions, when compared to the contralateral CTB and non-fractured right CTB. Dorsal slab fractures occurred though zones of uniform density. Data from this study are the first to support the phenomenon of site specific remodeling in fractured right CTB of racing greyhounds.
Advisors/Committee Members: Johnson, Kenneth.
Subjects: Veterinary services
Keywords: Greyhound, racing, stress fracture, bone remodeling, bone adaptation
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7.
Brick, Troy A.
Impact of Intrauterine Dextrose Therapy on Reproductive Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows Diagnosed with Clinical Endometritis Following a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2011, Ohio State University
► The objective of this study was to determine if lactating dairy cows…
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▼ The objective of this study was to determine if lactating dairy cows diagnosed with clinical endometritis (CE) treated with an intrauterine infusion of 50% dextrose in water (DEX) would have a similar percentage of pregnancy per AI (PAI) when compared to cows treated with parenteral ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CEF). Cows (n=760) from 2 herds were screened for CE using vaginoscopy at 26±3 days in milk (DIM) to score the uterine discharge using a 0-3 scale. Cows with uterine discharge scores of 2 or 3 were stratified by parity and randomly allocated into 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) CON (n=83), 2) single dose of subcutaneous 6.6 mg/kg CEF (n=75), or 3) intrauterine infusion (200 mL) of DEX (n=79). Fourteen days post-therapy (at 40±3 DIM), treated cows (n=146) were re-examined to assess treatment responses. All cows were pre-synchronized with two injections of PGF2α given 14 d apart (starting at 26±3 DIM) followed by Ovsynch (OV; GnRH-7 d-PGF-56 h-GnRH 16 h-timed-AI; TAI) 12 days later. Cows displaying standing estrus any time during the protocol were artificially inseminated (AI), while the remaining cows were subjected to TAI-16 h after second GnRH of OV. Body condition scores (BCS) were recorded at calving, 26±3 DIM and 40±3 DIM. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed via transrectal ultrasonography at 39±3 days post-AI. DIM to first service (DIMFS) and percentage of pregnancy per AI (PAI) were statistically analyzed. DIMFS, milk yield at first service, BCS at treatment, rectal temperature at treatment were not different among the treatment groups. Mortality within 10 days post-treatment and culling rate at 250 DIM were not different for cows with or without CE. Cows with CE had greater cervical diameters at the time of treatment compared to cows without CE. Mean uterine discharge scores were reduced for DEX cows compared to CON and CEF cows (P=0.02). First service PAI in DEX (29.8±4%) tended to differ from cows in CON (21.1±4%) and CEF groups (19.7±4%; P=0.1). To the contrary, PAI in DEX cows was not different from cows without CE (39.1±2%). Based on these findings, the use of intrauterine DEX alone or as an adjunct of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of cows diagnosed with CE needs further investigation.
Advisors/Committee Members: Schuenemann, Gustavo.
Subjects: Veterinary Services
Keywords: Dairy Cow; Endometritis; Dextrose; Sugar; Postpartum Uterine Infection
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8.
Burns, Colby Gail.
Influence of Locking Bolt Location on the Mechanical Properties of an Interlocking Nail in the Canine Femur.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2010, Ohio State University
► Long bone fractures are common injuries in the canine patient. The aims…
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▼ Long bone fractures are common injuries in the canine patient. The aims of this study were to determine whether the fatigue properties of an interlocking nail construct are influenced by metaphyseal or diaphyseal location of the locking bolt and to evaluate fatigue properties of locking bolts in metaphyseal and diaphyseal bone under axial and torsional loading. Paired femora from 20 skeletally mature dogs were implanted with a 6-mm diameter, model 11, interlocking nail (ILN) and locked with a 2.7 mm bolt placed in either the diaphysis or metaphysis. Constructs were tested in axial loading (10 pairs) or torsion (10 pairs) to failure (defined as displacement >2 mm or a total of 500,000 cycles for axial loading, and rotation >45° degrees for torsional loading.) Outcome measures included initial construct stiffness, number of cycles to failure, peak load and peak torque. Microradiography and histology were used to determine the location and nature of construct failure. Metaphyseal bolts failed at higher axial loads than diaphyseal bolts, with bolt failure due to bending at the nail-bolt interface. All metaphyseal constructs were intact after torsional loading with no evidence of fracture of the bone or the bolt whereas 9 of 10 diaphyseal constructs failed catastrophically due to spiral fracture through the adjacent cortical bone. Placement of a locking bolt in metaphyseal bone extends fatigue life under axial loading and decreases the incidence of catastrophic failure under torsional loading. Therefore when inserting an interlocking nail for repair of long bone fractures, efforts should be made to obtain firm seating of at least one locking bolt in metaphyseal bone.
Advisors/Committee Members: Allen, Matthew.
Subjects: Animals; Mechanics; Surgery; Veterinary services
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9.
Cober, Richard E.
Effects of Ivabradine, A New Selective If Current Inhibitor, on Heart Rate in Cats.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2010, Ohio State University
► Heart rate is one of the main determinants of ischemia, a pathophysiologic…
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▼ Heart rate is one of the main determinants of ischemia, a pathophysiologic characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Unwanted tachycardia may trigger decompensation in previously asymptomatic cats with HCM. Beta blockers are the primary medications used to reduce heart rate in cats, however, side effects or contraindications sometimes limit their use. Ivabradine is a highly selective If current inhibitor. The drug exerts negative chronotropic effects without significant effects on inotropy, lusitropy, or dromotropy in multiple species. Ivabradine, has never been studied in cats. The purpose of this study was to determine an effective oral dose of ivabradine to significantly reduce heart rate in healthy cats. In this single blinded, placebo controlled, randomized, fully-crossed study 8 healthy cats received placebo or one dose of ivabradine at 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, or 0.5 mg/kg, PO. HR and blood pressure were monitored continuously for 24 hours via radiotelemetry after each treatment. Response to stress was studied twice by 15-min acoustic startle applied at baseline and 4 hours after drug. Statistical comparisons were made using a linear mixed model and 2-way repeated measures ANOVA. Peak negative chronotropic effect was observed 3 hours after ivabradine administration. Heart rate (min-1) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner (mean±SD for placebo: 144±20; ivabradine 0.1 mg/kg: 133±22; ivabradine 0.3 mg/kg: 112±20; ivabradine 0.5 mg/kg, 104±11). Heart rate (min-1) was still reduced (p<0.05) at 12 hours after ivabradine (0.3 mg/kg: 128±18 and 0.5 mg/kg: 124±16) compared to placebo (141±21). Heart rate response to acoustic startle was significantly (p<0.01) blunted at all 3 doses of ivabradine. No effect of ivabradine on blood pressure was identified and no clinically discernable side effects were observed. These findings indicate that ivabradine at 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg PO predictably lowers HR for at least 12 hours in healthy cats. Clinical studies in cats with HCM are needed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Schober, Karsten.
Subjects: Animals; Veterinary services
Keywords: Ivabradine, Heart Rate, Pharmacodynamics, If inhibitor
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10.
De Brito Galvao, Joao Felipe.
Antitumor effects of combined carboplatin and gemcitabine in canine transitional cell carcinoma.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2011, Ohio State University
► Gemcitabine has demonstrated synergistic antitumor activity in a variety of human cancer…
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▼ Gemcitabine has demonstrated synergistic antitumor activity in a variety of human cancer cells when combined with carboplatin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in canine TCC cell lines alone and in combination with carboplatin. We hypothesized that combined gemcitabine and carboplatin would have synergistic effects in vitro in canine TCC. Demonstration of synergistic antitumor activity in canine TCC cell lines would provide a rationale for effective treatment of canine TCC with this combination of drugs. Five TCC cell lines were treated with gemcitabine, carboplatin, and the combination. Cell proliferation was assessed using CyQUANT® cell proliferation assay, cell cycle was evaluated using propidium iodide staining, and apoptosis was assessed by measuring caspase-3/7 enzymatic activity. Synergy was quantified by combination index analysis using CompuSyn software. Treatment of canine TCC cell lines with carboplatin or gemcitabine decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and induced cell cycle arrest. When TCC cell lines were treated with gemcitabine and carboplatin in combination at therapeutically relevant concentrations, a significant decrease in cell proliferation was observed compared to gemcitabine or carboplatin alone and the drug combination was synergistic in 3 of 5 cell lines and additive in the other two. Drug sequence did not reliably affect cell proliferation amongst cell lines during combination treatment. We conclude, gemcitabine exhibits biologic activity against canine TCC cells and when combined with carboplatin the two exhibit synergistic activity. Our results support further evaluation of this drug combination in dogs with TCC to determine its clinical efficacy.
Advisors/Committee Members: Inpanbutr, Nongnuch.
Subjects: Veterinary Services
Keywords: cell proliferation; combination index; apoptosis; cell cycle; cancer; in vitro; cell culture
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11.
Dembek, Katarzyna Agnieszka.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPAA) in Critically Ill Foals.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2012, Ohio State University
► Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals.…
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▼ Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), manifested as relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI), has been associated with sepsis in newborn foals. Information on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is minimal in healthy or sick foals. The HPAA and RAAS are interactive systems, and a relationship between RAAS activation and RAI is well documented in critically ill children, but limited information exists in septic foals. We hypothesized that in critically ill septic newborn foals the RAAS and HPAA will be activated by systemic inflammation and hypoperfusion and the degree of activation will be associated with severity of sepsis and mortality. For this project, 167 (study 1) and 182 (study 2) sick and healthy foals of less than 7 days of age were included. Blood samples were collected on admission from septic (sepsis score >12), sick non-septic (SNS), and healthy foals. Blood concentrations of cortisol, aldosterone, angiotensin-II (ANG-II), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and plasma renin activity were determined by immunoassays. Aldosterone, ANG-II, ACTH and cortisol concentrations were higher in septic compared to healthy foals (P<0.05). AVP was higher and CRH was lower in septic than healthy foals. Septic foals had higher ACTH/aldosterone and ACTH/cortisol ratios than healthy foals (P<0.05). No differences in plasma renin activity were found. Sepsis activates RAAS and HPAA in newborn foals. RAAS activation in critically ill foals is characterized by increased aldosterone and ANG-II concentrations. Low CRH concentrations in septic foals were an unexpected finding. We propose that AVP (not CRH) is the main ACTH releasing-hormone in critically ill foals. Septic foals demonstrated adrenocortical exhaustion with high ACTH/cortisol and ACTH/aldosterone ratios, indicating that RAI is not restricted to the zona fasciculata, but also involves the zona glomerulosa.
Advisors/Committee Members: Toribio, Ramiro.
Subjects: Biology; Endocrinology; Veterinary Services
Keywords: sepsis, foal, adrenal insufficiency, aldosterone
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12.
Fitzwater, Kathryn Lynn.
Rapid Prototyping and Computed Tomography Optimization of Canine Long Bone Modeling.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2010, Ohio State University
► Objective—To assess the impact of computed tomography (CT) scan protocols and biomodel…
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▼ Objective—To assess the impact of computed tomography (CT) scan protocols and biomodel fabrication method on biomodel accuracy and variability. Materials and Methods—Sixteen CT scans (range of 80 to 140 kVp and 45 to 120 mAs) were performed of the pelvis and hindlimbs of a Bassett Hound. A total of 158 retro-reconstructions were performed of the original scans and these were visually inspected to select 17 scans to be used for biomodel fabrication. Biomodels of these 17 scans were made in triplicate using three free form fabrication processes: stereolithography, fused deposition modeling and 3D printing, for a total of 153 models. The biomodels and original bone were measured using a coordinate measurement machine. Results—Differences between fabrication methods accounted for 2 to 29% of the total observed variation in inaccuracy and differences between method-specific CT scanning techniques for 4 to 44%. Biomodels underestimated bone length, width, femoral head diameter and overestimated cortical thickness. There was no evidence of linear association between thresholding adjustments and biomodel accuracy. CT techniques with higher measured radiation dose lead to a decrease in absolute relative error for biomodel diameter and for four of eight cortical thickness measurements. Conclusion—The outside dimensions of biomodels have a clinically acceptable accuracy. The cortical thickness of biomodels may overestimate the patient’s cortical thickness. Variability among biomodels is caused by model fabrication reproducibility and, to a lesser extent, by the CT scan parameters and differences between fabrication methods.
Advisors/Committee Members: Allen, Matthew.
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13.
Foss, Kari D.
Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis in Doberman Pinschers with and without cervical spondylomyelopathy.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2012, Ohio State University
► Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) is one of the most common diseases of the…
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▼ Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) is one of the most common diseases of the cervical spine of large and giant breed dogs. Currently, the most accepted means of evaluating the response to treatment in a patient with CSM is a subjective measure based on the owner and clinicians’ perception of the patient’s gait. This form of evaluation is highly subjective and can suffer from observer bias. The goals of this study were (1) to identify differences in force plate parameters between Doberman Pinschers with and without CSM that could be used as objective outcome measures and (2) to utilize digital video motion capture to compare multiple kinematic parameters between Doberman Pinscher dogs with and without CSM. Nineteen Doberman pinschers were prospectively studied; 10 clinically normal dogs and 9 with CSM. Neurologic examinations were performed in all dogs. CSM-affected dogs had their diagnosis confirmed with a 3.0 T MRI. Force plate analysis was performed in all 4 limbs of all dogs. At least 4 runs of ipsilateral limbs were collected from each dog. Eight force platform parameters were evaluated. In addition, the coefficient of variation (CV) within each limb was also calculated for each parameter. A repeated measures approach was used to analyze the data. Peak mediolateral force (PMLF), peak vertical force (PVF), and peak propulsive force (PPF) were significantly smaller in CSM-affected dogs when compared to normal dogs. Analysis using the CV, revealed significantly more variability of PVF from all four limbs in CSM-affected dogs compared to normal dogs with the largest difference in variability of PVF seen in the thoracic limbs of affected dogs. For digital motion capture, the same nineteen Doberman Pinchers were studied; 10 clinically normal dogs and 9 with CSM. All dogs were fitted with a Lycra® bodysuit and 32 reflective markers were applied. 3-D motion capture was performed and used to reconstruct a 3-D stick diagram representation of each dog from which several parameters of interest were measured. Parameters evaluated included stride (duration, length, height), maximal and minimal spinal angles, elbow and stifle flexion and extension, and maximum and minimum distances between the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Using a random effects linear regression model, all parameters were compared between groups. CSM-affected dogs had smaller minimum thoracic limb distance and maximum thoracic limb distance. Additionally, stride duration in the thoracic limbs was also significantly smaller in CSM-affected dogs when compared to normal dogs. In the pelvic limbs, the average stifle flexion and extension were different between groups. These results reveal that while the variability of PVF in all four limbs and in particular the thoracic limbs, seems to distinguish clinically normal Dobermans from those moderately to markedly affected with CSM, force plate analysis seems less reliable to distinguish mildly CSM-affected from normal Dobermans. Findings from the kinematic study suggest that computerized gait analysis reveals more consistent kinematic differences in the thoracic limbs compared with the pelvic limbs of CSM-affected Doberman Pinscher dogs.
Advisors/Committee Members: da Costa, Ronaldo.
Subjects: Veterinary Services
Keywords: gait analysis; digital motion capture; force plate; cervical spondylomyelopathy; wobbler's; dog; Doberman Pinscher
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14.
Goodnight, Michelle E.
Assessment of Microcirculatory Perfusion in Healthy Anesthetized Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy Using Sidestream Dark Field Microscopy.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2011, Ohio State University
► The microcirculation consists of vessels less than ten microns in diameter. Each…
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▼ The microcirculation consists of vessels less than ten microns in diameter. Each microcirculatory unit has a feeder arteriole, capillaries and draining venules. Traditionally, when monitoring perfusion in patients, macrocirculatory parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, lactate levels and central venous oxygen saturation have been utilized. Unfortunately, research in humans and dogs has demonstrated that these macrovascular parameters show poor correlation with changes at the microvascular level and thereby may poorly reflect tissue perfusion. Newer technologies, such as sidestream dark field microscopy (SDF) allow for direct imaging of the microcirculation and the ability to evaluate changes related to various stimuli, such as anesthesia, surgery, shock, and sepsis. This technology has been validated in humans, rodents and dogs, but has not yet been explored in cats. We sought to establish baseline clinical values for microcirculatory parameters in healthy, anesthetized cats using SDF and to determine if surgical manipulation alters these values during ovariohysterectomy. Eighteen healthy cats presenting for elective ovariohysterectomy were anesthetized using a standardized protocol. Three 20-second microcirculatory videos were obtained from the sublingual mucosa at three intervention points: after induction but before placement of the first towel clamp, after ligation of the first ovarian pedicle and after placement of the final skin suture and towel clamp removal. At each time point, macrovascular parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure), pulse oximetry, end tidal carbon dioxide, and end tidal inhalant anesthetic concentrations were recorded. In addition, SDF videos of the microcirculation were obtained from the sublingual mucosa using previously established consensus criteria. Videos were assessed for quality; only those deemed acceptable were included. Qualifying videos were analyzed by a single observer blinded to intervention point. Total vessel density (TVD), proportion of perfused vessels (PPV), perfused vessel density (PVD) and microvascular flow index (MFI) were determined using vascular analysis software. Microvascular parameters were analyzed for significant changes between intervention points and correlation with macrovascular parameters. Twelve cats were included in final video analysis; six were removed for poor video quality. There was no significant variation in TVD, PPV and PVD with surgical manipulation, however MFI showed a significant increase from baseline. The MFI had independent positive correlation with mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure and had negative correlation with temperature [p < 0.05]. However, when multivariate analysis was conducted, these correlations failed to retain significance. Pearson correlation showed no relationship between length of anesthesia and changes in microcirculatory parameters. These results show that surgical tissue manipulation did not significantly alter microvascular vessel density or the proportion of perfused vessels, although tissue manipulation did increase MFI. The length of time under anesthesia did not affect the microcirculatory parameters in the study cats. As documented in other species, changes in macrovascular parameters do not correlate well to changes in microcirculatory perfusion parameters. This study demonstrated that SDF can be successfully utilized in cats, allowing real-time imaging of the sublingual microvasculature. This technology has potential as a tool in experimental and clinical monitoring of microcirculatory changes. However, there are several potential limitations to its use, such as the difficulty in obtaining high quality images, the need for general anesthesia and the time consuming nature of the offline video analysis. Future experimental and clinical investigation is warranted, including assessment of microvasculatory changes in disease states like shock, sepsis, congestive heart failure and diabetes mellitus.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cooper, Edward.
Subjects: Animals; Medical Imaging; Veterinary Services
Keywords: microcirculation; feline; surgery; anesthesia; microscan; OPS
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15.
Gray, Laura Leigh.
The Effect of Ketoconazole on Blood and Skin Cyclosporine Concentrations in Canines.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2012, Ohio State University
► Background: Cyclosporine (CSA) (Atopica®; Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC) is approved for…
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▼ Background: Cyclosporine (CSA) (Atopica®; Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC) is approved for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD). CSA is metabolized by liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, a process inhibited by ketoconazole (KTZ). Hypothesis/Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine skin and blood CSA concentrations when CSA was administered alone at 5.0 mg/kg (Treatment 1: T1) and at 2.5 mg/kg (Treatment 2; T2); and when CSA was administered at 2.5 mg/kg concurrently with KTZ at 5 mg/kg (Treatment 3; T3) or at 2.5 mg/kg (Treatment 4; T4). We hypothesized that the skin and blood CSA concentrations in T1 would not differ from those obtained with T3 or T4. Animals: In a randomized cross-over study, six healthy research dogs received each of the treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) once daily for 7 days. Methods: After the first, fourth, and seventh dose for each treatment a peak and trough skin punch biopsy sample and whole blood sample were collected and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures approach with PROC MIXED in SAS. Pairwise comparisons were performed with least squares means and Tukey-Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons. Results: Mean blood CSA concentrations in T1 were not different from T2 or T4, but were less than T3. Mean skin CSA concentrations in T1 were greater than T2, not different from T4, and less than T3. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Administration of CSA and KTZ concurrently at 2.5 mg/kg may be as effective as CSA alone at 5.0 mg/kg for treatment of CAD.
Advisors/Committee Members: Hillier, Andrew.
Subjects: Therapy
Keywords: Canine atopic dermatitis; ketoconazole; blood and skin cyclosporine concentrations
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16.
Grimm, Patrick Joseph.
Evaluation of Computed Tomography Osteoabsorptiometry in Detection of Hip Dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2010, Ohio State University
► Canine hip dysplasia is a chronic, debilitating developmental condition where incongruity of…
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▼ Canine hip dysplasia is a chronic, debilitating developmental condition where incongruity of the coxofemoral joint often results in osteoarthrosis. Multiple radiographic methods for assessment of hip dysplasia are available, however can be limited in their capability to reliably diagnose hip dysplasia within juvenile dogs. As a new approach to the understanding of the pathologic processes and potential for earlier diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia, our objective was to determine if acetabular and femoral subchondral bone density (SBD) changes can be detected within normal and dysplastic coxofemoral joints using CT osteoabsorptiometry at 6 months of age. Thirty-three Labrador Retrievers from the U.S. Department of Defense Military Working Dog Breeding Program were diagnosed with normal or dysplastic coxofemoral joints based on computed radiographic pelvic studies by a consensus of 3 board-certified radiologists using the OFA evaluation grades at 6, 12, 18, and/or 24 months of age. Helical pelvic CT studies at 6 months of age were obtained with the patient in dorsolateral subluxation positioning (3.0 mm slice thickness, bone algorithm). A calcium hydroxyapatite calibration phantom was placed into the field of view of every study to standardize and allow conversion of all Hounsfield Unit values to Calcium Hydroxyapatite Equivalent Density units (CHED, mg/ml). CT data was converted into 3D reconstructions for volumetric assessment of SBD along the load-bearing regions of the femoral heads and acetabula 2 mm beneath their articular margins. Color mineral density distribution patterns were generated by assigning a color scale to the calculated density values. Nine standardized ROI were made within the load-bearing regions of the acetabula (n = 3) and femoral heads (n = 6). Descriptive statistics and a mixed model repeated measures ANOVA with associated partial correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the mean CHED values of ROI between dogs of the same and differing OFA radiographic classifications. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Seventeen, 11, and 5 dogs were diagnosed with bilaterally normal, bilaterally dysplastic, or unilaterally dysplastic coxofemoral joints, respectively. Strong correlations were present between all mean CHED values of the ROI within bilaterally normal and dysplastic dogs except for two (caudodorsal aspect of the acetabulum and craniolateral aspect of the femoral heads), which had moderate to weak correlations (r = 0.47 and 0.56, respectively). Bilaterally dysplastic dogs had a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in mean CHED ROI values along the caudodorsal aspect of the acetabulum (484.16 mg/ml) and craniolateral aspect of the femoral heads (350.03 mg/ml) when compared with bilaterally normal dogs (533.14 mg/ml and 404.74 mg/ml, respectively). The decrease in mean SBD within the dysplastic joints is likely attributed to decreased distribution of load bearing forces through these regions of the incongruent and/or subluxated joints in accordance with Wolff’s Law. A concurrent increase in mean SBD was not seen in the other ROI as expected, which may be attributed to degree of severity of disease, study limitations (sample size and volume averaging), or age at time of imaging.
Advisors/Committee Members: Drost, Wm Tod.
Subjects: Veterinary services
Keywords: dog; canine; pelvis; coxofemoral; Wolff's Law
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17.
Grundmann, Ilva Nena Maria.
Digital Radiographic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Normal Equine Foot: a Focus on the Soft Tissue Structures of the Hoof Wall and Sole.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2012, Ohio State University
► The equine foot is an anatomically complex structure, in which soft tissue…
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▼ The equine foot is an anatomically complex structure, in which soft tissue attachments between the distal phalanx (DP) and the hoof capsule support the entire musculoskeletal system. Equine laminitis affects these soft tissues of the foot and commonly leads to its structural collapse. Radiography is commonly used to diagnose laminitis and guide treatment and therapy. Several measurements to assess the position of the DP in relation to the hoof capsule have been described. Many of those have not been fully validated and the soft tissues in the sole area have not been the focus of previous diagnostic imaging evaluations. Our objectives were to establish normal hoof wall and sole measurements for Digital Radiography (DR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), to correlate and compare DR measurements with those made on MR images, to compare DR measurements before and after barium application to the surface of the sole, and to evaluate inter- and intra-observer correlation. We also aimed to distinguish if the two soft tissue layers seen on DR correspond to the epidermal and dermal layers as suggested previously and if these structures can also be imaged in the sole region. Fifty cadaver front feet of 25 adult horses of various breeds were imaged with DR and a 3 Tesla MR and various measurements were performed. Normal DR and MRI measurements are presented and statistically different (P < 0.0001). However, the difference is small (< 2mm). Measurements with barium applied to the surface of the sole were consistently smaller, than measurements without barium on the sole (P < 0.0001). There was good overall inter- and intra-observer correlation between DR (0.98/0.98) and MR (0.99/0.99) measurements. MRI measurements of the deep/sublamellar dermis and interdigitating epidermal and dermal layer corresponded to the lucent soft tissue opaque band surrounding the DP on DR images. Our measurements not only support established measurements, but also offer new approaches to quantitatively assess the anatomy of the equine foot.
Advisors/Committee Members: Drost, Tod.
Subjects: Veterinary Services
Keywords: horse; foot; digital radiography; laminitis; MRI; 3T
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18.
Haeussler, David John Jr.
The Effects of Hyaluronic Acid on Lens Epithelial Cell Migration In Vitro.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2011, Ohio State University
► Purpose. To determine if canine lens epithelial cells (LEC) contain the hyaluronic…
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▼ Purpose. To determine if canine lens epithelial cells (LEC) contain the hyaluronic acid (HA) receptors CD44 and RHAMM, and if HA can impact posterior capsular opacification (PCO) formation in vitro. Methods. Normal (n=10) and cataractous (n=10) canine LEC were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for expression of CD44 and RHAMM. In vitro models of PCO formation were used to determine if various HA concentrations altered LEC migration. A one-millimeter scratch was created in cultures of confluent canine LEC. Cells were treated with 0, 0.02, 0.012, or 1.0 mg/mL (n=6 per group) of HA dissolved in culture media. Migration of LEC into the scratch was quantified. Mock cataract surgery was performed on canine cadaver eyes. Capsules were re-distended using one of the following (n=6 per group): PBS only, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose viscoelastic, 1.2% HA (12 mg/ml HA) viscoelastic, or 2.0% (20 mg/ml HA) HA viscoelastic. LEC migration within the capsule was evaluated. Results. Normal and cataractous LEC were positive for CD44 and RHAMM protein and mRNA. CD44 showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.01) in mRNA expression in LECs treated with 1.0 mg/ml of HA as compared to the control and 0.02 mg/ml HA Cultured LECs that were treated with 1.0 mg/mL of HA compared to control showed a significantly smaller area devoid of cells (p=0.001) in the scratch test model compared with the control. The number of LECs increased when capsules were treated with 2% HA (20mg/ml HA) viscoelastic as compared to control (p < 0.0109). Conclusions. Canine LEC possess receptors to respond to HA signaling. Treatment with HA significantly increased the rate of LEC migration in a dose dependent manner. CD44 was upregulated in canine LEC after being treated with 1.0mg/ml of HA. RHAMM was slightly upregulated in canine LEC after being treated with 1.0mg/ml of HA. Viscoelastics containing HA promoted LEC migration and proliferation in vitro. The introduction of exogenous HA in the form of viscoelastics during cataract surgery may promote LEC migration and contribute to PCO formation in vivo.
Advisors/Committee Members: Chandler, Heather.
Subjects: Veterinary Services
Keywords: hyaluronic acid, viscoelastic, lens epithelial cell, cataract
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19.
Hinds, Charles Austin.
Haptoglobin-Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Complex as a Biomarker for Acute Inflammation in Cattle.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2011, Ohio State University
► Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major cause of economic loss in…
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▼ Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major cause of economic loss in feedlots in the United Sates. These losses are associated not only with morbidity and mortality, but also the expense of using antimicrobial drugs unnecessarily. One of the recurring problems is the inability to diagnose and therefore treat respiratory disease appropriately. An Hp-MMP 9 protein complex has been identified in neutrophil granules and in the serum of cattle with acute bacterial sepsis. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the utility of an Hp-MMP 9 complex ELISA in the diagnosis of acute septic inflammation in cattle. Three experiments were performed. The first experiment was designed to determine whether Hp-MMP 9 could be used in the prediction of BRD in calves recently admitted to feedlots. Using health, treatment and weight gain data, our aim was to determine whether Hp-MMP 9 could predict which calves would be identified with clinical respiratory disease and would require therapy in the days following sample collection. We compared serum concentrations of Hp to Hp-MMP 9 to assess how well the complex performed in these animals. Our results clearly show that serum Hp and Hp-MMP 9 complex are present in cattle admitted to a feedlot. It appears that the presence of these two analytes are independent; however, due to the inability to obtain health and treatment records, we were not able to draw any conclusions about Hp-MMP 9 as a predictor for respiratory or other diseases or reduced ADG in feedlot cattle. The second experiment was designed to evaluate the utility of Hp-MMP9 complex ELISA in comparison to ELISA for total Hp or MMP 9 alone as an indicator of acute septic inflammatory disease in cattle. Animals were classified as being healthy, having acute inflammation, or having chronic inflammation. Serum Hp, MMP 9, and Hp-MMP 9 concentrations were measured from each animal and compared to disease status. The results of this experiment demonstrated significant differences in serum Hp-MMP 9 concentrations observed in cattle with acute septic disease compared to those animals with chronic inflammatory/metabolic disease or healthy animals. Total Hp concentrations were higher in diseased animals but not different between acute and chronic disease. Serum MMP 9 concentrations were not different between any groups. The final experiment evaluated the serum concentrations of Hp-MMP-9 during an LPS challenge as a surrogate of an inflammatory event. For this experiment, we administered E. coli lipopolysaccharide IV to calves and measured the Hp-MMP 9 complexes in serum over time (-24 hrs to 96 hrs) by serum ELISA. The concentration versus-time curves for Hp-MMP 9 concentration in the calves in this study, albeit, much lower than serum haptoglobin, were remarkably very similar to the concentration versus-time curves of serum Hp concentration. It is reasonable to assume that a majority of the Hp detected by the Hp ELISA is neutrophil in origin. These experiments indicate that Hp-MMP 9 is an indicator of acute inflammation in cattle. Further study is needed to determine the usefulness of this test in the field.
Advisors/Committee Members: Lakritz, Jeffrey.
Subjects: Biomedical Research; Veterinary Services
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20.
Hirvinen, Laura J.M.
Influence of bone cements on bone screw interfaces in the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones of horses.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2009, Ohio State University
► Biomaterials can increase bone-implant interface stability. In this study four cortical screws…
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▼ Biomaterials can increase bone-implant interface stability. In this study four cortical screws were inserted in both 3rd metacarpal and 3rd metatarsal bones of 6 horses with calcium(Ca)-cement, magnesium(Mg)-cement, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or left untreated. Specimens were harvested for analysis 5 or 182 days postoperatively. Radiography, biomechanical testing, histomorphometry and micro computed tomography were performed to characterize the bone-implant interfaces. Mg-cement significantly increased the extraction torque compared to control and Ca-cement and interface toughness compared to control, Ca-cement and PMMA. This improved interface strength was also observed during the 6 month follow-up period as one of the untreated screws and one Ca-treated screw backed out. Histologically there was 44% reduction in the quantity of Ca-cement and 69% reduction in the quantity of Mg-cement at 182 days. These results suggest that Mg-cement is a biodegradable bone cement, which can improve the biomechanical strength of the bone-implant interface.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bertone, Alicia.
Subjects: Surgery; Veterinary services
Keywords: bone cement, magnesiumphosphate cement, calciumphosphate cement, PMMA, extraction torque, bone-screw interface, horse
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21.
Hoffmann, Daniel E.
Ex Vivo Biomechanical Evaluation of the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifle with Varying Angles of Stifle Joint Flexion and Axial Loads After Tibial Tuberosity Advancement.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2009, Ohio State University
► The tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) procedure was designed to stabilize the cranial…
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▼ The tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) procedure was designed to stabilize the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle by advancing the insertion of the patellar tendon. This neutralizes cranial tibial thrust force (CrTT) and prevents cranial tibial subluxation (CTS) during weight bearing. Previous biomechanical investigations have proven that TTA prevents tibial subluxation at a standing angle of 135° stifle extension with a 30% body weight axial load applied. No one has investigated the effects of larger stifle angles and axial loads as well as the effects of TTA upon retropatellar force (RPF), patellar tendon load (PTL) and patellar tendon angle (PTA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying stifle angulation and axial loads in the CrCL deficient stifle after TTA upon CrTT, RPF, PTL, and patellar PTA as determined by the tibial plateau angle method (PTATPA) and the common tangent method (PTACT). We hypothesized that TTA would neutralize CrTT at both stifle angles and loads applied. Also, RPF and PTL will be decreased with TTA. We hypothesized that mean PTATPA and PTACT would be similar. Furthermore, we hypothesized that mean PTATPA and PTACT would be equivalent to 90° in all groups and that PTACT would be less variable than PTATPA. Stifle joints were subjected to differing loading conditions using a constrained limb press model. The CrCL was transected in situ under load. Force sensors allowed direct measurement of CrTT, RPF and PTL. Lateral radiographs were used to assess the PTATPA and PTACT. Descriptive statistics were used to report CrTT (this force returned to zero point values, defined as the neutral point advancement - NPA). At the NPA, RPF was compared to baseline using a two-tailed sign test. Pair-wise comparisons of PTL as well as between PTATPA and PTACT were performed utilizing paired t-tests. Comparisons between loading conditions were made with a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test. Equivalence tests were used to test mean PTATPA and PTACT for equivalence to 90°. Significance was set at a p-value of 0.05. CrTT returned to baseline values, and RPF and PTL were reduced in all specimens with TTA. At the NPA, PTATPA > PTACT in two of the three loading conditions, but did not differ in the third. Mean PTATPA and PTACT varied between loading conditions. The threshold for each of the groups, at which the PTA could be significantly different from 90°, was larger for PTATPA than PTACT in all groups, as greater variation was observed with PTATPA versus PTACT. This study further supports the claim that reduction of CrTT occurs after TTA in the CrCL deficient stifle joint through an alteration of PTA. Additionally, RPF and PTL also decrease after TTA. The PTACT may be more accurate than PTATPA at reflecting the true PTA. TTA can stabilize the CrCL deficient stifle joint while effectively reducing RPF and PTL. The PTACT method appears to be less influenced by stifle joint flexion angle than PTATPA, and may be the preferred technique for preoperative planning.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dyce, Jonathan.
Subjects: Veterinary services
Keywords: TTA; tibial tuberosity advancement; cranial cruciate ligament disease
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22.
Irom, Sara Julie.
High Dose Antimicrobial Protocols for Canine Urinary Tract Infections.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2010, Ohio State University
► Background: Treatment for canine urinary tract infections (UTI) typically consists of 7-14…
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▼ Background: Treatment for canine urinary tract infections (UTI) typically consists of 7-14 days of empirically chosen antimicrobial drugs. Enrofloxacin is a veterinary approved fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobial and is useful for treatment of canine UTI. Ciprofloxacin, the primary metabolite of enrofloxacin, contributes additive antimicrobial activity. Higher doses of FQs may inhibit the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Objectives: 1) Determine if dogs with naturally occurring uncomplicated UTI have equivalent microbiologic cure with a high dose short duration protocol of enrofloxacin, compared to a standard antimicrobial protocol. 2) Measure urine concentrations of enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, following a 20mg/kg single oral dose in healthy dogs (n=6). Animals: Client-owned dogs with naturally occurring, uncomplicated UTI (n=38), and healthy dogs owned by students and staff of OSU-VMC (n=6). Methods: A multi-center clinical trial was conducted. Dogs were assigned to 1 of 2 groups in a randomized blinded manner. Dogs in group 1 received treatment with 18-20mg/kg oral enrofloxacin (Baytril®) once daily for 3 consecutive days. Dogs in Group 2 were treated with 13.75-25mg/kg oral amoxicillin-clavulante (Clavamox®) twice daily for 14 days. Urine and plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were measured following a single dose of 20mg/kg oral enrofloxacin in 6 healthy dogs. Results: Thirty-eight dogs completed the clinical trial. No difference in microbiologic cure was found between the enrofloxacin or the amoxicillin-clavulanate groups (P= 1.0). In the 6 healthy dogs, mean peak urine concentrations were 138.7 µg/mL (range 73.0 µg/mL – 226.0 µg/mL) for enrofloxacin and 370.9 µg/mL (range 200.5 µg/mL – 638.9 µg/mL) for ciprofloxacin. Two-hour mean plasma levels were 3.4 µg/mL (range 0.7 µg/mL – 8.9 µg/mL) for enrofloxacin and 0.5 µg/mL (range 0.18 µg/mL – 0.96 µg/mL) for ciprofloxacin. Conclusions and Clinical Relevence: The high-dose, short-duration enrofloxacin protocol was equivocally effective to the standard protocol in treating uncomplicated canine UTI in the sample patient population, and may represent a viable alternative therapeutic regime for similar patients. Ciprofloxacin contributes the majority of the antimicrobial activity in the urine after high dose enrofloxacin.
Advisors/Committee Members: Daniels, Joshua.
Subjects: Veterinary services
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23.
Johnson, Jacqueline Anne.
The Canine Cervical Spine - Kinematics and Micromorphometry.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2010, Ohio State University
► The incidence of cervical lesions in the dog ranges from 13.9-25.4%. Clinical…
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▼ The incidence of cervical lesions in the dog ranges from 13.9-25.4%. Clinical signs associated with cervical intervertebral disc disease include severe neck pain, low head carriage, thoracic limb lameness/paresis, proprioceptive ataxia, and varying degrees of tetraparesis. Although the diagnosis and treatment of many disorders of the cervical spine have been described in the literature, few studies have aimed at understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the micromorphometry of the cervical intervertebral discs in the dog and identify differences between chondrodystrophic and nonchondrodystrophic dogs, and (2) to determine the kinematic motion patterns of the cranial and caudal cervical spine in large breed dogs. All 5 cervical discs from 6 chondrodystrophic and 6 nonchondrodystrophic dogs were harvested for the micromorphometry study. The specimens were decalcified and two hematoxylin and eosin slides prepared from each disc. Slides were scanned using an Aperio Scanner and the scans analyzed. The nucleus of chondrodystrophic dogs was small, rounded and more dorsally-located compared to those of nonchondrodystrophic dogs. The mean width of the dorsal annular fibers was smaller in chondrodystrophic dogs. Cells were elongated in the outer regions of the disc and rounded in the inner regions. Cell grouping occurred more frequently in the inner regions than the outer regions. Eight spines were harvested from Foxhound dogs for the kinematic study. The spines were determined to be free of any spinal pathology using radiography, CT and MRI. Spines were stripped of all musculature, leaving ligaments and joint capsules intact, and sectioned into cranial (C2-C4) and caudal (C5-C7) segments. Specimens were loaded into a custom jig and LED markers attached to the vertebral bodies. Spines were tested using pure moment loading in flexion/extension, left/right lateral bending and left/right axial rotation and motion tracked using an optical tracking system. Flexion/extension was relatively decreased at C5-C6. Lateral bending and axial rotation were coupled to the same side. The extent of axial rotation possible in the caudal segments was approximately three times that of the cranial segments. These results may have significant implications into the pathogenesis of cervical disc disease in the dog by proposing mechanisms to explain the pathogenesis of IVDD in chondrodystrophic dogs and CSM in large breed dogs.
Advisors/Committee Members: da Costa, Ronaldo C.
Subjects: Veterinary services
Keywords: Canine; cervical spine; kinematics; intervertebral disc disease; cervical spondylomyelopathy; wobblers; micromorphometry; chondrodystrophic; nonchondrodystrophic
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24.
Jose-Cunilleras, Eduardo.
Effect of exercise and of meals of differing starch content on glucose kinetics and muscle glycogen utilization and replenishment in horses.
Degree: PhD, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2004, Ohio State University
► A combination of plasma and muscle biochemical methods, indirect calorimetry, isotopic tracer…
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▼ A combination of plasma and muscle biochemical methods, indirect calorimetry, isotopic tracer studies ([6,6-2H]glucose as constant rate infusion) and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to gain a better understanding of the effect of ingestion of meals of differing starch content prior to or after exercise by horses. In the first study (Chapter 3), horses were fed before exercise either (1) corn, (2) an isocaloric amount of alfalfa cubes (51.4 KJ/kg DE), or (3) not fed. The main finding was that meal type prior to exercise modestly altered substrate use during exercise such that corn feeding resulted in greater carbohydrate oxidation due to higher skeletal muscle utilization of blood-borne glucose, unchanged muscle glycogenolysis and lower whole body lipid oxidation. In the second study (Chapter 4), the glycemic response to ingestion of cereals (cracked corn, steamed oat groats or rolled barley) and intragastric administration of glucose was assessed by giving equal amounts of hydrolyzable carbohydrates. We determined that oat groats, corn and barley have similar areas under the plasma glucose concentration time curve in horses, and compared with the glycemic index of 100, these cereals were approximately 60. In the third study (Chapter 5), horses with exercise-induced muscle glycogen depletion were either not fed for 8 h, fed mixed alfalfa and grass hay (~15 Mcal, ~62 MJ DE), or fed an isocaloric amount of corn immediately and 4 h after exercise. The main findings were that corn feeding, when compared to feed withholding, resulted in mild to moderate hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, and a 3-fold greater whole body availability and utilization of glucose. However, muscle glycogen replenishment was only minimally enhanced. In the last study (Chapter 6), we described the effect of glycogen-depleting exercise and of meal type after exercise (as in Chapter 5) on the insulin responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene expression in skeletal muscle. We found that GLUT 4 gene expression in muscle increased by ~2-4 fold during 24 h after exercise, when compared to that prior to exercise but no differences were observed due to meal type fed after exercise.
Advisors/Committee Members: Hinchcliff, Kenneth W.
Keywords: horses, glucose, glycogen, muscle, carbohydrate oxidation, lipid oxidation, grains, roughage
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25.
Knuppel, Julie M.
Correlation of Neurologic Status As Evaluated By Neurologic Examination And Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response Test With Computed Tomographic And Radiographic Morphometric Analysis Of The Caudal Skull In Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2009, Ohio State University
► Chiari-like Malformation (CM) is a developmental condition in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels…
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▼ Chiari-like Malformation (CM) is a developmental condition in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), similar to Chiari type I malformation in humans. In CM, an underdeveloped occipital bone results in cerebellar herniation, brainstem compression, hydrocephalus, and syringomyelia. These soft tissue changes do not always correlate with clinical signs. This study compared computed tomographic (CT) and radiographic measurements with the neurologic status of CKCS subjects. Fifty-one CKCS dogs were imaged by computed tomography and radiography. All dogs had neurologic examinations. Forty-nine dogs had Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) tests. Multiple linear measurements of the caudal skull were made on CT images and on a rostrodorsal-caudoventral radiograph. Measurements were compared to neurologic and BAER examination results. The CT measurement from the dorsum sellae to rostral aspect of the foramen magnum was significantly related to an abnormal neurologic exam in the two subgroups of subjects (p=0.015 and 0.028). The CT measurement of the maximum width of the foramen magnum and the calculated height to width ratio of the foramen magnum were significantly related to an abnormal BAER test (p=0.026 and 0.003, respectively). These results indicate statistically significant differences when comparing certain CT measurements to neurologic status of CKCS dogs, however differences in the means between the groups (1mm difference for all significant measurements) are so small as to make the measurement difficult to detect. Additionally, the overlap in ranges likely makes any application of these findings in a clinical setting unrealistic.
Advisors/Committee Members: Samii, Valerie.
Subjects: Veterinary services
Keywords: Chiari-like Malformation; Syringomyelia; Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; BAER; PSOM; Computed Tomography
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26.
Koplitz, Shianne L DVM.
Investigaton and assessment of ejection murmurs and the left ventricular outflow tract in Boxer dogs.
Degree: PhD, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2005, Ohio State University
► Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common, heritable congenital heart defect affecting Boxer…
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▼ Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common, heritable congenital heart defect affecting Boxer dogs. Veterinarians screen for AS through auscultation. When a typical murmur is auscultated, an echocardiogram identifies the presence and severity of the defect. In the setting of a soft murmur, echocardiographic imaging lesions are often absent, and a noninvasive diagnosis is based on Doppler-identification of high velocity flow across the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). However, similar increases in LVOT velocity and cardiac murmurs can occur in normal dogs under sympathetic stimulation. We hypothesized that boxers with ejection murmurs and elevated LVOT velocities have AS. Specific aims were to characterize the relationship between these murmurs and velocities; to evaluate LVOT morphology with echocardiography and angiography; to compare stroke volumes between boxers with and without murmurs; to evaluate pressure gradients across the LVOT for evidence of stenosis under different hemodynamic circumstances; and to identify the site of murmur generation with intracardiac phonocardiography. Of 201 healthy adult boxers, over 50% had left basilar ejection murmurs typical of AS, and 36% demonstrated both a murmur and elevated LVOT velocity. The presence of a murmur predicted a velocity > 2 m/s, with an 87% sensitivity and 66% specificity. Indexed echocardiographic diameters and areas were not different between boxers with ejection murmurs and boxers without murmurs, although they were smaller than in non-boxer dogs. Boxers with murmurs tended to have higher stroke volumes. Angiographically, the LVOT in boxers was diffusely smaller than non-boxers, with substantial narrowing at the sinus of Valsalva Pressure recordings were typical of impulse gradients and significant peak to peak gradients were not found. Intracardiac phonocardiography identified the distal LVOT as the site of murmur generation. The etiology of ejection murmurs and elevated LVOT velocities in boxers is multi-factorial. The relatively smaller LVOT likely predisposes boxers, while the stroke volume helps determine the presence or absence of an ejection murmur and elevated velocity in individual dogs. The relationship of a diffusely smaller LVOT to the more typical discrete stenotic lesions that characterize AS requires further study.
Advisors/Committee Members: Meurs, Kathryn M.
Keywords: Aortic stenosis; Boxer; Left ventricular outflow tract; Angiography; Echocardiography; Intracardiac phonocardiography; Ejection murmur; Functional murmur; Physiologic murmur; Veterinary cardiology
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27.
Lacombe, Véronique Anne.
Muscle Glycogen Metabolism in Horses: Interactions Between Substrate Availability, Exercise Performance and Carbohydrate Administration.
Degree: PhD, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2003, Ohio State University
► Horses undertake recreational activities that decrease muscle glycogen stores. Similar to humans,…
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▼ Horses undertake recreational activities that decrease muscle glycogen stores. Similar to humans, muscle glycogen availability may influence exercise performance. In the first study, a model of glycogen depletion was developed and used to investigate the effect of muscle glycogen availability on the athletic capacity of horses. We demonstrated that exercise-induced muscle glycogen depletion was associated with a 60% decrease in anaerobic capacity during subsequent exercise, without effect on aerobic capacity. To rule out any confounding effects of other exercise-induced changes, a second study investigated the effects of muscle glycogen depletion and subsequent replenishment on athletic capacity. In a blinded crossover study, seven fit horses received either an intravenous glucose or saline infusion after exercise. Run time to fatigue, accumulated oxygen deficit and blood lactate concentration during a subsequent high-speed exercise test were greater for the horses with normal muscle glycogen concentration than for the horses with persistent muscle glycogen depletion. It was concluded that muscle glycogen availability influences anaerobic capacity and ability to perform high-intensity exercise in horses. Given the critical role of adequate glycogen stores in enabling optimal performance, the factors and mechanisms affecting muscle glycogen replenishment in horses were studied. We first demonstrated that intravenous glucose infusion (6g/kg) hastened muscle glycogen resynthesis compared to saline infusion. The effect of 3 isoenergetic diets of varying glycemic indices on the rates of muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise was evaluated in a crossover study. Seven horses received either a high soluble carbohydrate diet (grain, HCO), or a low soluble carbohydrate diet (hay, LCO), or a mixed diet (M) every 8 hours for 72 hours after exercise. We demonstrated that muscle glycogen resynthesis is slower in horses than in humans. Feeding high-glycemic index (HCO) meals hastened muscle glycogen replenishment compared to LCO and MCO diets by increasing blood glucose and insulin availability to skeletal muscle. Finally, insulin-sensitive glucose transporters (GLUT-4) were characterized in equine muscles by Western blotting. We demonstrated that exercise increased GLUT-4 protein content by 27%. Replenishment of muscle glycogen stores after carbohydrate administration, either by glucose infusion or diet, attenuated the increase in GLUT-4 protein content of skeletal muscle.
Advisors/Committee Members: Hinchcliff, Kenneth W.
Subjects: Biology, Veterinary Science
Keywords: Anaerobic capacity; muscle glycogen resynthesis; glycemic index; GLUT-4 glucose transporter; lactate
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28.
Lerche, Phillip.
Pulmonary blood flow distribution and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in pentobarbital-anesthetized horses.
Degree: PhD, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2006, Ohio State University
► Anesthetized horses commonly develop undesirable hypoxemia when dorsally recumbent. The major reason…
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▼ Anesthetized horses commonly develop undesirable hypoxemia when dorsally recumbent. The major reason for this is development of ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatching associated with atelectasis of dependent lung tissue. Improving ventilation frequently does not improve oxygenation, suggesting that pulmonary blood flow distribution is abnormal during anesthesia. Perfusion is normally matched to ventilation by hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). This mechanism causes pulmonary arterioles to constrict in areas where alveolar oxygen (O2) tension is low, redirecting blood flow to better-ventilated alveoli, and is believed to be modulated by nitric oxide (NO). The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood flow distribution in the anesthetized horse and to investigate the role of NO as a regulator of HPV in the anesthetized dorsally recumbent adult horse. Six adult horses anesthetized with pentobarbital were intubated via tracheostomy with a double-lumen tube, which separated gas flow to left and right lungs. Each lung was individually ventilated via a dual-lung ventilator, and 100% O2 was delivered to both lungs. A hypoxic/hyperoxic state was then induced by ventilating the left lung with 100% nitrogen (N2) while 100% O2 was delivered to the right lung. Nitric oxide (NO) production was manipulated by administration of L-arginine (a NO precursor) and L-NAME (a NO synthase inhibitor). Each horse was instrumented for collection of pulmonary and arterial blood O2 tensions. Pulmonary blood flow distribution was determined by the pattern of distribution of fluorescent microspheres, which were injected intravenously at strategic time points. Lungs were harvested, dried and sectioned prior to neutron activation and spectrographic analysis of the microspheres. Blood flow was influenced somewhat by gravity, however distribution was mainly heterogeneous in isogravitational planes, and highest in the central lung. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was not active in this model, as evidenced by persistent systemic hypoxemia after ventilation of the left lung with 100% N2. Manipulation of NO produced appropriate changes in pulmonary arterial pressure, but had minimal effect on blood flow distribution and systemic arterial oxygenation. Our study suggest that manipulation of NO is unlikely to be helpful in correction of severe hypoxemia due to V/Q mismatching seen during anesthesia in clinical equine patients.
Advisors/Committee Members: Muir, William W.
Subjects: Biology, Veterinary Science
Keywords: lung; average blood flow; PULMONARY; anesthesia
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29.
Marin, Liliana Marcela.
AMINOCAPROIC ACID FOR THE PREVENTION OF POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING IN GREYHOUNDS.
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2011, Ohio State University
► Delayed postoperative bleeding is common in retired racing Greyhounds (RRGs), despite normal…
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▼ Delayed postoperative bleeding is common in retired racing Greyhounds (RRGs), despite normal results of routine hemostasis assays. The excessive postoperative bleeding in the RRGs is not due to primary or secondary hemostatic defects, and may be due to enhanced fibrinolysis or to a clot maintenance dysfunction. Providing a method to prevent or minimize the severity of postoperative bleeding in RRGs will not only have major economic impact for owners, but also will markedly decrease the associated complications of minor or major surgeries in the breed. Epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) is a potent inhibitor of fibrinolysis that also supports clot maintenance due to unknown mechanisms. The objective of this double-blinded, prospective, randomized study was to evaluate the effects of EACA versus placebo on the prevalence of bleeding in RRGs, and to investigate its mechanism of action by using TEG. We compared the effects of EACA and placebo in 100 RRGs that underwent elective ovariohysterectomy or orchiectomy at the Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University during 2 years. The main endpoint was bleeding (prevalence and severity); minor endpoints included most TEG parameters. Thirty percent (15/50) of the RRGs in the placebo group had delayed postoperative bleeding starting 36 to 48 hours after surgery, compared to 10% (5/50) in the EACA group (P= 0.0124). On the TEG parameters, the slopes for R and K time were significantly different between treatment groups (P=0.050); the R and K time decreased over time in the EACA group after surgery, while they increased in the placebo group. The angle, MA, and G slopes were also significantly different between treatment groups (P=0.001, 0.001, and 0.006, respectively). The angle, MA, and G increased postoperatively over time in the EACA group, while they decreased in the placebo group. All these changes are supportive of hypercoagulability associated with EACA administration. Therefore, the postoperative administration of EACA significantly decreased the prevalence of postoperative bleeding in RRGs by increasing the clot strength.
Advisors/Committee Members: Couto, Guillermo.
Subjects: Veterinary Services
Keywords: Hemostasis, dog, fibrinolysis, antifibrinolytics, surgery.
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30.
McClellan, Nathaniel Richard.
"An ex vivo model to evaluate the effect of cyclical adductory forces on maintenance of arytenoid abduction after prosthetic laryngoplasty performed with and without mechanical arytenoid abduction".
Degree: MS, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2012, Ohio State University
► Left laryngeal hemiplegia is a major reason for exercise intolerance and respiratory…
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▼ Left laryngeal hemiplegia is a major reason for exercise intolerance and respiratory noise in performance horses. Prosthetic laryngoplasty is the current standard for treating left laryngeal hemiplegia, but has a failure rate in performance horses of 30-50%. Failure is due to loss of abduction of the left arytenoid cartilage, and tearing of the prosthetic suture through the cartilage is considered to be a major cause of abduction failure. This loss of arytenoid abduction begins within days of surgery, and little is understood about the forces that cause this loss of abduction, and how to prevent it. One possible contributor is the considerable tension that must be put on the prosthetic suture used to abduct the arytenoid. This force, and suture abrasion through the cartilage, may play a role in the initiation of suture pull-through. Currently, most investigations of laryngoplasty failure use a large magnitude tensile force in a single cycle to failure model. Single cycle models fail to address a potential major cause of early abduction failure, which are the cyclical adduction forces on the arytenoid cartilage associated with swallowing and coughing. The primary goal of this study is to develop a model using cadaveric larynges that applies cyclical adductory forces on the arytenoid similar to those that may be generated during swallowing or coughing and to determine if these forces cause a loss of abduction comparable to that reported in horses within the first week after laryngoplasty. A secondary goal is to determine if using a clamp to abduct the arytenoid cartilage prior to knot tying will improve maintenance of the abduction when subjected to the cyclical adductory forces of this model. Larynges from horses aged 2 - 4 years (median 3.4) were used. Left arytenoid laryngoplasty was performed using a single suture of #5 Ethibond with (n=7) and without (n=7) abducting the left arytenoid with a clamp before knot tying. Each laryngoplasty was tested under cyclic loading of 2 to 26 N at 0.5 Hz for 5000 cycles. Arytenoid displacement data were collected at 1 Hz intervals and analyzed using commercial statistical software [Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA and GraphPad Prism v5 GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA]. Comparisons between groups (clamped and non-clamped larynges) and between cycling intervals were assessed using a Mann-Whitney U test. Comparisons at different cycling intervals were assessed using a Friedman statistic for repeated measures with Dunn’s post hoc comparison testing for each group of larynges. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Median left arytenoid abduction distance was 16.9 mm (range 9.8-19.8 mm). One larynx in each group failed at < 1000 cycles. There was no difference (p=0.13) in the percentage loss of left arytenoid abduction between clamped 46.2% (7.6 mm) and non-clamped larynges 31.9% (5.2 mm) after 5000 cycles. This model of cyclical adduction resulted in arytenoid displacements similar to those occurring in the first week after surgery. Ex vivo cyclical adductory forces produced a significant loss of laryngoplasty abduction. The use of a clamp to abduct the arytenoid cartilage prior to knot tying did not reduce the loss of abduction. Cyclical adductory forces after surgery may be important in early loss of laryngoplasty abduction. This model should be useful in testing novel techniques of laryngoplasty.
Advisors/Committee Members: Santschi, Elizabeth.
Subjects: Veterinary Services
Keywords: Horse; laryngoplasty; laryngeal clamp; cyclical adduction; arytenoid displacement
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