Department: Psychology ![[clear]](close-x.png "Remove this limiter")
608 matches in the database.
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[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] … [21]
1.
Ach, Emily Lauren.
Academic Achievement in Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumors.
Degree: MA, Psychology, 2010, Ohio State University
► PURPOSE: To evaluate the academic achievement of survivors of pediatric brain tumors…
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▼ PURPOSE: To evaluate the academic achievement of survivors of pediatric brain tumors relative to case-control classmates and determine the extent to which deficits are moderated by type of treatment, family socioeconomic status, parental education level, and quality of family environment. Survivors are known to be at risk of cognitive and academic impairments following treatment, however the degree of impairment varies and limited research examining the role of these factors and possible interactions between them exists. METHODS: Brain tumor survivors, ages 5-18 and 1-5 years post treatment, were recruited from tumor registries at four pediatric hospitals in the US and Canada to participate in data collection in each child’s school and home. A case-control classmate matched for age, gender, and race was identified for each survivor. Measures included the Wide Range Achievement Test, parent demographic questionnaire, and Family Environment Scale. Medical data was obtained via chart review. Analyses include 164 pairs of brain tumor survivors and classmate controls. RESULTS: Survivors demonstrated significantly lower achievement than controls in reading, spelling, and arithmetic, (p = .01). Deficits in academic achievement were found among children treated with Neurosurgery only as well as for those who received chemotherapy and/or radiation. Results suggested that the discrepancy in academic achievement between survivors and controls across all three academic domains may be heightened when survivors reside in home environments characterized by less support or more conflict. Possible interactions between family characteristics and treatment intensity were examined but not found to be significant. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports frequently noted concerns about the potential impact of treatment for pediatric cancer on survivors’ quality of life. We also find evidence that survivors treated with neurosurgery only also experience academic difficulties and could benefit from support services and collaboration between medical and school systems. Finally, aspects of family environment may impact survivors’ achievement, which offers potential for the development of targeted interventions.
Advisors/Committee Members: Vannatta, Kathryn.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: Pediatric Brain Tumors; family factors; support; conflict
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3.
Adams, Jessica Lyn.
Multiracial identity development: developmental correlates and themes among multiracial adults.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 1997, Ohio State University
► This study examined some of the common experiences that have been theorized…
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▼ This study examined some of the common experiences that have been theorized to characterize the racial/ethnic identity development of multiracial individuals. The construct of ethnic identity was examined along with factors identified in the literature as influencing racial/ethnic identity development such as family support of multiracial heritage, sense of belonging, coping with discrimination, and racial/ethnic legitimacy testing. An attempt was also made to explore how ethnic identity and other factors such as self-esteem, racial diversity of the community in which one was raised, and choice of self-label are related.Seventy-three multiracial adults completed measures that assessed ethnic identity, self-esteem, racial/ethnic legitimacy testing experiences, family support of multiracial heritage and coping. Results indicated that a majority of participants had experienced racial/ethnic legitimacy testing from those racial groups which were part of their racial/ethnic heritage. While self-esteem was not found to be related to racial/ethnic legitimacy testing as predicted, statistically significant relationships were obtained between self-esteem and ethnic identity, and self-esteem and family support of multiraciality. Given these findings, it was proposed that family support of the individual's mixed heritage may have served as a buffer for the effects of racial legitimacy testing on self-esteem. Family support of multiraciality and racial diversity of neighborhood in which individual was raised were found to be significant predictors of ethnic identity. This finding is consistent with existing literature which has identified these two factors as having a positive impact on racial identity resolution. Participants were asked to identify a stressful situation in which they felt rejected due to some aspect of their multiracial heritage. A component of ethnic identity labeled ethnic identity achievement was found to be related to coping strategies that involved attempts to either alter this stressful situation or create some positive meaning from it. No significant predictors of choice of monoracial or multiracial self-label were identified.Methodological limitations of some of the measures, as well as the small sample size, were identified as reasons for interpreting these findings with caution. Further research using improved measures to assess the constructs of interest was recommended. Implications for counseling were discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dell, Don M.
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4.
Adams, Peter John.
Comparing Biracials And Monoracials: Psychological Well-Being And Attitudes Toward Multiracial People.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2008, Ohio State University
► The study of biracial individuals and their unique experience has been limited.…
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▼ The study of biracial individuals and their unique experience has been limited. As biracial individuals increase in number, understanding their experiences will become more important to psychologists and mental health professionals. The purpose of the study was to compare biracial individuals and monoracial individuals on measures of psychological well being, ethnic identity, and attitudes towards biracial people. The present study examined one general research question and three hypotheses: General Research Question and Hypotheses Will scores on measures of ethnic identity, individual self-esteem, collective self-esteem, subjective well being, and attitudes toward biracial children significantly differ between biracial and monoracial groups? Bracey, Bamara, and Umana-Taylor’s (2004) results on self-esteem and ethnic identity will be replicated in this study on adults. When compared to monoracial individuals, biracial individuals will have significantly more positive attitudes towards biracials A positive relationship exists between psychological well being and attitudes towards biracials for biracial individuals. Participants completed a web-based survey from an undisclosed location of their choosing. Participants were solicited from various multicultural and professional psychology list serves and through Ohio State University’s Research Experience Program. Results indicated that biracial adults appear to be as psychologically well adjusted as their monoracial counterparts. Results even suggested that biracial adults have more realized ethnic identities than their monoracial counterparts. Bracey et al.’s (2004) results were replicated in the present study (biracials were found to be as psychologically well adjusted as monoracials). Also, a positive relationship was found between biracial individuals’ psychological well being and their attitudes towards multiracial children. Support for the second hypothesis was not found – biracial individuals in the study did not have more positive attitudes toward biracials than their monoracial counterparts. Implications of the findings along with the limitations of the study are discussed. Recommendations of future research are also given.
Advisors/Committee Members: Highlen, Pamela.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: biracial; multiracial; monoracial; multicultural; identity; ethnicity
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5.
Adler, Abby Danielle.
Manipulation Of Cognitive Biases And Rumination: An Examination Of Single And Combined Correction Conditions.
Degree: MA, Psychology, 2008, Ohio State University
► Pessimistic biases and rumination are thought to play an interactive role in…
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▼ Pessimistic biases and rumination are thought to play an interactive role in the course of depression. To understand the impact of changing negative cognitions and/or rumination on subsequent changes in mood and thinking, an experimental study was conducted. Females (N = 115) with high depressive symptoms were randomized to one of four conditions: correction for negative cognitions, correction for rumination, correction for both negative cognitions and rumination, or no correction. Participants completed measures before and after engaging in their respective correction conditions. Duration of negative mood following a mood induction was also assessed. Based on a priori contrasts comparing conditions, there were significant differences between conditions on changes in positive beliefs in rumination and duration of negative mood. Secondary analyses supported and extended prior research showing a distinct relationship between maladaptive and adaptive forms of rumination, namely brooding and reflection, with cognitive biases.
Advisors/Committee Members: Strunk, Daniel.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: cognitive biases; rumination; negative cognitions; correction; depression
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6.
Adler, Abby Danielle.
Change in Automatic and Strategic Cognition: An Examination of Cognitive Therapy for Depression.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2012, Ohio State University
► Cognitive change has been proposed as a mechanism of symptom change in…
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▼ Cognitive change has been proposed as a mechanism of symptom change in Cognitive Therapy for depression (CT; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), but the exact nature of this cognitive change remains unclear. This change could take different forms, ranging from changes in deliberate cognitive skills requiring ongoing efforts to cope with negative thoughts to more fundamental change in one’s beliefs (requiring little to no subsequent coping efforts). The current study sought to capture the range of strategic to automatic cognitive change achieved in CT through the use of four assessment methods: a thought-listing measure of compensatory skills (Ways of Responding Scale, WOR; Barber & DeRubeis, 1992), a self-report questionnaire of dysfunctional attitudes (Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, DAS; Weissman, 1979), an implicit measure of dysfunctional attitudes (Implicit Association Test, IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), and mood induction procedures combined with self-report questionnaire or implicit measure. Individuals with current Major Depressive Disorder (n = 44) completed the WOR, DAS, and IAT before and after going through 16 weeks of CT. Measures of depressive symptoms were completed over the course of treatment to capture the trajectory of symptom change. Treatment responders (n = 29) also completed the DAS and IAT after undergoing a negative mood induction. A matched sample of never-depressed controls (n = 44) completed study measures to determine normative responses. Results showed (a) no change on the IAT over the course of treatment, (b) significant changes on the WOR and DAS over the course of treatment, with each of these measures also being associated with a faster rate of depressive symptom change, (c) significant differences between depressed patients prior to treatment and never-depressed controls on the WOR, DAS, and IAT, (d) no significant differences between depressed patients after treatment and never-depressed controls on the WOR, (e) differences at a trend-level between depressed patients after treatment and never-depressed controls on the IAT, (f) significant differences between depressed patients after treatment and never-depressed controls on the DAS, and (g) no differences in cognitive reactivity following a negative mood induction between treatment responders and never-depressed controls. These findings support the compensatory skills model of change in CT: the development of deliberate cognitive skills to cope with negative thoughts best accounts for depressive symptom change during acute CT.
Advisors/Committee Members: Strunk, Daniel.
Subjects: Clinical Psychology; Cognitive Therapy
Keywords: depression; Cognitive Therapy; compensatory skills; dysfunctional attitudes; Implicit Association Test
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7.
Alexander, Kathleen Shannon.
Elevated Kynurenic Acid as an Animal Model of Schizophrenia.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2011, Ohio State University
► Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia and are among the…
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▼ Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia and are among the most poorly treated of schizophrenia symptoms, despite the fact that they are the most pervasive of all symptoms and are predictive of disease outcome. While the exact mechanism by which cognitive processing is impaired in the schizophrenic population is unclear, dysfunction of several neurotransmitter systems have been implicated, including glutamate and acetylcholine. Many studies have demonstrated that glutamatergic and cholinergic systems are dysregulated in schizophrenia, and as such, these systems are an attractive target for development of more effective treatments for cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an astrocyte-derived metabolite of the tryptophan degradation pathway that can, at various concentrations, decrease activation of both NMDA receptors and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs). However, as kynurenic acid competes with glycine to bind at the glycineB site of the NMDA receptor, at physiological concentrations it likely acts primarily at the α7 nicotinic receptor. Through this mechanism, manipulations of KYNA can bidirectionally modulate levels of a variety of neurotransmitters, including glutamate, dopamine, and acetylcholine. Furthermore, levels of KYNA are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortical tissue of schizophrenic patients. Thus, pathological increases in KYNA may play a role in the cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia by negatively modulating neurotransmitters critical for cognitive processing. Studies observing elevated KYNA levels in schizophrenic patients were performed only after clinical onset of the disorder, so it is unknown when increases in KYNA levels begin. However, a great deal of evidence suggests that the etiology of schizophrenia is neurodevelopmental in nature, such that early developmental insults result in abnormalities that do not manifest until early adulthood. The present thesis examined cognitive flexibility performance following elevated KYNA either in adulthood or early in development. The first set of experiments revealed that acute kynurenine administration (100 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired reversal learning and extradimensional set shifting, and this deficit was reversed by co-administration with the α7nAChR positive allosteric modulator galantamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.), indicating that the effects of kynurenine on set shifting performance are due to action of increased KYNA on α7nAChRs. Furthermore, the effect of kynurenine on set shifting performance is likely due to action at α7nAChRs specifically within the PFC, as intra-PFC administration of galantamine (5 µM) reversed extradimensional set shifting deficits similarly to systemically administered galantamine. The second set of experiments examined the effects of early developmental kynurenine administration (100 mg/day in food from ED15 to PND 22) on subsequent cognitive flexibility in adulthood. Developmental kynurenine administration resulted in impaired extradimensional set shifting and reversal learning. Interestingly, acute galantamine administration (3 mg/kg) prior to task onset restored performance in reversal learning and extradimensional set shifting, implicating dysregulation of α7nAChRs in the deficits induced by developmental kynurenine. These data support the use of developmental manipulations of KYNA production as an animal model of schizophrenia. Furthermore, pharmacotherapies that act to normalize KYNA function in SZ patients may be effective in treating the cognitive deficits observed in this patient population.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bruno, John P.
Subjects: Neurosciences; Psychobiology; Psychology
Keywords: KYNA, kynurenine, cognitive flexibility, schizophrenia, acetylcholine, glutamate, prefrontal cortex
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12.
Anderson, Michelle.
Perceived discrimination and worldview: the relationship to health status among patients with diabetes.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2007, Ohio State University
► Research suggests there are remarkably different health experiences for African Americans and…
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▼ Research suggests there are remarkably different health experiences for African Americans and European Americans. One area where the health disparity between African Americans and the majority culture is prevalent and growing is the disease diabetes mellitus (diabetes). Most important to this issue is the still limited knowledge of which factors account for these differences in health outcomes and quality of life. The proposed study examined two key factors: perceptions of discrimination and worldview (i.e. Afrocentric versus Eurocentric), as they relate to the impact of diabetes on health status and quality of life for individuals. It was predicted that greater perceived discrimination would be significantly correlated with poor health outcomes. A moderating relationship for worldview was predicted in the relationship between perceived discrimination and health outcomes, with a more Afrocentric or optimal worldview predicted to attenuate the relationship between perceived discrimination and poor health outcomes. An interaction between race, worldview and perceived discrimination was also predicted to impact health outcomes. African Americans who reported a more Afrocentric worldview should show a stronger attenuation effect for worldview on perceived discrimination and poor health outcomes compared to their European American counterparts with a similar worldview orientation. Using a two-study, cross sectional correlational design, the first study examined the psychometric properties of measures of perceived discrimination and worldview. The second study examined the hypothesized relationships amongst perceived discrimination, worldview and health status among diabetic patients using hierarchical regression analysis. There was no evidence of a moderating effect of worldview on perceived discrimination and health outcomes. There was limited support for a relationship between perceived discrimination and health outcomes. Results and limitations of the current studies are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Myers, Linda J.
Keywords: perceived discrimination; worldview; diabetes mellitus
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13.
Anderson, Steven Louis.
Measuring the sources of social self-efficacy.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 1998, Ohio State University
► This study sought to improve a measure of the sources of social…
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▼ This study sought to improve a measure of the sources of social self-efficacy (the Social Sources Scale (SSS)), which was developed as a part of Anderson (1996). The internal consistency reliability of the original SSS was inadequate (.79). By revising that scale in this study the alpha was increased to .94. Also, Anderson (1996) tested only a portion of Bandura’s (1977) theory of self-efficacy as it pertains to the social domain. While that study only measured the sources of social self-efficacy, this study sought to see how the SSS related to given outcomes of social self-efficacy (i.e., depression, social anxiety, shyness, and social risk-taking), as well as two criterion measures of social self-efficacy. Results of this study supported Bandura’s theory. Results also provide evidence that the instrument revised as a part of this study (the SSS) shows promise for use in counseling and research settings to measure the antecedents of an individual’s sense of social self-efficacy.
Advisors/Committee Members: Betz, Nancy E.
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14.
Arbuckle, Nathan L.
Exploring the Conflict between Self-Interest and Concern for Others.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2011, Ohio State University
► Humans are social animals, in that we are adapted for living in…
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▼ Humans are social animals, in that we are adapted for living in groups and require assistance from others to survive (Caporael & Brewer, 1995). Thus, it stands to reason that people would not be solely self-interested, but instead would care about the welfare of other people some of the time. Indeed, a great deal of research has demonstrated the extent to which people are social, finding that loneliness is a risk factor for death (House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988), that people react negatively to minimal amounts of ostracism (Williams, 2007), and that people will give others money even when they have no reason to do so (Forsythe, Horowitz, Savin, & Sefton, 1994). Despite the wealth of evidence that seems to suggest that people do care about others, some argue that these are just varied expressions of self-interest. The purpose of the current research was to develop and test a new measure of concern for others that lacks obvious egoistic counter-explanations. In doing so, this research will examine personality and situational variables that affect concern for others, and will examine the neural correlates of concern. Study 1 introduces this measure, the dual gamble task, and finds that people are not solely self-interested even when egoistic reasons for showing concern for others are stripped away. Further, this study finds that there is reliable variation by personality, in that those high in empathy show more concern for others, and those high in psychopathy show less concern. Studies 2 and 3 investigate the relationship between personality and situational manipulations of concern, demonstrating that those high in psychopathy will show concern for others if they are properly motivated to do so. Finally, study 4 examines the neural correlates of concern for others, finding that those high in empathy react to others’ decisions and outcomes much in the same way they do their own. Together, these studies demonstrate that people are not solely self-interested, and highlight the importance of individual differences in concern for others.
Advisors/Committee Members: Cunningham, William.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: selfish; selfless; psychopathy; empathy
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15.
Arenth, Patricia McSweeney.
Exploring the use of social comparison by individuals recovering from traumatic brain injury.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2003, Ohio State University
► This study explores the use of social comparison by individuals who have…
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▼ This study explores the use of social comparison by individuals who have sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBI) as part of the process of recovery and adjustment within the first year following injury. Two separate groups of participants were studied: The first group was surveyed within one month of discharge from treatment at an inpatient Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Unit at a large mid-western university medical center. The second group was surveyed at approximately 6 months post-discharge from the same facility. Groups were compared based on their responses to instruments measuring physical and mental health, need for comparison, subjective well-being (composed of satisfaction with life and positive and negative affectivity), and level of disability. Questions regarding support group participation were compared between groups. Subjects’ ratings of themselves as compared to others with TBI, as well as recollections of their physicians’ predictions of recovery were also assessed. Correlations from the present study were also compared with those presented in a model by VanderZee, Buunk, DeRuiter, Tempelar, VanSonderen and Sanderman (1996) which evaluated social comparison activity by individuals diagnosed with cancer. Results of the current study suggested that, despite significant levels of disability, individuals with TBI may make use of social comparison activity to maintain subjective well-being with some success, at least early in recovery. It appears that there may be factors that reduce the effectiveness of social comparison activity as time post injury progresses. Significant differences were not found between groups in terms of direction of comparison, however participants reported the use of downward comparison activity resulting in a positive affective response most frequently. Possible mediating factors, as well as implications for adjustment and support group participation are discussed. Findings suggested a fair match between the current study and the model presented by VanderZee et al. (1996). Possible reasons for the differences are discussed. Limitations of this study included sample size and possible demographic variables affected by setting and geography. Additional areas for future consideration are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Schmidt, Lyle D.
Keywords: Social Comparison; Traumatic Brain Injury; Adjustment to Disability
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17.
Ashmore, Jamile A.
Marital adjustment among COPD patients participating in exercise rehabilitation.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2003, Ohio State University
► Previous research suggests that marriage and marital satisfaction is associated with morbidity…
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▼ Previous research suggests that marriage and marital satisfaction is associated with morbidity and mortality across various chronic diseases. However, no studies have examined marital adjustment in the context of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) participating in exercise rehabilitation, despite evidence suggesting that COPD may lead to marital distress. Fifty-two patients with COPD and their partners were evaluated on measures of marital adjustment before and after an 8-week exercise rehabilitation program. Patients were evaluated on measures of psychological well-being, pulmonary function, functional capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life. Specific hypotheses tested included: 1) marital adjustment and quality of life among COPD patients and their partners will be poor compared to a healthy normative sample, 2) depression and anxiety will mediate the relationship between marital adjustment and quality of life, 3) dyspnea will mediate the relationship between marital adjustment and quality of life, 4) marital adjustment will moderate the relationship between functional capacity and quality of life, 5) anxiety, depression, dyspnea, functional capacity, quality of life, and marital adjustment will improve over time among patients participating in an 8-week exercise rehabilitation program, and 6) baseline marital adjustment will predict changes in dyspnea, functional capacity, quality of life, depression, and anxiety over an 8-week rehabilitation program. Results indicated several findings including: 1) contrary to expectations, patient and partner marital adjustment was high, 2) socioeconomic status was associated with patient functioning but not marital adjustment, 3) marital adjustment was associated with psychological well-being, functional capacity, and quality of life, 4) depression and anxiety mediated the relationship between marital adjustment and quality of life except when controlling for social support, 5) quality of life, functional capacity, and marital adjustment improved over time, and 6) drop-out from rehabilitation was associated with baseline levels of well-being and quality of life. These results suggest that marital adjustment is a relevant variable associated with patients suffering from COPD. However, measures of marital functioning beyond marital adjustment and a revised model of COPD may lead to a better understanding of the disease.
Advisors/Committee Members: Emery, Charles F.
Keywords: marriage; marital adjustement; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COPD; exercise; exercise rehabilitation
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18.
Ashton, Kathleen R.
The public image of psychologists : development and validation of an attitudes toward psychologists scale.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2001, Ohio State University
► The literature on the public image of psychology has indicated that the…
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▼ The literature on the public image of psychology has indicated that the public generally has positive perceptions of psychologists yet continues to hold some specific negative attitudes toward psychologists. In addition, the research regarding knowledge about psychologists and the relationships between attitudes toward psychologists and other factors has remained unclear. Limitations in the literature have included the lack of information regarding the public image of psychologists among racial/ethnic minority groups, lack of common measurement of attitudes toward psychologists, and confusion between knowledge about psychologists versus attitudes toward psychologists.Based on these findings, a measure of attitudes toward psychologists, the Attitudes Toward Psychologists Inventory (ATPI), was constructed in the current study using a sample of 416 university students. Factor analysis suggested that the ATPI has a single factor structure of positive versus negative attitudes toward psychologists, accounting for 36% of the total variance. Reliability analyses suggested the 26-item ATPI had both high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The ATPI was highly correlated with other measures of attitudes toward psychologists and not highly correlated with socioeconomic status or social desirability, suggesting both convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, attitudes toward psychologists as measured by the ATPI were positively related to knowledge about psychologists and contact with psychologists, and negatively related to fear of psychotherapy and a negative network orientation, suggesting construct validity. Gender and racial/ethnic group comparisons suggested that European American college students held more positive attitudes toward psychologists than African American and Asian American college students. In particular, European American women held more positive attitudes toward psychologists than any other racial/ethnic group-gender combination. The results suggested that college students in the present study held a slightly positive attitude toward psychologists overall, while knowledge about psychologists was only fair, with particular deficits in knowledge regarding training, ethical codes, and roles of psychologists. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Highlen, Pamela S.
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20.
Augustus-Horvath, Casey L.
A Test and Extension of an Acceptance Model of Intuitive Eating with Younger and Older Women.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2008, Ohio State University
► An acceptance model of intuitive eating has been empirically supported with traditionally-aged…
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▼ An acceptance model of intuitive eating has been empirically supported with traditionally-aged female undergraduates (Avalos and Tylka, 2006). The present study extends this research by testing its tenets with women aged 18-24 (n=307) and women aged 25-79 (n=381). Latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) with multiple group analysis was used to test model invariance and evaluate the proposed pathways among this model's core constructs (general unconditional acceptance, body acceptance from others, body function, body appreciation, intuitive eating). Findings were consistent for both groups of women. After controlling for body mass, general unconditional acceptance (i.e., perceived social support) directly predicted body appreciation by others. Body appreciation by others predicted body function and body appreciation. Body function, then, predicted body appreciation and intuitive eating. Finally, body appreciation predicted intuitive eating for participants of the present study. Analyses also indicated model invariance. These results replicated and extend findings of Avalos and Tylka (2006), suggesting that the acceptance model extended to women older than traditionally-aged undergraduates; however, the core constructs may be associated at somewhat different strengths for older and younger women.
Advisors/Committee Members: Betz, Nancy.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: intuitive eating, objectification theory, older women, body appreciation, body acceptance
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21.
Ayr, Lauren K.
Dimensions of post-concussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injury.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2007, Ohio State University
► The dimensions of post-concussive symptoms (PCS) associated with pediatric mild traumatic head…
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▼ The dimensions of post-concussive symptoms (PCS) associated with pediatric mild traumatic head injuries (mild TBI) were examined in a prospective, longitudinal study of 186 8- to 15-year-old children with MHI and a comparison group of 99 children with orthopedic injuries (OI). Parents and children completed a 50-item questionnaire within 2 weeks of injury and again at 3 months post injury, rating the frequency of PCS on a 4-point scale. Common factor analysis with target rotation was used to rotate the ratings to four hypothesized dimensions, representing cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. The rotated factor matrix for baseline parent ratings was consistent with the target matrix. The rotated matrix for baseline child ratings was consistent with the target matrix for cognitive and somatic symptoms but not for emotional and behavioral symptoms. The rotated matrices for ratings obtained 3 months post injury were largely consistent with the target matrix derived from analyses of baseline ratings, except that parent ratings of behavioral symptoms did not cluster as before. Additional exploratory analyses comparing younger children to older children revealed similar results to the total group for both child-rated and parent-rated symptoms. Injury group exploratory analyses suggested that child- and parent-rated symptom dimensions may be different for the OI group than the mild TBI group. Parent and child ratings of PCS yield consistent factors reflecting cognitive and somatic symptom dimensions, but dimensions of emotional and behavioral symptoms are less robust across time and raters.
Advisors/Committee Members: Yeates, Keith O.
Subjects: Psychology, Clinical
Keywords: traumatic brain injury; mild trauamtic brain injury; pediatric brain injury; factor analysis
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28.
Barden, Jamie C.
A comprehensive process from anteceedents of elaboration to strength consequences: mediation by the perception of the extent of elaboration.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2005, Ohio State University
► There is convergent evidence that the extent of elaboration on an attitude…
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▼ There is convergent evidence that the extent of elaboration on an attitude object enhances its overall strength in terms of outcomes such as attitude-behavior correspondence (Petty, Haugtvedt, and Smith, 1995). However, little is know about how this occurs. The current research suggests that individuals develop perceptions of the extent of elaboration, and these can impact the certainty with which they hold their attitudes, resulting in strength outcomes. Although prior research on meta-cognition has shown that perceptions of ease of thinking (Haddock et al., 1999) and resistance (Tormala and Petty, 2002) can affect attitude certainty, perceptions of the extent of thinking have not yet been shown to affect certainty. In a Pilot Study and Studies 1 and 2, perceived processing reflected actual processing resulting from message exposure time, need for cognition, and distraction. Perceived elaboration consistently mediated the impact of actual thoughts on certainty. In Study 2, manipulated distraction led to fewer thoughts, decreased perceived processing, decreased certainty and less attitude consistent behaviors. In Study 3, perceived elaboration was manipulated by rigging an Attention Quiz for success or failure. The quiz followed the persuasive message, so perceived elaboration was independent of actual thought. Quiz success resulted in greater perceived elaboration, more attitude certainty, and more attitude consistent behaviors. This is the first investigation to provide comprehensive support for a process from antecedents of elaboration to strength consequences, and the first to show that perceived processing can impact certainty whether it derives from actual thought or a source extraneous to thought.
Advisors/Committee Members: Petty, Richard E.
Subjects: Psychology, Social
Keywords: attitudes, persuasion, meta-cognition, certainty, elaboration
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29.
Barner, JeAndra M.
Sexual Fantasies, Attitudes, and Beliefs: The Role of Self-Report Sexual Aggression for Males and Females.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2003, Ohio State University
► Using self-reported data from male and female undergraduate college students in an…
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▼ Using self-reported data from male and female undergraduate college students in an introductory psychology class, the present study investigated the correlates of sexual aggression. Specifically focusing on how sexual aggression/coercion correlates with different types of sexual fantasies, sexual attitudes (using Burt’s Rape Myth Acceptance scales), and Sexual Self-Schema. Participants were broken down into the following groups: Rapists, Sexually Aggressives, and Virgins by gender. It was found that males were more likely than females to self-report a history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors. The results indicated that a self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion is correlated with higher numbers of self-reported deviant and aggressive sexual fantasies for all male groups except male virgins. A self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion is significantly correlated with frequency of fantasizing about deviant subject matter for all female groups; A self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion is significantly correlated with having greater repertoires of aggressive fantasies for all female groups except Rapists. Rape Myth Acceptance and Adversarial Sexual Beliefs were positively correlated with self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion for all groups except Rapists and Virgins; however, Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence was only significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually coercive behaviors. Positive Sexual Self-Schema was associated with a self-reported history of sexual aggression/ coercion for all groups except Rapists, male Virgins, and male Sexually Aggressives. The theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Beck, Steven J.
Subjects: Psychology, Behavioral
Keywords: Sexual Aggression; Sexual Coercion; Sexual Fantasies; Sexually Coercive Attitudes
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