Department: Human Nutrition and Food Management ![[clear]](close-x.png "Remove this limiter")
22 matches in the database.
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1.
Baker, Nancy Carol.
The Associations Among Dietary Fatty Acids, Plasma Fatty Acids, and Clinical Markers in Postmenopausal Women with Diabetes.
Degree: MS, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2009, Ohio State University
► The Women’s Diabetes Study was a clinical research study designed to evaluate…
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▼ The Women’s Diabetes Study was a clinical research study designed to evaluate the efficacy of fatty acid supplementation to the diet of post-menopausal women with diabetes. Conjugated linoleic acid and safflower oil were the treatment oils administered in this randomized, crossover design study. The purpose of this thesis research is to examine the baseline data taken from week 0 of the Women’s Diabetes Study in order to assess the relationships between dietary fatty acid consumption, plasma fatty acids, and markers of health. This is therefore, an observational study, a secondary analysis of the Women’s Diabetes Study.The first hypothesis states that dietary fatty acid consumption would predict for plasma fatty acid composition. The second hypothesis states that plasma fatty acids would predict for health markers including fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, QUICKI, HOMA IR, total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, CRP and IL6, two markers of inflammation, waist circumference, total body and trunk fat as measured by DEXA, adiponectin, and leptin. Two resulting aims from these hypotheses were to determine if underreporting of energy consumption could have confounded the dietary results and whether the use of oral hypoglycemic and statin medications could impact the markers of health. We had anticipated correlations for linoleic acid, C18:2n6, an essential fatty acid, and for elaidic acid, C18:1n9, the most common industrially produced trans fat in the diet since neither are synthesized in the body; however, dietary and plasma levels of linoleic acid and elaidic acid were not correlated. Instead, dietary myristic acid, C14:0, was positively correlated with its plasma fatty acid. These data were unable to show a consistent relationship between diet and plasma fatty acid composition. Upon examining the resting metabolic rate (RMR) as computed from the Mifflin St. Jeor equation, 32% of the subjects had less energy intake than their RMR. This suggests that energy intake was underreported in this study, possibly confounding the dietary to plasma fatty acid correlations. Long chain omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids including C:20:4n6, C20:5n3, and C22:6n3 were correlated with positive health markers. Arachidonic acid, required in the pro-inflammatory pathway of eicosanoid production, had no unhealthy correlations. Levels of arachidonic acid were inversely related to the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL. Levels of plasma NEFA positively predicted for both trunk and total body fat. The saturated fat, myristic acid, was inversely related to both trunk and total body fat in the regression models. Plasma fatty acids were indeed related to health markers. Subjects taking a thiazolidinedione (TZ) or a biguanide had a significantly increased BMI and waist circumference. Additionally, subjects on biguanide had significantly increased weight and trunk fat while TZ users had a significantly increased HbA1c level, all of which were unexpected findings. Subjects taking a statin showed reductions in lipid and CRP levels, as expected. Drugs used for managing glycemia and lipids appeared to have effects that were significant in our models. Future research examining the plasma levels of arachidonic acid and myristic acid is merited based on the outcomes of this study.
Advisors/Committee Members: Belury, Martha.
Subjects: Nutrition
Keywords: diabetes; postmenopausal women; dietary fatty acids; underreporting; plasma fatty acids, arachidonic acid, myristic acid
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2.
Branscum, Paul Wesley.
An Outcome and Process Evaluation of ‘Food Fit:’ A Theory Based Childhood Overweight Prevention Curriculum.
Degree: MS, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2008, Ohio State University
► In the United States, the prevalence of childhood overweight has more than…
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▼ In the United States, the prevalence of childhood overweight has more than tripled in the past three decades. Among risk factors commonly associated with this increase, poor diet quality has been noted as a major contributor and promising area for intervention. However, mostly mixed and modest outcomes have been reported for many child-based interventions that aim to improve diet quality. This is reportedly due to limitations that have been noted in their methodology, design, implementation, and evaluation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a new theoretically based (Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)) nutrition curriculum Food Fit (FF), designed to overcome limitations noted from previous studies. The FF program was implemented and evaluated with children at five after school sites (n=58). Evaluations included a per lesson pre and posttest to evaluate psychosocial variables of SCT (behavioral capabilities (BC), self-efficacy (SE), and outcome expectancies (OE)) and a standardized instrument was administered to evaluated dietary behaviors. A process evaluation was used to assure program integrity. At the end of each lesson, children were given a free choice between food items categorized as either healthy-choice (HC) or unhealthy-choice (UC), and reported the main reason for their selection after choosing. Differences in psychosocial variables were evaluated between the children in these two groups. Statistically significant increases were found for specific psychosocial variables (i.e. self efficacy for eating fruit as a snack (p<.03), positive outcome expectancies for eating raw vegetables (p<.009)), as well as related dietary behaviors (increased consumption of fruits and vegetables as snacks (p=.0014), citrus fruits and juice (p=.0209), raw vegetables (p=.0006), and increased use of the food label (p=.0017)). Most children who chose an UC reported taste most frequently, while those who chose a HC reported a positive health attribute (such as has less sugar) most frequently. Children who chose a HC also appeared to have higher OE scores than children who chose an UC. These results suggest that participation in the FF program can positively and significantly enhance psychosocial varialbes of SCT related to specific dietary behaviors, which in turn, correspondes with signficicant improvements in these dietary behaviors.
Advisors/Committee Members: Kaye, Gail.
Subjects: Nutrition
Keywords: Childhood Overweight; Social Cognitive Theory; Health Promoting Interventions
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3.
Burch, Florence M.
The development of materials for a course of instruction on the history of nutrition.
Degree: MS, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 1979, Ohio State University
► A syllabus and materials were developed for a course of instruction on…
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▼ A syllabus and materials were developed for a course of instruction on the history of nutrition. Books and other publications were searched for events, personages and dates pertinent to the emergence of nutrition as an independent field of study. A questionnaire was developed and sent to students who had recently completed a similar course requesting their suggestions. The history of nutrition science was traced from its inception in ancient times to the present. Reports of research in chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and related sciences provided the series of items which was organized into a chronological history of events as Study Guide: Part I, on which the class schedule was then based. Study Guide: Part II was prepared as a second approach to teaching the histories of special nutrients or nutrition-related topics, and each was handled separately to provide a rapid and comprehensive reference to a given subject. Supplementary materials and reference lists were prepared and suggestions made for additional publications to be placed on library closed reserve. Specific topics or activities were assigned for each of the thirty lecture periods.
Advisors/Committee Members: Vivian, Virginia M.
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4.
Casagrande, Gina M.
Registered Dietitian’s Personal Beliefs and Characteristics Predict Their Teaching or Intention to Teach Fresh Vegetable Food Safety.
Degree: MS, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2009, Ohio State University
► In the United States, the most popular fresh produce is fresh-cut salads,…
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▼ In the United States, the most popular fresh produce is fresh-cut salads, with sales of $2.7 billion per year. Consumers may not be knowledgeable about fresh vegetable food safety and an increasing number of foodborne disease outbreaks are linked to fresh vegetable consumption. Registered dietitians (RDs) are considered the spokespeople for food and nutrition and therefore have a professional responsibility by standards of practice to incorporate food safety into their client/patient education. But, are they including this information in their client/patient education? This study used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to determine RD’s personal characteristics and beliefs about teaching fresh vegetable food safety that predict whether they currently teach, intend to teach, or neither currently teach nor intend to teach fresh vegetable food safety to their clients/patients. A survey was created for web implementation to determine three types of salient beliefs: normative (n), behavioral (b), and control (c). These were evaluated as three independent belief variables: Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), Attitudes (Atd), and Subjective Norm (SN). Variables were evaluated using five-point Likert scales. Three hundred and twenty seven RDs who participate in direct client/patient education responded to this survey. Spearman correlation analysis was completed to determine the variables that correlated best with current teaching behavior. Multinomial logistical regression was conducted to determine if the TPB belief variables significantly predicted RD’s teaching behavior. Binary logistic regression was used to determine which variable was the better predictor of whether the RD currently taught. After controlling for age, income, political philosophy, education, and gender, the multinomial logistical regression was significant (R2 =0.35, p≤0.001). Therefore the TPB significantly predicted RD’s current fresh vegetable food safety teaching behaviors. PBC was the better predictor of whether an RD currently taught fresh vegetable food safety (R2=0 .19, P≤0.001). Having confidence in fresh vegetable food safety knowledge, being socially influenced to teach, and having positive attitudes towards the behavior significantly affected whether an RD currently taught. These results may be used to create more effective food safety curriculum for RDs.
Advisors/Committee Members: Medeiros, Lydia.
Subjects: Nutrition
Keywords: Food Safety; The Theory of Planned Behavior
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5.
Cenky, Marti A.
The Effect of Digestive Modification on the Anticancer Activity of Tea Catechins in the HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cell Line.
Degree: MS, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2009, Ohio State University
► Epidemiological evidence suggests that increased consumption of catechin-rich tea is associated with…
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▼ Epidemiological evidence suggests that increased consumption of catechin-rich tea is associated with reduced risk of gastrointestinal cancers. However, the effects of digestive conditions on the anticancer activity of tea and catechins have been largely ignored. The present study compared the anticancer activities of undigested (raw) and digested tea extracts/catechins in colon cancer cell line HT-29. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay and the concentration of extracts required to reduce cell viability by 50% (IC50) was determined. Raw material green tea and EGCG extracts showed significantly lower IC50 than the respective digestive compounds. There was no difference in IC50 between raw and digested black tea. Intracellular oxidation was measured by the DCF assay. No difference in intracellular oxidation was observed between raw and digested extracts. These data suggest that digestive conditions impact the anticancer activity of tea catechins; however the mechanism impacted by digestion is not yet known.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bomser, Joshua.
Subjects: Food science; Health; Nutrition; Oncology
Keywords: Tea Catechins; EGCG; Colon Cancer; HT-29
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7.
Chitchumroonchokchai, Chureeporn.
Lutein and zeaxanthin: use of in vitro models to examine digestive stability, absorption, and photoprotective activity in human lens epithelial cells.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2004, Ohio State University
► Lutein and zeaxanthin are selectively accumulated in the lens and macular region…
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▼ Lutein and zeaxanthin are selectively accumulated in the lens and macular region of the retina. It has been suggested that these xanthophylls protect ocular tissues against ultraviolet radiation and reactive oxygen species that can cause cataracts and age-related macula degeneration. Insights regarding the absorption of dietary xanthophylls for delivery to ocular tissues are limited. My first objective was to examine factors affecting the transfer of lutein and zeaxanthin from foods to micelles during simulated digestion Test foods included spinach, wolfberry, orange pepper, squash, mango and lutein supplement. Micellarization of lutein and zeaxanthin during the small intestinal phase of digestion exceeded that of beta-carotene and was greater for xanthophylls in oil-based supplements than in spinach. Xanthophyll esters were decreased and non-esterified xanthophylls increased during simulated digestion as a result of cholesterol esterase activity. The efficiency of micellarization of free and esterified forms of the xanthophylls differed with micellarization of free zeaxanthin/lutein > zeaxanthin/lutein mono-esters > zeaxanthin/lutein di-esters. Apical uptake of lutein from micelles by human intestinal cells was linear for 4 hours. Stimulation of chylomicron synthesis was associated with secretion of only 7.6 +/- 0.1% of cellular lutein. The activities of acquired xanthophylls within enterocytes merits investigation. Although a photoprotective effect of xanthophylls in ocular tissue has been proposed, direct support is lacking. Therefore, the second objective of my study was to examine the effects of xanthophylls on lipid peroxidation and the mitogen-activated stress signaling pathways in human lens epithelial (HLE) cells following UVB irradiation. Pre-treatment of cultures with either 2 micromol/L lutein, zeaxanthin and astaxanthin for 4h before exposure to 300 J/m2 UVB radiation decreased lipid peroxidation and attenuation of c-JUN NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 by 47-57%, 50-60% and 25-32%, respectively. Significant inhibition of UVB-induced activation of JNK and p38 was observed for cells containing < 0.20 and 0.30 nmol xanthophyll/mg protein, respectively, whereas greater than 2.3 nmol alpha-TC/mg protein was required to significantly decrease UVB-induced stress signaling. These data suggest that physiological concentrations of xanthophylls protect cultured human lens epithelial cells against UVB irradiation. In vivo assessment of the photoprotective activities of xanthophylls is warranted.
Advisors/Committee Members: Failla, Mark L.
Subjects: Health Sciences, Nutrition
Keywords: Caco-2 cells, in vitro model, lutein, photoprotection, UVB, xanthophylls, zeaxanthin
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8.
Collins, Michael Dwain.
Understanding the relationships between leader-member exchange (LMX), psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, and turnover intent in a limited-service restaurant environment.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2007, Ohio State University
► The present research studies the relationship between Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), psychological empowerment,…
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▼ The present research studies the relationship between Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention within the context of an upscale, limited-service restaurant environment. Participants responded to an online survey in which these constructs were measured utilizing the LMX-7 to measure the quality of the LMX relationship, twelve (12) items to measure the perceived level of psychological empowerment, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (short-form) to assess job satisfaction, and four (4) items to determine turnover intentions. Principle component analysis was conducted in order to determine the factor structure of the constructs. Structural equation modeling was utilized to test the six (6) proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal that the quality of the LMX relationship and the level of psychological empowerment have significant, direct linear relationships with job satisfaction. Surprisingly, job satisfaction is not found to have a statistically significant relationship with turnover intention for the sample group as a whole while psychological empowerment proves to be the most reliable predictor of turnover intention. Discussion highlights the relationships between the variables with different sub-sets of the sample based upon demographic information. Implications for practitioners and future research are also discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: George, R. Thomas.
Keywords: Leader-Member Exchange, LMX, psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, employee turnover
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9.
Geraghty, Maureen Elizabeth.
Physiological and molecular indicators of change in the intestinal microflora of postmenopausal women consuming soy and fructooligosaccharides (FOS).
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2006, Ohio State University
► The benefits of soy in postmenopausal women have been studied extensively. Dietary…
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▼ The benefits of soy in postmenopausal women have been studied extensively. Dietary isoflavones are predominantly glycoside conjugates requiring enzymatic cleavage of the glucose moiety prior to absorption from the gut. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are preferentially metabolized by beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus), which produce these glucosidases. It has been reported that the feeding of FOS enhances excretion of isoflavones in Sprague-Dawley rats.A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted, with 24 postmenopausal women being randomized to SOY + FOS or to SOY + Placebo. Isoflavone absorption, as estimated from urine isoflavone excretion, was measured via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Stool enzyme assays (ß-galactosidase) and molecular analyses of microbial growth (polymerase chain reaction product from stool-extracted DNA run with degradation gradient gel electrophoresis-DGGE) were performed. The absorption of the major isoflavones was moderately enhanced by FOS ingestion as determined by HPLC (Daidzein: 5-17%; Genistein: 17-34%, and Glycitein 12-20%). ß-galactosidase activity increased significantly in the FOS group (P = 0.02), suggesting an increase in total bacteria Microbial molecular results expressed as Diversity Index revealed statistically significant increases in bacterial number and density (P = 0.036) in women consuming soy and FOS. A significant correlation existed between ß-galactosidase and Diversity Index (r = 0.074). Non-supplement protein intake decreased significantly in both groups from Baseline to Treatment Periods (P = 0.005). Non-supplement caloric intake decreased as well. This indicates that nutrition counseling can enable postmenopausal women to adjust their diets so as to not to have a net increase in protein and calories when soy and FOS supplements are added. These results suggest a trend for the modest enhancement of urine isoflavone absorption in the FOS group. The increase in the total resident bacteria, as evidenced by the statistically significant rise in the Diversity Index, the ß-galactosidase stool enzyme activity, and the adjusted peak breath hydrogen underscore the magnitude of the physiological effects of the prebiotic, FOS, and soy on the microflora in postmenopausal women. This study provides a hypothetical model on which to base the design for further research to address the effects of soy and/or prebiotics on the microbiota of this population.
Advisors/Committee Members: Smith, Anne M.
Subjects: Biology, Microbiology
Keywords: isoflavones; soy; intestinal microflora; microbiota; fructooligosaccharides
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10.
Hancer, Murat.
An analysis of psychological empowerment and job satisfaction for restaurant employees.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2001, Ohio State University
► The current study investigated the relationship between employee empowerment and job satisfaction…
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▼ The current study investigated the relationship between employee empowerment and job satisfaction for restaurant employees. Specifically, it examined psychological empowerment, the dimensions of psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, and organizational variables affecting psychological empowerment. Organizational commitment as an outcome of job satisfaction of non-supervisory employees working in casual restaurants was also explored. Nine research questions were asked in the study. A survey instrument, including the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)- short form, was developed using various scales measuring psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, information accuracy, communication openness, trust, leader member exchange and training.Data was gathered from non-supervisory restaurant employees working in three casual restaurant chains located in Midwest United States. A total number of 924 surveys from 66 restaurants were used in the analysis. In addition to descriptive statistics, other analyses such as factor analysis, analysis of variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used to investigate the research questions. The results of this study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction. It is also found that psychological empowerment partially mediates the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The results of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire revealed a four-factor solution for the restaurant employees. Organizational factors, which were information accuracy, communication openness, leader member exchange quality, trust, and training played important roles in explaining psychological empowerment. Leader member exchange quality was found to be the strongest predictor of psychological empowerment. Implications of the findings for theory and practice were discussed in addition to the limitations and recommendations.
Advisors/Committee Members: George, R. Thomas.
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11.
Huber, Marsha M.
Measurement of Restaurant Manager Perceptions of Restaurant Management Information Systems.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2003, Ohio State University
► The strategic use of management information systems (MIS) can convey competitive value.…
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▼ The strategic use of management information systems (MIS) can convey competitive value. For this reason, it is important to understand which antecedents are associated with system success. By utilizing theoretical assumptions from several fields: strategic management, MIS, and hospitality, this study develops a model of Restaurant Management Information System (RMIS) success for the foodservice industry. The purpose of this study was to identify current information technology (IT) trends in the foodservice industry, to identify the types and quality of IT training and support offered to managers, and to develop and test the RMIS model. This study uses survey research. A survey was administered to restaurant managers (n = 243) to gather data about their system features and effectiveness. This study demonstrated several important findings. First, many foodservice establishments are utilizing systems more than indicated in earlier foodservice literature. Food and labor cost analyses, sales forecasts, server performance evaluations, menu analysis, and e-mail are commonly utilized by today’s restaurant manager. Second, this study provides support for contingency theory, that is, firms do not use systems equally. Full and quick service restaurants, chains and independents, and successful and unsuccessful restaurants all utilized systems differently. Third, this study provided partial support for systems implementation theory. This study found that training related to system success, but not support. The availability (hours) of support provided by the “help desk” did not relate to system success. Lastly, this study used regression analysis to test the RMIS research model. The first regression model of RMIS success, with decision-making support satisfaction as a dependent variable, exhibited a fit of .450. Four antecedents – system use, system quality, report quality, and training quality –were significant. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on the regression analysis, and the concept of FIT emerged as a potentially important dependent variable. This yielded an adjusted r2 of .608. Five antecedents – system quality, report quality, user competency, competitive rating, and ownership type –were significant. The adjusted r2 of .608 implies that FIT might be a better measure of system success than decision-making satisfaction for certain industries or levels of management.
Advisors/Committee Members: George, R. Thomas.
Subjects: Business Administration, General
Keywords: Restaurant Information Systems, Hospitality Information Technology, System Success, Restaurant Information Technology, Hospitality Information Systems
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12.
Hu, Hsin-Hui.
Personality types and consumer preferences for multiple currency usages: a study of the restaurant industry.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2005, Ohio State University
► The immense popularity of marketing promotions and loyalty programs has resulted in…
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▼ The immense popularity of marketing promotions and loyalty programs has resulted in the introduction of several new exchange media other than money. Therefore, consumers are increasingly able to pay for goods and services in a combination of currencies, not just in dollars. The current study examined the effects of personality traits – need for cognition and self-monitoring – on consumers’ preferences of currency usage in restaurant industry, and explored whether differences in restaurant segments were related to consumers’ currency preferences. It also presented and tested the conceptual model developed for this study. An experimental design was applied to test seven hypotheses that reflected the research question, whether individual differences and restaurant segments would influence consumers’ preference of the currency usage. Total of 471 participants were included in the study. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression was performed with SPSS and STATA to analyze the data. Results of the study indicated that the effects of self-monitoring and dining companions are significantly related to consumers’ currency preferences while restaurant segment and need for cognition have no significant impact on consumers’ currency preferences. It showed that high self-monitors are less likely to prefer the currency of points compared to dollars than low self-monitors. Moreover, consumers who dine alone are more likely to prefer to pay with points-only as opposed to dollars-only than consumers who dine with the boss. Additionally, high self-monitors dining alone were more likely to prefer to pay with combined-currency (dollars and points) or points-only than low self-monitors. On the other hand, high-self monitors dining with a boss were more likely to prefer to pay with dollars-only than to pay with dollars and points or points-only. The study identified the characteristics of consumers using the different currency options in foodservice industry. By understanding the individual personality differences of customers when using different currencies, restaurants could decide whether or not to implement different currency prices based on their target markets.
Advisors/Committee Members: Parsa, H.G.
Keywords: Consumer behavior,personality, restaurant, currency usage, marketing
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13.
Huo, Tianyao.
Impact of fatty acyl composition and quantity of triglycerides on bioaccessibility of dietary carotenoids.
Degree: MS, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2007, Ohio State University
► A carotenoid-rich salad meal with varying amounts and types of triglycerides (TG)…
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▼ A carotenoid-rich salad meal with varying amounts and types of triglycerides (TG) was digested using simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions. Xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) and carotenes (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene) in chyme and micelle fraction were quantified to determine digestive stability and the efficiency of micellarization (bioaccessibility). Micellarization of lutein (+zeaxanthin) significantly exceeded alpha- and beta-carotenes which significantly exceeded that of lycopene for all test conditions. Micellarization of carotenes, but not lutein (+zeaxanthin), was enhanced (P< 0.05) by addition of TG (2.5% v/w) to meal and dependent on fatty acyl length of chains in structured TG (c18:1 > c8:0 > c4:0). The degree of unsaturation of c18 fatty acyl chains in TG added to the salad puree did not significantly alter the efficiency of micellarization of carotenoids. Relatively low amounts of triolein and canola oil (0.5-1%) were required for maximum micellarization of carotenes, but more oil (~2.5%) was required when TG with medium chain length saturated fatty acyl groups (e.g., trioctanoin and coconut oil) was added to salad. Uptake of lutein and beta-carotene by Caco-2 cells also was examined by exposing cells to micelles generated during simulated digestion of salad purée with either triolein or trioctanoin. Cell accumulation of beta-carotene was independent of fatty acyl composition of micelles, whereas lutein uptake was slightly, but significantly, increased from samples with digested triolein compared to trioctanoin. The results show that in vitro transfer of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene from chyme to mixed micelles during digestion requires minimal (0.5-1%) lipid content in the meal and is affected by length of fatty acyl chains, but not degree of unsaturation, in TG. In contrast, fatty acyl chain length has limited, if any, impact on carotenoid uptake by small intestinal epithelial cells. These data suggest that the amount of TG in a typical meal does not limit the bioavailability of carotenoids. Reproduced with permission from J.Agric Food. Chem. 2007, 55 (22) , 8950-8957. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society
Advisors/Committee Members: Failla, Mark L.
Keywords: Bioavailability; bioaccessibility; carotenoids; in vitro digestion; Caco-2 cells
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14.
Levy, Mark.
The role of dietary zinc and CuZnSOD gene expression in response to oxidative stress in the lung and brain.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2003, Ohio State University
► The balance between the antioxidant defenses and the rate of production of…
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▼ The balance between the antioxidant defenses and the rate of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), or oxidative stress, is believed to be a critical factor that determines the extent of tissue injury in a number of diseases. The antioxidant defenses, which consist of a network of enzymes, proteins and low molecular weight scavengers, function to protect cellular components against the damaging effects of ROS. This dissertation work focuses on the functional role of two components of the antioxidant defense system: the trace element zinc, and the antioxidant enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD). This work was initiated based on accumulating evidence indicating that ROS mediated tissue injury may be a common pathogenic mechanism in several diseases associated with premature birth, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cerebral palsy, and that low antioxidant status may be a critical determinant of disease progression. We have hypothesized that low zinc nutritional status and reduced CuZnSOD activity increases the potential for ROS mediated tissue damage in lung and brain tissue. Further, we proposed that exposure to oxygen therapy, a common treatment strategy applied to premature infants, would markedly increase oxidative tissue damage in these tissues. To test this hypothesis we used an animal model to examine the effects of dietary zinc deficiency, reduced CuZnSOD expression and exposure to hyperoxia on oxidative tissue damage in lung and brain tissue. In addition, we examined the stress response of antioxidant metalloproteins that may play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis under oxidative stress, and have also performed a global analysis of gene expression in the brain of zinc deficient animals using cDNA microarray technology. Results from the first set of experiments demonstrated that exposure to hyperoxia increased oxidative tissue damage in the lung and also induced the expression of ceruloplasmin and metallothionein, suggesting that these metalloproteins may function as antioxidants in addition to their role in trace metal homeostasis. Subsequent work in brain tissue demonstrated that reduced expression of CuZnSOD increased oxidative tissue damage following exposure to hyperoxia, thus demonstrating the deleterious consequences of a compromised antioxidant defense system. And finally, the microarray analysis demonstrated that in the brain there are a number of genes from different cellular pathways whose expression is changed in response to zinc deficiency.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bray, Tammy.
Subjects: Health Sciences, Nutrition
Keywords: Zinc; CuZnSOD; Oxidative Stress; Brain; Lung; Gene Array
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15.
Long, Amy Carise.
Influence of environmental and chemical factors on cellular signaling in lens epithelial cells.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2007, Ohio State University
► Cataract is the leading cause of vision loss worldwide and is treated…
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▼ Cataract is the leading cause of vision loss worldwide and is treated only by surgical intervention. Oxidative stress-induced damage to the lens can accumulate with aging or exposure to environmental and/or chemical stressors. Lens epithelial cells (LEC) comprise the first cell layer exposed to stress, and LEC death is considered an initiating event in cataract development. Activation of stress-induced cell signaling pathways coordinates the LEC response to injury. The first objective of this research was to determine the mechanism(s) of cell death in human lens epithelial cells (HLE) exposed to environmental (ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation) and chemical stressors (hydrogen peroxide, (H 2O 2) and tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, (TBHP)). While all three stressors decreased HLE cell density, exposure to UVB resulted in changes in cell morphology, DNA fragmentation and annexin/propidium iodide staining consistent with apoptosis, whereas H 2O 2and TBHP treatment resulted in necrosis. Activation of signaling proteins such as JNK, c-Jun and DNA fragmentation factor 45 (DFF45) were observed only in UVB-treated cells. Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) facilitates nutrient transport in the lens, and is regulated by cell stress, cell signaling pathways and dietary compounds. The mechanism of this regulation is not clearly established, although changes in connexins, structural proteins of gap junction channels, is involved. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the major connexin present in LEC. The second objective of this research was to examine the role of cell signaling pathways and the dietary compounds, retinoids and carotenoids, in modulating GJIC in canine LEC. Treatment with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, TPA, significantly decreased GJIC in canine LEC and increased Cx43 phosphorylation. Inhibition of PKC partially restored TPA-inhibited GJIC and reduced Cx43 phosphorylation. Retinoic acid increased expression of Cx43 and enhanced GJIC in canine LEC. LEC utilize stress-induced signaling pathways to respond to environmental and chemical stressors. GJIC can be regulated by cell signaling pathways and dietary compounds in primary canine LEC. The long term application of this project includes a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which various stressors and dietary compounds modulate lens physiology and cataractogeneis in humans and animals.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bomser, Joshua A.
Subjects: Health Sciences, Nutrition
Keywords: lens epithelial cell; cell signaling; environmental stress; chemical stress; primary canine lens; apoptosis; gap junction communication; connexin; retinoids; carotenoids; antioxidant; cataract
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16.
Njite, David.
Examining brand associations that influence consumers' restaurant preferences.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2005, Ohio State University
► Extant branding literature holds that, strong brands evoke brand associations that are…
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▼ Extant branding literature holds that, strong brands evoke brand associations that are differentiated readily from direct competitors. Additionally, brand theory asserts that the most powerful and enduring consumer-based brand associations deal with the intangible or abstract characteristics of the product rather than its functional or tangible attributes. To be able to understand why and how consumers evaluate brands, researchers and practitioners need a deeper understanding of the brand associations consumers develop when they use or come into contact with the brands, because brand preference is greatly influenced by the associations consumers develop. The purpose of this research was to develop a better understanding of the meaning of restaurant brands to consumers. To achieve its purpose, a multi-method research was designed to: (1) explore and examine brand associations of restaurants as described by consumers, and (2) understand the extent to which the identified dimensions of restaurant brands are prioritized by consumers in the selection of restaurants. Building on exploratory qualitative research, results of 20 interviews were utilized in data analysis. Transcription and content analysis of the interviews enabled categorization of the associations from which a model to depict the relationship between the categories of brands, restaurant sector and brand preference was developed. Hypotheses were developed from the existent literature and the results of the interviews. Through a self administered survey carried out in Study II, the conjoint analysis results indicated that: in the fine dining sector, employee-related brand associations play a significant role in consumer brand preference. In the quick service sector, price is a significant determinant of brand preference. Other findings indicate that consumer brand preference in both restaurant sectors is significantly influenced by employee competence and systems organization. Besides contributing to the methodology of studying brand associations, this dissertation contributes a theoretically- and empirically-based model of restaurant brands preference to the literature; providing a framework to understand the relationship between brand association, restaurant sectors, and consumer restaurant preference. By examining these fundamental aspects of restaurant branding, the model created should also be useful in future research regarding restaurant brand preferences.
Advisors/Committee Members: Parsa, H.G.
Keywords: Brand, Brand Associations, Fine-dining restaurant, Quick-Service restaurant
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17.
Powolny, Anna Aleksandra.
Diet, nutrition and prostate cancer angiogenesis.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2006, Ohio State University
► Prostate cancer is the most common visceral malignancy in American men with…
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▼ Prostate cancer is the most common visceral malignancy in American men with over 234,000 new cases diagnosed annually and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of death. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that genetics and environmental factors like diet and lifestyle influence prostate cancer risk. We examined energy balance as a factor associated with this disease. Firstly, we employed a rodent model of prostate tumorigenesis and fed rats ad libitum or at 40% dietary restriction. We hypothesized that energy intake modulates the IGF-I axis to alter tumor growth through the regulation of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) expression, a critical promoter of new blood vessel formation. Our studies concluded that reduced dietary intake decreases the activity of the IGF-I system and expression of VEGF in vivo and in vitro. Subsequently, we used the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) cohort to study the relationship between diet and prostate tumor angiogenesis. The HPFS was initiated in 1984 when 51,529 men were recruited and have since been monitored. From this cohort, we procured approximately 1000 radical prostatectomy samples and utilized them for subsequent studies. Firstly, we examined differences in vascular architecture between normal and cancer tissue in 100 prostatectomy specimens. We then evaluated vessel number, size, and shape in relation to prostate cancer grade, stage and patient survival in 600 prostate cancer cases. We noticed that vascular architecture may be a predictor of lethal prostate cancer. Finally, we used the HPFS database to correlate tumor vascular architecture with selected nutrients intake. We observed a reduction in prostate cancer vascularity with increased vitamin D intake. We noticed reduced vascularity with increased body mass (obesity) which contradicts our original hypothesis. We propose that this may be due to selection bias caused by surgery being reserved for obese patients with excellent prognosis. Altogether, our studies elucidate the relationships between energy intake, IGF-I, and prostate tumor VEGF expression in a rodent model. Our epidemiological studies show that prostate tumor vascular architecture is different from normal prostate tissue and tumor vessels of greater number, smaller size, and irregular shape are associated with poor prognosis.
Advisors/Committee Members: Clinton, Steven K.
Subjects: Health Sciences, Nutrition
Keywords: prostate cancer, angiogenesis, energy restricion, energy balance
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18.
Rink, Cameron L.
Nutritional Intervention And Modeling Of Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2008, Ohio State University
► This dissertation describes nutrient based interventions for risk factors and outcomes affecting…
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▼ This dissertation describes nutrient based interventions for risk factors and outcomes affecting acute ischemic stroke and the development of a robust pre-clinical stroke model.Objective: The objectives of this dissertation were three-fold: (i) To characterize a basis for nutritional intervention of acute ischemic stroke risk factors by using niacin-bound chromium in the prevention of metabolic syndrome; (ii) to determine the in vivo significance of the natural vitamin E, α-tocotrienol (αT3), in neuroprotection following acute ischemic stroke; and (iii) to develop a pre-clinical model of acute ischemic stroke in a large animal setting to bridge the translational gap that exists between laboratory and clinical stroke research. Experimental approach and results: Prophylactic supplementation of niacin-bound chromium (NBC) complex significantly improved the lipid profile of obese mice exhibiting stroke risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Examination of the adipose tissue transcriptome using genome-wide microarray analysis revealed a myogenic response to NBC supplementation. Rodents subjected to acute ischemic stroke via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) had significantly reduced infarct volume when supplemented with the natural vitamin E αT3 as compared to placebo controls. The mechanism of neuroprotection by αT3 in cell culture study was related to inhibition of the cytosolic target 12-lipoxygenase (12-Lox). The active form of 12-Lox was reduced in stroke affected tissue of orally administered αT3 rats as compared to placebo controls. 12-Lox metabolizes arachidonic acid into 12-S-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-S-HPETE). The rate of respiration in isolated cortical mitochondria was inhibited by incubation with 12-S-HPETE. Furthermore,12-S-HPETE promoted mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing inner membrane potential, and exacerbating permeability transition pore opening (PTP). 12-S-HPETE induction of PTP was inhibited in isolated brain mitochondria by co-treating them with αT3. Finally, we developed a minimally invasive, pre-clinical model of transient MCAO in canines which benefits from high inter-animal reproducibility due to the ability to visualize the occlusion event in real-time under guided c-arm fluoroscopy. Conclusions: This dissertation describes prospective nutritional interventions for stroke-related risk factors and stroke-induced infarction. Development of a pre-clinical model of stroke bridges the gap between laboratory benchwork and clinical study so that potential stroke therapeutics can be translated to the clinical setting.
Advisors/Committee Members: Sen, Chandan.
Subjects: Biomedical research; Cellular biology; Nutrition; Surgery
Keywords: stroke; metabolic syndrome; chromium; vitamin E; tocotrienol; tocopherol; middle cerebral artery; pre-clinical; model
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20.
Wang, Hong.
The expression and antilipolytic role of phosphodiesterase 4 in rat adipocytes in vitro.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2005, Ohio State University
► Elevated concentrations of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) may cause insulin resistance.…
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▼ Elevated concentrations of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) may cause insulin resistance. Inhibition of lipolysis reduces FFA availability and improves insulin sensitivity. Lipolysis is stimulated by increased concentration of cAMP. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyze cAMP and limit stimulation of lipolysis. PDE3B is the major isoform of PDE in rat adipocytes and mediates the antilipolytic effect of insulin. The present study showed that insulin inhibited lipolysis by 42.4% compared to the basal lipolysis (p<0.002). The specific PDE3 inhibitor cilostamide completely reversed insulin antilipolysis, whereas the specific PDE4 inhibitor rolipram did not reduce insulin antilipolysis. Korean ginseng extract (Panax ginseng; KGE) inhibited lipolysis by 49% compared to the basal lipolysis (p<0.002). Cilostamide and rolipram reduced KGE antilipolysis to 43% and 23.4% compared to basal conditions with the inhibitors, respectively. Moreover, combination of the PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors completely reversed KGE antilipolysis. In contrast with insulin, KGE did not affect phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB). RT-PCR showed that four subtypes of PDE4 gene were expressed in rat adipocytes. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that the gene expression of four PDE4 subtypes (A, B, C, D) relative to PDE3B was 7%, 19%, 19%, and 7%, respectively. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA) are two antilipolytic agents. PGE2 inhibited lipolysis by 84% compared to the basal condition (p<0.006). Cilostamide and rolipram reduced PGE2 antilipolysis to 76.3% and 46.6% compared to basal conditions with the inhibitors, respectively. The combination of cilostamide and rolipram reduced PGE2 antilipolysis to 17.5 %. PIA inhibited lipolysis by 92.2% compared to the basal lipolysis (p<0.006). Although cilostamide and rolipram alone did not affect PIA antilipolysis, combination of these two inhibitors reduced PIA antilipolysis to 56.8%. The results of PDE activity assay showed that PGE2 moderately increased the total PDE activity, PDE3 activity, and PDE4 activity in rat adipocytes. In contrast, PIA slightly decreased the total PDE activity and KGE did not change the total PDE activity. These data suggest that PDE4 plays an antilipolytic role in rat adipocytes. Both KGE and PGE2 antilipolysis are mediated by PDE4 in part. The signaling pathway for KGE antilipolysis is different from that activated by insulin.
Advisors/Committee Members: Failla, Mark.
Subjects: Health Sciences, Nutrition
Keywords: phosphodiesterase; free fatty acids; lipolysis; cAMP; ginseng
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21.
Warner, Julie Anne.
An Outcome and Follow-up Evaluation of ‘Food Fit’: A Theory Based Childhood Overweight Prevention Curriculum.
Degree: MS, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2009, Ohio State University
► Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of childhood overweight has more…
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▼ Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of childhood overweight has more than tripled in the United States. In the past, interventions aimed at improving children’s eating behavior have had mixed results. These modest results may be due to limitations in program design, implementation, or evaluation. ‘Food Fit’ (FF) is a 14 week theoretically based nutrition behavior change program designed to overcome limitations in previous interventions and promote behaviors associated with obesity prevention. Food Fit was developed using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) as a theoretical framework. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Food Fit’s impact on the SCT psychosocial constructs of behavioral capability (BC), self-efficacy (SE), and outcome expectancy (OE). While outcomes for children from middle-income communities who participated in FF have been favorable, FF has not been implemented with children from low-income communities. During the 2007-2008 school year FF was implemented at seven low-income after-school programs in Columbus, Ohio where the prevalence of obesity is higher than both the national averages and averages for the state of Ohio. One hundred eight children were enrolled in FF. Topics for the lessons included choosing lower calorie snack foods, choosing beverages without added sugars, and learning serving sizes. Pre-and post-tests were administered at each lesson to evaluate changes in BC, SE, and OE. A standardized instrument (Child Modified Food Behavior Checklist) was administered before, during, and after the program to evaluate dietary behaviors. Process evaluations were used to assure program integrity. Significant increases in behavioral capability were found for eleven of the fourteen lessons (overall p<.001). Significant dietary changes included: eat more than one type of vegetable per day (p=.003), eat more than two servings of vegetables per day (p=.019), and consume raw vegetables for snacks (p<.019). Compared to the previous study, which took place in a middle income group, this group had fewer self-reported changes in confidence (SE) and desire (OE) to use the skills discussed during the lessons. There was a significant increase in SE for only two of the fourteen lessons, and there were no increases in OE. A positive effect was found for all three constructs; BC had a medium effect size (.49) while SE and OE were considerably smaller (.15 and .10 respectively). Food Fit is very effective at impacting children’s behavioral capabilities, but less effective at impacting SE and OE in this low-income group. Reasons for the differences between the socioeconomic groups necessitate further investigation to assess the impact of poverty on children’s dietary behaviors.
Advisors/Committee Members: Kaye, Gail.
Subjects: Nutrition
Keywords: Nutrition education; behavior change; Social Cognitive Theory; Children; Overweight; Dietary behavior
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22.
Zhou, Xiaodong.
The effect of estrogen status on selenium metabolism in female rats.
Degree: PhD, Human Nutrition and Food Management, 2007, Ohio State University
► An association between male and female sex hormones and selenium status has…
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▼ An association between male and female sex hormones and selenium status has been reported in animals and humans. These relationships may be important in the regulation of selenium metabolism and relative to the possible use of selenium as an adjunct for treatment of hormone-related diseases such as breast cancer. The purpose of the first study was to examine the effect of estrogen status on the absorption, tissue distribution and metabolism of orally administered 75Se-selenite. Female Sprague Dawley rats were bilaterally ovariectomized and implanted with either a placebo pellet (OVX) or pellet with estradiol (OVX+E2) at 7 weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age, 60 µCi of 75Se as selenite was orally administered to each rat. Blood and organs were collected 1, 3, 6, and 24h after dosing. Although apparent absorption of 75Se was independent of estrogen status, hormone associated differences of 75Se levels were noted in plasma, RBC, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, brain, and thymus at certain times. Plasma selenoprotein P (SelP) in OVX+E2 group contained a greater percentage of administered 75Se at 3, 6 and 24h after gavage compared to OVX group. 75Se in plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) also was greater in OVX+E2 compared to OVX group at 24h. The second aim was to investigate the effect of estrogen status on selenium status in tissues, and on hepatic mRNA levels of SelP and GPx1. Estrogen significantly increased selenium status as measured by selenium concentration and GPx activity in plasma, liver, and brain. Selenium concentration in RBC was also increased by estrogen treatment. Selenium status in kidney and heart was independent of estrogen treatment. Real-time RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that both hepatic SelP and GPx1 mRNA were significantly increased by estrogen treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that estrogen status affects distribution of ingested selenium in tissue- and time-dependent manners. Expression of hepatic SelP and GPx was regulated by estrogen at both mRNA and protein levels. As SelP has been shown to function as a selenium transporter, estrogen regulation of SelP may play an important role in whole body metabolism of selenium.
Advisors/Committee Members: Smith, Anne M.
Keywords: selenium, estrogen, selenoproteins, ovariectomized rats
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