Department: Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences) ![[clear]](close-x.png "Remove this limiter")
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1.
Averyt, Jennifer C.
An Examination of Comorbid Pain Conditions in Type 2 Diabetes.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2012, Ohio University
► Both neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain conditions (e.g., arthritis and lower back pain)…
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▼ Both neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain conditions (e.g., arthritis and lower back pain) are common in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and are associated with higher levels of depression, lower quality of life (QOL), and less efficacious self-care. The current study sought to (a) examine the prevalence, chronicity, severity, and interference of comorbid pain conditions in a clinical sample of adults with T2DM, (b) explore the psychosocial correlates of pain conditions in adults with T2DM, and (c) examine the relationship between pain severity and self-care behaviors in adults with T2DM and determine whether or not self-efficacy mediates this relationship. Ninety-four adults with T2DM attending endocrinology clinics completed interviews and questionnaires about their experience of pain, psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, and self-care activities. Over 72% of patients endorsed symptoms of chronic pain. Of these patients, 60.3% reported non-neuropathic pain only, 5.9% reported having only neuropathic pain, and 33.8% endorsed having both neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain. Patients with both neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain had significantly lower QOL, higher levels of depression and anxiety, and lower levels of self-care activity than patients with no pain or non-neuropathic only pain. Pain-related self-efficacy was found to mediate the relationship between pain severity and diabetes self-care activities. Findings suggest that assessment of pain, particularly non-neuropathic pain, is important to consider in endocrinology settings. Treatment and recommendations to increase pain management self-efficacy may facilitate self-care practices in patients with T2DM and comorbid chronic pain conditions.
Advisors/Committee Members: Heckman, Bernadette.
Subjects: Clinical Psychology
Keywords: Diabetes; Chronic Pain; Comorbid Conditions; Psychiatric Comorbidity; Self-efficacy
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2.
Campbell, Nicole M.
Interactive Voice Response Systems and Reductions in Substance Use in Adults.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2009, Ohio University
► Despite the deleterious effects that substance use has on society, high rates…
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▼ Despite the deleterious effects that substance use has on society, high rates of relapse exist following treatment for substance use. This study investigated the effectiveness of an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system as a self-monitoring intervention to reduce substance use and alter substance use-related behaviors in a sample of patients (N=92) attending outpatient treatment for substance abuse or dependence in rural southeastern Ohio. Participants were randomly assigned to call an IVR system daily for 6 weeks or to a no-monitoring control condition. All participants completed baseline and follow-up measures. Results indicated that the vast majority of participants did not utilize the IVR system. No significant differences were found between the IVR and control condition.
Advisors/Committee Members: Heckman, Bernadette.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: Interactive Voice Response; IVR; Substance Use; Drug Use
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3.
Darchuk, Andrew J.
The Role of the Therapeutic Alliance and Its Relationship to Treatment Outcome and Client Motivation in an Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment Setting.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2007, Ohio University
► While motivation and therapeutic alliance have been found to be influential factors…
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▼ While motivation and therapeutic alliance have been found to be influential factors in the outcome of substance abuse treatment for adult populations, comparatively little is known about the potential impact of these variables on outcomes in adolescent substance abuse treatment. The present study examined the relationships between motivation and readiness for treatment, therapeutic alliance, treatment compliance, and outcome variables in a sample of adolescents in residential substance abuse treatment. Eighty-one adolescents participated in the study, in which they completed self-report measures of motivation and readiness prior to treatment, therapeutic alliance measures during treatment, and ratings of psychiatric problem severity and depressive symptomatology before and after their treatment episodes. Results indicated that initial alliance, as rated by clients or counselors on an adapted form of the Working Alliance Inventory (Horvath, 1981), was not associated with measures of treatment outcome, including discharge status, change in psychiatric symptoms, and clinician ratings of progress at discharge. Higher initial client-rated alliances were associated with fewer instances of severely inappropriate behavior over the course of treatment. However, positive counselor-rated alliance ratings obtained after session six of individual therapy significantly predicted greater progress in the treatment program and reductions in psychiatric problem severity as measured by the Ohio Youth Problem, Functioning, and Satisfaction Scale (Ogles, et al., 2000). Client-reported pre-treatment levels of problem recognition were negatively associated with client-rated alliance after session six of individual therapy, while high levels of treatment readiness predicted client ratings of the alliance at the same time point. In addition, high levels of problem recognition were associated with clients’ poor compliance with program rules over the course of treatment. Despite mixed findings, these results provide preliminary evidence that high levels of treatment readiness and positively-rated alliances are likely important factors in the successful treatment of adolescent substance abusers. The implications of the present findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Anderson, Timothy M.
Subjects: Psychology, Clinical
Keywords: Therapeutic Alliance; Motivation for Treatment; Adolescent Treatment; Substance Abuse
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4.
Davis, Elizabeth Helen.
Detection of Rupture-Repair Sequences in Patterns of Alliance Development: The Effects of Client vs. Therapist Raters and Therapist Training Status.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2005, Ohio University
► In an attempt to extend and replicate work by Kivlighan and Shaughnessy…
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▼ In an attempt to extend and replicate work by Kivlighan and Shaughnessy (2000) and Stiles et al. (2004) that showed client-reported rupture-repair sequences are associated with improved outcome, client and therapist WAI data from sessions 1,3,5, and 7 of a 7-session treatment in the Ohio University Helping Relationships Study are cluster analyzed. Clients (n=44) are undergraduates. Therapists are novice (n=5) and advanced (n=6) trainee graduate psychology students and graduate students in unrelated fields (n=12). Outcome is measured by IIP-C and OQ. Cluster analysis of client data reveals no quadratic pattern. Cluster analysis of therapist data reveals a quadratic pattern. Alternative coding reveals 5 client ruptures and 7 therapist ruptures. None is associated with outcome. Clients who indicate ruptures have high social skills. Four of five therapists have low Facilitative Interpersonal Skills. This work provides preliminary evidence that when therapists are interpersonally challenged, ruptures are not associated with outcome.
Advisors/Committee Members: Anderson, Timothy.
Subjects: Psychology, Clinical
Keywords: therapeutic alliance; psychotherapy process; process and outcome research; alliance patterns; alliance ruptures; therapeutic relationship; Facilitative Interpersonal Skills; therapist characteristics
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5.
Goldman, Elizabeth Davis.
Chicken or egg, Alliance or Outcome: An attempt to answer an age old question.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2008, Ohio University
► In an attempt to determine whether alliance is a cause of outcome…
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▼ In an attempt to determine whether alliance is a cause of outcome or an artifact of previous outcome, data from a naturalistic study of outcomes in the Psychology and Social Work Clinic at Ohio University are analyzed using regression and multilevel modeling. Clients (n = 43) completed the Outcome Questionnaire before each session and Working Alliance Inventory - Short Form Revised after each session. Regression and multilevel modeling were used to test whether when controlling for previous outcome, alliance predicts subsequent outcome. The two types of statistical analysis gave different results. Multilevel modeling supported the idea that alliance plays a causal role in client improvement, showing both that alliance predicts outcome and that outcome does not predict alliance. Results from regression were more equivocal. Alliance did not predict outcome, but outcome also did not predict alliance. Examination of the results tended to indicate that multilevel modeling is methodologically superior to regression when it comes to assessing the timeline of the relationship between the alliance and outcome. MLM (but not regression) showed initial severity also influences outcome and gave limited support to the possibility that security of attachment plays a role in the relationship between alliance and outcome. Lack of convergence in the literature is discussed in terms of differences in methodology and definitions of alliance. It is recommended that future research on the temporal relationship between alliance and outcome make use of multilevel modeling and incorporate observations at every session. The complexity and interrelatedness of the concepts studied is emphasized, and Hatcher and Barends' (2006) view of the alliance as a concept that is superordinate to specific factors is endorsed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Anderson, Timothy.
Subjects: Psychology; Psychotherapy
Keywords: therapeutic alliance working alliance; Outcome Questionnaire; Working Alliance Inventory; psychotherapy process; psychotherapy research
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6.
Greub, Becca L.
The Validity of the Letter Memory Test as a Measure of Memory Malingering: Robustness to Coaching.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2004, Ohio University
► The present study examined the utility of the Letter Memory Test (LMT)…
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▼ The present study examined the utility of the Letter Memory Test (LMT) in the identification of malingerers of cognitive deficits. The LMT is a computerized forced-choice test that includes two face validity manipulations: increase in stimulus length and increase of response choices. Performance on the LMT was compared in healthy controls and in participants with head injury, some of whom were asked to perform with best effort and others asked to simulate cognitive impairment following head injury. As an additional manipulation, those asked to simulate head injury were either warned about the potential for malingering detection or not. The LMT was administered in the context of a clinically relevant battery of neuropsychological assessments, using a counterbalanced design regarding early or late administration of the LMT and the 15-Item Test (FIT). A cutoff of 9 correct on the FIT and 93% correct on the LMT were used. As expected, the LMT was found to be insensitive to head injury, but sensitive to malingering and robust to detection warning. When comparing the two simulator groups (warned and naïve) with the two best effort groups (head injury and healthy), the LMT yielded 76% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 95% positive predictive accuracy and 81% negative predictive accuracy. The FIT yielded 17% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive accuracy, and 56% negative predictive accuracy. Additionally, the LMT correctly identified all of the malingerers that were identified by the FIT, but the FIT missed 32 of the malingerers that were identified by the LMT. Detrimental order effects were found for the FIT but not the LMT. The two face-validity manipulations of the LMT were also examined. For the two best effort groups and the warned simulator malingerers, performance across both target stimuli length and number of responses remained stable, while performance by the naïve group worsened as stimulus length and number of response choices increased. These results replicate earlier findings that indicate the LMT is an adequate measure of malingering of cognitive deficits and superior to the FIT. The results also extend earlier findings by demonstrating relative robustness of the LMT to coaching.
Advisors/Committee Members: Suhr, Julie A.
Subjects: Psychology, Clinical
Keywords: Memory Malingering; Cognitive Deficits; Letter Memory Test; Coaching
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7.
Hanson, Sarah A.
Subjective Reactions to Blood Donation in Donors With and Without Social Support.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2008, Ohio University
► BACKGROUND: The experience of unpleasant blood donation reactions (e.g., dizziness, nausea, and…
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▼ BACKGROUND: The experience of unpleasant blood donation reactions (e.g., dizziness, nausea, and fainting) has been linked to negative attitudes about donation and consequently decreased likelihood of repeat donation. For that reason, interventions designed to reduce the adverse effects of blood donation are important and likely to increase donor retention. Based on laboratory studies suggesting that social support attenuates both physical and psychological responses to stress, the present study hypothesized that the presence of a supportive person during the donation process may help reduce donors’ perceptions of stress and consequent pre-faint reactions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: 31 male and 34 female volunteers from university blood drives were randomly assigned to donate blood as usual or to donate with a supportive confederate. Donors in the social support condition donated blood as usual but were accompanied throughout the entire donation process by a female confederate providing supportive behaviors (e.g., encouraging and reassuring remarks, small talk, physical touch, etc.). Immediately following donation, all participants completed the Blood Donation Reactions Inventory to assess subjective experience of negative reactions. RESULTS: A 2 Group x 2 Sex ANOVA of Blood Donation Reactions Inventory scores revealed a significant main effect of group (F[1, 61] = 9.15, p = .004, d = .74), indicating that social support was associated with a reduction of total donation-related reactions. There was no significant main effect of sex (F[1, 61] = .00, p = .96) or group by sex interaction (F[1, 61] = 1.62, p = .21). In contrast to the acute effects of social support, a global measure of perceived availability of social support (outside of the donation context) was not related to reported reactions for either the social support (r[33] = -.09, p = .62) or no support (r[31] = .13, p = .51) group. CONCLUSION: Male and female blood donors report reduced pre-faint reactions to blood donation when accompanied by a supportive individual throughout the donation process. Results of the present study suggest that social support may be a simple and cost-effective strategy to enhance the donation experience and possibly increase donor retention.
Advisors/Committee Members: France, Christopher R.
Subjects: Health; Physiological psychology; Psychology
Keywords: Blood Donors; Social Support; Pre-Faint Reactions
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8.
Hellenthal, Rebecca L.
Utilizing an Empirically-Supported Parenting Intervention in Rural Community Settings: an Investigation of Effectiveness, Mediators of Change, and Dropout.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2009, Ohio University
► This project investigated the effectiveness of a behavioral parent training program utilizing…
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▼ This project investigated the effectiveness of a behavioral parent training program utilizing empirically-supported parenting techniques (Barkley, 1997) with low-income families in a Mental Health Professional Shortage Area (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007), an underserved and understudied population. In addition, the study examined mediators of treatment effectiveness and factors associated with premature dropout. The overarching goals of the parenting intervention were to improve parent-child relationships and to prevent and/or reduce child behavior problems (e.g., noncompliance, oppositionality) through effective parenting practices. In all, eight parenting groups were facilitated by masters-level mental health clinicians across three Southeastern Ohio counties in non-clinical settings. Fifty-seven parents completed both the pre- and post-intervention questionnaires. Paired samples t-tests revealed that parents who attended at least four of eight sessions reported improved child behavior, increased family cohesion, enhanced parenting competence, increased sense of social reassurance of worth, reduced parenting stress, and more consistent discipline practices. The parents did not report a significant change with regard to perceived social guidance. However, the changes made by parents who continued in the program were not significantly different from those who attended three or fewer sessions. Parent age was the only variable related to premature dropout, such that younger parents were more likely to drop out before attending at least four sessions. Treatment satisfaction and change in parenting self-efficacy, reassurance of worth, and parenting stress were not found to be mediators of the relationship between attendance and change in parenting practices. Further, reduction in inconsistent discipline was not found to mediate the relationship between attendance and change in child behavior. Results from this investigation will help to inform future behavioral treatments for noncompliant children in this region, and particularly parenting groups.
Advisors/Committee Members: Garske, John.
Subjects: Behaviorial sciences; Mental health; Psychology
Keywords: parent training, rural, Appalachia, child, disruptive behavior, prevention, at risk populations, community, low income, dropout, mediators, effectiveness
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9.
Johannes, Lindsay M.
Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of Relational Aggression.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2006, Ohio University
► The perceptions of teachers and students regarding relational aggression were examined, with…
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▼ The perceptions of teachers and students regarding relational aggression were examined, with a particular focus on attributions toward relationally aggressive students. Data from both teachers and students in a Southeastern Ohio middle school was used as part of this investigation. Specifically, teachers’ and students’ perceptions of relational aggression were assessed through self-report questionnaires, including measures of frequency, harmfulness, normativeness, severity, acceptability and attribution factors. Perceptions were compared between students and teachers to determine if differences exist between the two groups. Factors that may influence perceptions were investigated, such as individual characteristics, exposure to aggressive behavior, and gender norms. In addition, this study examined the influence of these factors on the formation of attributions regarding relationally aggressive behaviors among students. Results demonstrated that teachers and students reported similar frequency of witnessing relational aggression, but perceptions of harm and acceptability differed between the two groups. Gender differences existed in several aspects of perceptions. It was also found that the level of exposure and type of experience with relational aggression was associated with perceptions and attributions.
Advisors/Committee Members: Alvarez, Heather K.
Keywords: Relational aggression; Gender differences
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10.
Kelley, Erika L.
An Examination of the Roles of Cognitive-Affective Sexual Appraisals and Coping Strategies in the Relationship between Sexual Victimization and Sexual Functioning.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2012, Ohio University
► A large proportion of college women will experience some form of sexual…
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▼ A large proportion of college women will experience some form of sexual victimization in their lives. Sexual victimization experienced in childhood (CSA), adolescence or adulthood (ASA), is often associated with long-term negative outcomes of sexual health. Research indicates that sexual victimization can lead to increased engagement in risky sexual behaviors, while other research suggests that sexual victimization can lead to sexual dysfunctions and sexual aversion. To date, prior research has not examined the potential differential effects of abuse experienced at different developmental time periods (e.g., CSA, ASA, both CSA and ASA) on sexual behavior and functioning. Furthermore, little previous research has examined the mechanisms of the relationship between sexual victimization and sexual functioning. The current study was conducted to fill this gap in the literature. Results of the current study suggested that CSA was associated with sexual problems and lower sexual self-esteem while ASA was associated with risky sexual behavior, increased sexual desire, increased skill/experiencebased sexual self-esteem, and difficulties with sexual arousal. Furthermore, results of a cluster analysis conducted on the subsample of victimized women revealed two patterns of sexual functioning outcomes: Risky Sex/Low Desire and Sexual Dysfunctions. Erotophobia-erotophilia and skill/experience-based sexual self-esteem predicted membership in these clusters. The implications of these results on future research and treatment programming will be discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Gidycz, Christine.
Subjects: Clinical Psychology
Keywords: Sexual assault; coping; sexual appraisals; sexual functioning
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11.
Kinkela, Jessica H.
Diagnosis Threat in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2008, Ohio University
► Persistent neurocognitive complaints in concussion are thought to be more likely due…
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▼ Persistent neurocognitive complaints in concussion are thought to be more likely due to non-neurological factors. The present study explored diagnosis threat, a subtle expectation-based theory of lowered neuropsychological performance in a group of concussed or mild traumatic brain injured (MTBI) students. Participants were 32 healthy, asymptomatic, non-litigating students with a history of MTBI at least six months previously. They were randomly assigned to view either a video with negatively framed information about MTBI or a video unrelated to brain injury. Students completed tests of visual and verbal memory, visual and verbal information processing, attention, working memory, and processing speed. Participants were unaware that the study was related to MTBI or that they were selected because of their MTBI history. Contrary to expectations, no differences in cognitive performance were found based on video viewed. Ultimately, this study is limited by small sample size along with potentially less effective activation of diagnosis threat.
Advisors/Committee Members: Suhr, Julie A.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: neuropsychology; brain injury; concussion; diagnosis threat; stereotype threat
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12.
Kowalsky, Jennifer M.
Variation in Cerebral Oxygenation during Whole Blood Donation: The Impact of Applied Muscle Tension.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2011, Ohio University
► Background: Rhythmic tensing of the muscles of the core and lower extremities…
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▼ Background: Rhythmic tensing of the muscles of the core and lower extremities (applied muscle tension, or AMT) has been associated with decreased rates and severity of whole blood donor reactions. A possible mechanism by which this occurs is via increased availability of oxygen in the brain. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of applied muscle tensing on changes in cerebral oxygenation during blood donation. Methods: Seventy-two female blood donors were recruited at mobile blood drives in the American Red Cross Blood Services - Central Ohio Region. Participants were randomly assigned to engage in either AMT during donation, or a distraction-control condition in which donors engaged in a repeated, gentle foot flexion movement. Cerebral oxygenation was monitored throughout the donation process using near infrared spectroscopy. Results: Participants who engaged in applied muscle tensing were shown to have attenuated decreases in cerebral oxygenation across the three intervals of the blood draw relative to the distraction manipulation, F(1, 70) = 8.144, p = 0.006. Whereas cerebral oxygenation decreased 1.42% (SD = 2.09) for those in the distraction-control group, oxygenation levels increased 0.13% (SD = 2.56) in the applied muscle tension group. Conclusion: Applied muscle tension is associated with an attenuated decrease in cerebral oxygenation compared to a distraction-control group. This suggests that the salutary effect of AMT may be in part due to an increase in oxygen available to the brain.
Advisors/Committee Members: France, Christopher.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: Cerebral oxygenation; whole blood donation; muscle tension
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13.
Lewis, Kristin N.
Trajectories of Headache Disability Treatment Response: Psychosocial and Clinical Correlates.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2009, Ohio University
► Using a naturalistic, longitudinal study design, 219 patients receiving treatment for headache…
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▼ Using a naturalistic, longitudinal study design, 219 patients receiving treatment for headache disorders completed psychosocial assessments and 30-day daily diaries that assessed headache frequency, severity, and disability at pre-treatment and provided data on headache-related disability at pre-treatment and 1-, 2-, and 6-month follow-up. Latentclass trajectory analysis of the headache disability measure identified three treatment trajectory groups: (1) a high-disability non-responder group; (2) a high-disability responder group; and (3) a low-disability responder group.
Advisors/Committee Members: Heckman, Bernadette D.
Subjects: Health; Psychology
Keywords: headache disability; treatment response; trajectory analysis
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14.
Lobo, Tracy.
Evaluation of a Sexual Assault Prevention Program for College Men: Effects on Self-Reported Sexually Aggressive Behavior, Social Perceptions, and Attitudes.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2004, Ohio University
► There is a growing body of research on the effectiveness of male-targeted…
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▼ There is a growing body of research on the effectiveness of male-targeted sexual assault prevention programs. Most of these studies have demonstrated short-term improvements in rape supportive attitudes. However, these improvements have generally not been maintained over longer follow-up periods, and few researchers have investigated the effects of prevention programming on sexually aggressive behavior. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of a male-targeted sexual assault prevention program on behavior, attitudes, social perceptions, and judgments of consent. Social norms theory served as a theoretical basis for the program evaluated in this study. The participants were 342 college men who were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. Self-reported sexually aggressive behavior, rape-supportive attitudes, perceptions of other men’s attitudes about sexual aggression, and judgments of consent were assessed at pre-test, and at 3-month and 7-month follow-ups. Participants in the experimental group reported that they found the program content to be valuable, accurate, and personally relevant. However, compared to participants in the control group, they did not demonstrate any differences in rates of sexually aggressive behavior over the course of the study. In addition, group membership did not have a significant effect on changes in attitudes or social perceptions over the course of the study. At the 3-month follow-up, the experimental group participants, in comparison to the control group, demonstrated greater accuracy in their judgments of a sexually aggressive scenario, but these improvements were not maintained at the 7-month follow-up. The lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of this intervention, and other interventions, suggests that brief, one-session prevention programs may not be sufficient to produce substantial change. Programs that utilize multiple exposures to information over time may be more likely to be effective. Other implications for future research on sexual assault prevention are also discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Gidycz, Christine A.
Subjects: Psychology, Clinical
Keywords: Sexual Assault; Prevention; Perpetration
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15.
Mermelstein, Liza C.
Family Functioning and Substance Use Severity among Adolescents upon Admission to Residential Substance Use Treatment.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2011, Ohio University
► Using the Circumplex Model of Family Systems (Olson, 1989; 2000; Olson &…
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▼ Using the Circumplex Model of Family Systems (Olson, 1989; 2000; Olson & Gorall, 2006), this study sought to conceptualize family functioning patterns and examine the relationship between family functioning and substance use severity in adolescents admitted to a residential substance use treatment center. More problematic family functioning (i.e., greater family disengagement, rigidly, enmeshment and chaos) and less healthy family functioning (i.e., lower balanced cohesion and lower balanced flexibility) was observed in the current sample compared to a non-clinical comparison sample. Substance use severity was operationalized using the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-Adolescent-2 (SASSI-A2) and three groups of substance users were established (Low Severity, Moderate Severity, and High Severity; Miller & Lazowski, 2001). After controlling for family member substance abuse, peer substance use and the impact of trauma, family cohesion level was significantly related to substance use severity group. Study findings suggest that family based interventions need to incorporate a wide range of problematic patterns and family cohesion, in particular, is an important family functioning pattern that should be addressed in interventions for adolescents in residential substance use treatment settings.
Advisors/Committee Members: Heckman, Bernadette.
Subjects: Clinical Psychology
Keywords: Substance use disorders; FACES-IV; Circumplex Model; Adolescents; Family Functioning; Substance use treatment
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16.
Merrill, Jennifer C.
Perceived Spousal Criticism, Self-Efficacy, and Adherence to Diet and Exercise Self-Care Behaviors in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2008, Ohio University
► Objective: The primary aim of the current study was to assess the…
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▼ Objective: The primary aim of the current study was to assess the relationships between perceived spousal criticism and dietary and exercise self-care adherence in adults with type 2 diabetes and to determine if self-efficacy mediated this relationship.Research Design and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey design. Potential participants were mailed self-report questionnaire packets that included measures of perceived spousal criticism, adherence to diet and exercise, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms and positive and negative affect. Results: The total sample (N=90) was predominantly White (90.0%) and female (53.3%). The mean age was 59.8 years (S.D. 10.6) and 44.4% of participants reported completing a high school degree or less. The majority of participants reported using oral hypoglycemic agents to treat their diabetes (50.0%). Within the sample, low levels of perceived spousal criticism were observed across four different measures. Each measure of perceived spousal criticism was negatively related to patient self-efficacy (r = -.30 to r = -.45), but most were not associated with patient self-care adherence. One measure of perceived spousal criticism was negatively correlated with dietary adherence (r = -.22), but the mediational model could not be tested because this relationship was no longer significant once age was accounted for in the analyses. Conclusion: Although low levels of perceived spousal criticism were found within this sample, there was a relationship between higher levels of perceived criticism and lower levels of patient self-efficacy. Knowledge about the relationship between perceived spousal criticism and patient self-efficacy could be useful in designing education and intervention programs for patients and spouses of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Advisors/Committee Members: de Groot, Mary.
Subjects: Health; Psychology
Keywords: spousal criticism; self-care adherence; type 2 diabetes
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17.
Meyers, Melissa A.
Predictors of Participant Retention in Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2008, Ohio University
► Background: Effective programs in cardiac rehabilitation exist to manage the manifestations and…
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▼ Background: Effective programs in cardiac rehabilitation exist to manage the manifestations and consequences of cardiovascular illness. Unfortunately, these programs are underutilized, with only 11-60% of eligible participants completing programs (Leon et al., 2005; Sanderson et al., 2004; Suaya et al., 2007). To date, most cardiac rehabilitation research has focused on urban, male program completers with little attention given to factors affecting overall outcomes such as retention or geographic variability (Taylor et al., 2004). Purpose: The purposes of this study were to evaluate changes in body mass index (BMI), physical activity (METS), and quality of life (SF-36) by retention status and gender in cardiac rehabilitation participants from pre to post program participation. Additionally, the study aimed to identify predictors of retention in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Methods: The study consisted of a retrospective medical chart review on archival data that were deidentified. Data were collected from two sites, one urban and one rural on cardiac rehabilitation participants attending between the years of 2004 and 2007. Sampling matched gender and geographic location each year. Results: The current study examined 230 participants (115 male; 115 female) following a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation program. The sample was predominantly Caucasian (90.4%), married (69%), earned $30,000 or less annually (41%), had an average age of 62 years (SD=11.6) and attended an average of 25 (SD=12.3) sessions. The total sample experienced significant improvements in body mass index, physical activity, and quality of life from pre to post program participation. There were no significant differences by retention in BMI or METS and by gender in BMI or SF-36. Compared to noncompleters, completers had greater change in SF-36 scores. Rural program location was predictive of retention. Compared to females, males had greater change in METS. Conclusions: The current sample showed improvements in BMI, METS, and SF-36 with important outcome differences on SF-36 between completers and noncompleters and on METS between males and females. Findings suggest that geographic location was an important factor in participant retention status. The results of this study provide valuable information on group differences, along with important information for designing strategies to increase retention and improve outcomes in existing cardiac rehabilitation programs.
Advisors/Committee Members: de Groot, Mary.
Subjects: Health; Psychology; Rehabilitation
Keywords: Cardiac Rehabilitation; Retention; Rural Cardiac Rehabilitation; Gender Differences; Quality of Life
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18.
Ng, H. Mei.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM LINKING SELF-DISCLOSURE OF AN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE TO HEALTH BENEFITS.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2006, Ohio University
► Disclosing thoughts and feelings about emotional events has some physical health benefits.…
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▼ Disclosing thoughts and feelings about emotional events has some physical health benefits. To address the disclosure-health link, the current study aimed to examine whether disclosure about an emotional stimulus leads to physiological habituation when re-exposed to the stimulus. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, skin conductance level (SCL), respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and peripheral resistance were assessed during the viewing of an emotionally evocative film clip, and during re-exposure to the clip after participants wrote about either their emotions regarding the movie clip (emotional disclosure), or plans for the day (trivial disclosure). Physiologically, the film did not elicit a strong response, little habituation was observed, and no differences existed between emotional and trivial disclosers during the second film viewing. However, higher SCL for trivial disclosers during the second viewing relative to the first was observed. Together, findings warrant improved methodology to adequately address physiological habituation in the disclosure-health link.
Advisors/Committee Members: Heffner, Kathi L.
Keywords: emotional disclosure; emotional expression; self disclosure; written disclosure; cardiovascular
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19.
Ng, H. Mei.
The Relation of College Students’ Sleep Behavior to ADHD Symptom Reporting, Cognitive Performance, and Neurophysiological Parameters.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2012, Ohio University
► Sleep loss and ADHD have overlapping attention-related symptoms and similar cognitive consequences.…
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▼ Sleep loss and ADHD have overlapping attention-related symptoms and similar cognitive consequences. Given the robust findings within the experimental sleep literature, current critiques of sleep research have called for naturalistic examination of sleep loss. The present study aimed to add to the sleep literature by examining undergraduate students’ self-reported sleep data (i.e., average sleep duration over one week) in relation to three broad issues related to attention: 1) complaints of ADHD symptoms, 2) focused and sustained attention, and 3) an objective assessment of wakefulness (i.e., EEG measures) during an ecologically valid sustained attention task (i.e., attending to a mock lecture). Consistent with prior sleep findings, students who slept less on average over one week self-reported more attention-related difficulties. In contrast, students who slept less took less time to react and demonstrated better accuracy performance on a measure of focused attention (sleep was not related to other cognitive measures or to spectral power on the EEG). Exploratory and supplemental analyses demonstrated that self-reported sleep quality was highly related to self-reported attentional difficulties, positively related to lapsing performance on the focused attention task, and negatively related to EEG spectral power. Meanwhile, more variability in sleep duration over the week was related to more lapsing on a focused attention task, as well as slower reaction times on both focused and sustained attention tasks. Although higher negative mood was related to slower reaction time on the sustained attention task, and state alertness was found to be related to lower EEG spectral power during the mock lecture task, these findings are likely unstable due to the limited findings when compared to the number of comparisons explored. Implications of these findings, as well as limitations and future directions, are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Suhr, Julie.
Subjects: Mental Health; Psychology
Keywords: sleep; attention; ADHD; cognitive performance; EEG
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20.
Orchowski, Lindsay M.
Disclosure of Sexual Victimization: A Prospective Study of Social Reactions and Subsequent Adjustment.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2009, Ohio University
► Research examining the process of sexual assault dislcosure is typically retrospective in…
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▼ Research examining the process of sexual assault dislcosure is typically retrospective in nature, limited in scope, and rarely targets college women. The purpose of the current research was to address these limitations by utilizing a prospective methodology to explore factors that predict sexual assault disclosure, identify the recipients of sexual assault disclosure, examine how these providers respond to dislcosure, and understand the relationship between social reactions to disclosure of sexual assault and subsequent adjustment in a sample of college women. Participants included 374 undergraduate women from a medium sized Midwestern university. Participants completed a baseline, 4-month and 7-month follow-up assessment of experiences of sexual victimization, experiences of sexual assault disclosure, social reactions to disclosure and measures of adjustment. Three studies are presented. Study 1 explored the relationship between assault characteristics, attitudes, and contextual factors and the college women’s disclosure of adolescent sexual victimization, as well as sexual victimization and revictimization over a 7-month interim. A series of logistic regression analyses explored the relationship between a range of predictors and sexual assault disclosure. Whereas coping via seeking emotional support predicted adolescent sexual assault disclosure, less acquaintance with the perpetrator, victim alcohol use at the time of the assault, and perpetrator alcohol at the time of the assault, higher likelihood to disclose distressing information and strong social attachments predicted disclosure of sexual assault over the follow-up. Disclosure of sexual revictimization experiences occurring over the interim was associated with the victim’s report of lower levels of acquaintance with the perpetrator. Study 2 explored the social reactions to college women’s disclosure of sexual victimization from parents, siblings/other family members, as well as female and male peers. Women tended to disclose adolescent sexual victimization and experiences of sexual victimization that occurred during their first year of college to a peer, as opposed to other support providers. Few women confided in a formal provider. Female and male peers provided more emotional support than other responses to disclosure of sexual assault. Male peers also provided more egocentric responses to disclosure compared to controlling the survivor’s decisions or treating her differently. Study 3 explored the role of social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization in subsequent adjustment among college women who experienced sexual victimization over a 4-month follow-up period. Whereas positive responses to sexual assault disclosure were not associated with adjustment, negative responses to disclosure demonstrated a positive relationship with levels of psychological symptomatology and attributions of blame for sexual victimization over the follow-up. Implications for the development of preventative interventions are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Gidycz, Christine A.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: Sexual Assault; Rape; Social Reactions; Disclosure
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21.
Patterson, Candace L.
Pretreatment Role Expectations, Alliance, and Outcome.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2010, Ohio University
► Data from 68 clients treated in a naturalistic setting were used to…
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▼ Data from 68 clients treated in a naturalistic setting were used to test a meditational model wherein the alliance was hypothesized to mediate the relationship between clients' pretreatment role expectations and psychotherapy outcome. This proposed model was tested with the procedures developed by Baron and Kenny (1986). All three expectations factors (Personal Commitment, Facilitative Conditions, Counselor Expertise) were related to the alliance. Only expectations for Counselor Expertise related to outcome, although a Sobel test revealed that this relationship was not mediated by the alliance. Suggested research directions, clinical implications, and study limitations are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Anderson, Timothy.
Subjects: Psychology; Psychotherapy
Keywords: psychotherapy; expectations; therapy process; therapy outcome; client characteristic
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22.
Rabideau, Erin M.
The Role of Defensive Pessimism and Anxiety in Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2011, Ohio University
► Defensive pessimism is a strategy used by individuals to manage anxiety symptoms…
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▼ Defensive pessimism is a strategy used by individuals to manage anxiety symptoms that facilitates success in an upcoming event. There are currently no studies examining the role of defensive pessimism in affecting glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to experience symptoms of anxiety than those without diabetes, which can interfere with diabetes health. The purpose of the current study was to explore the role of defensive pessimism as a moderator in the relationship between anxiety and glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes. Adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 41) completed self-report measures prior to an upcoming diabetes-related doctor’s appointment. Results indicated that defensive pessimism was not a moderator in the relationship between trait anxiety and average daily self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) testing frequency, nor was it a moderator in the relationship between trait anxiety and HbA1c.
Advisors/Committee Members: Weeks, Justin.
Subjects: Clinical Psychology
Keywords: Anxiety; Type 1 Diabetes; HbA1c; Blood Glucose Testing Frequency
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23.
Reilly, Alison R.
Examining the Generalizability of Video Feedback with Cognitive Preparation to a Social Interaction Role-play.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2012, Ohio University
► Individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) tend to form negatively-distorted and…
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▼ Individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) tend to form negatively-distorted and inaccurate self-images during social situations (Clark and Wells, 1995; Heimberg, Brozovich, and Rapee, 2010). Extensive research has provided support for the existence of these negative mental representations, and has shown how they contribute to the maintenance of SAD symptoms. A cognitive-behavioral treatment component known as video feedback (VF) has been shown to be effective in altering such distorted self-representations; additionally, a modified VF technique involving cognitive preparation has been shown to enhance VF treatment effects. The present study evaluated whether the effects of VF with cognitive preparation replicate and extend to a semi-structured social interaction, and further examined the link between VF-induced changes in self-perception and state anxiety. A sample of 29 participants who met diagnostic criteria for SAD were randomly assigned to receive VF (VF condition) or a mental arithmetic task (No-VF condition) in between two social interaction role-plays with a trained confederate. Results suggest that, in response to a social interaction, VF: [1] results in improved self-evaluation of performance, and [2] exerts an effect on state anxiety in SAD individuals.
Advisors/Committee Members: Weeks, Justin.
Subjects: Clinical Psychology
Keywords: Social anxiety disorder; Video feedback; Cognitive preparation; State anxiety; Self-perception of performance
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24.
Richerson, Lauren A.
BEHAVIORAL, COGNITIVE, AND AFFECTIVE PREDICTORS OF CHILD CONDUCT PROBLEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF PARENT-CHILD INTERACTIONS.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2007, Ohio University
► This study examined multidimensional predictors of child conduct problems in the context…
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▼ This study examined multidimensional predictors of child conduct problems in the context of parent-child interactions. Seventy-one children aged eight to twelve participated with their mothers. Mother-child dyads engaged in an experimental clean-up task designed to elicit conduct problems. Hierarchical regression analyses determined the predictive utility of behavioral, cognitive, and affective variables. A regression model that included parent predictors (maternal coercion, perceived power, and anger) and child predictors (perceptions of maternal support, negative attributions for mothers’ behavior, and anger) accounted for 50% of the variance in child noncompliance during the clean-up task. Maternal coercion (negative talk) was the most significant predictor; however, incremental variance accounted for by child variables (particularly child anger) provides evidence for mother-child effects. These data highlight the importance of examining interventions that target relational parent-child variables rather than maternal behaviors alone. Further research is needed to clarify the direction of transmission (unidirectional versus bidirectional) of maladaptive parent-child processes and well as to evaluate the extent to which interactive therapies can ameliorate older children’s conduct problems.
Advisors/Committee Members: Owens, Julie Sarno.
Keywords: Conduct Problems; Attributions; Perceived Power; Negative Affect; Coercion Theory; Maternal Support; Parent-Child Interactions
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25.
Riddle, Tara L.
Validation and Development of Adult Norms for the Contingency Naming Test.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2011, Ohio University
► The Contingency Naming Test (CNT; Taylor et al, 1987) is a measure…
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▼ The Contingency Naming Test (CNT; Taylor et al, 1987) is a measure initially designed to assess aspects of executive functioning, such as processing speed and response inhibition, in children. The measure has shown initial utility in identifying differences in executive function among adult clinical groups; however, there is an absence of adequate normative data for use with adults. The current set of studies expanded normative data upward for use with young adult samples and provided further data on the construct validity of the CNT in three adult samples. Study 1 provided normative data for a healthy college student sample that completed a neuropsychological battery. Performances showed continued improvement above child norms, consistent with theories of executive function development. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the CNT is most closely related to measures of processing speed, as well as elements of response inhibition within the latter trials. Study 2 utilized a clinical sample of young adults with ADHD/LD, psychological diagnoses, or no diagnosis. Performance on the CNT was significantly worse for the ADHD/LD group on the latter inhibition and switching trials, suggesting clinical utility for the instrument. Study 3 focused on potential use of the CNT with older adults. The CNT was administered to a sample of community-dwelling older adults as part of a memory assessment battery. Results showed the expected developmental pattern, with notable age-related decline in performance. Overall, results from this set of studies provide added support for the utility of the CNT as a measure of executive abilities. However, more research is needed to determine patterns of performance among other clinical groups, as well as to better understand how performance patterns may change in interim age ranges, such as middle age.
Advisors/Committee Members: Suhr, Julie.
Subjects: Clinical Psychology
Keywords: Contingency Naming Test; Adult Norms; CNT; executive function; normative data; psychometrics; ADHD
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26.
Seng, Elizabeth K.
Dynamics of Expectancy Changes in Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment of Migraine.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2009, Ohio University
► This study examines changes in migraine-related self-efficacy (confidence to effectively engage in…
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▼ This study examines changes in migraine-related self-efficacy (confidence to effectively engage in migraine management behaviors) and locus of control (expectations regarding who determines the outcome of one's migraines) over the course of behavioral and pharmacological treatment of migraine. 232 severe migraine sufferers were randomized into a 2 (preventative medication, placebo) X 2 (behavioral migraine management, no behavioral migraine management) treatment design. Mixed models analyses revealed that self-efficacy and internal locus of control increased more in the behavioral migraine management than drug therapy only groups. Chance locus of control decreased more in both behavioral migraine management groups, and the preventative medication group than in the placebo group. Health care professional locus of control increased in both groups that did not receive behavioral migraine management. Although higher pretreatment chance locus of control expectancies were associated with lower self-efficacy at pretreatment, they were also associated with greater self-efficacy change with behavioral treatment. Thus, individuals with high pretreatment chance locus of control were not handicapped in achieving high levels of self-efficacy with behavioral treatment as might be predicted. This study also examines the relationships between migraine related expectancies before and after behavioral and pharmacological treatment. Generally, higher self-efficacy was related to less disability, but the relationship leveled off as self-efficacy increased. Higher internal locus of control was associated with higher levels of emotional distress before treatment, but was no longer associated with emotional distress after behavioral migraine management. Higher health care professional locus of control was associated with greater disability before treatment, but not after.
Advisors/Committee Members: Holroyd, Kenneth.
Subjects: Behaviorial sciences; Health; Psychology
Keywords: Migraine; Self Efficacy; Locus of Control; Expectancies; Behavioral Treatment; Pharmacological Treatment
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27.
Spickard, Brad.
Pain-Related Fear and Cognitive Performance in Recurrent Headache.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2011, Ohio University
► The present study examined the relationship between pain-related fear and avoidance behavior…
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▼ The present study examined the relationship between pain-related fear and avoidance behavior and the role that psychological variables, such as depression, play in the relationship between pain-related fear and cognitive performance in recurrent headache. The concept of cogniphobia (i.e., fear of cognitive exertion) was adapted from kinesiophobia (i.e., fear of physical movement) to describe the relationship between pain-related fear and cognitive performance in headache. Prior research testing the construct of cogniphobia has been extremely limited. In the current study, 70 individuals with two or more headaches per month were recruited from an undergraduate population. Assessment included measures of attention, memory, pain-related fear (including cogniphobia), effort, avoidance, pain, depression, anxiety, locus of control and self-efficacy. As expected, cogniphobia was significantly related to self-reported avoidance, psychological variables, other pain-related fear measures, pain catastrophizing, pain experience, and pain cognition variables such as self-efficacy and locus of control. Cogniphobia was related to poorer performance on an attention measure, but not after controlling for depression. While these findings suggest that cogniphobia mirrors kinesiophobia in many ways, findings from this study also suggest that cogniphobia may play a different or more nuanced role in relation to cognitive performance than kinesiophobia plays with physical performance.
Advisors/Committee Members: Suhr, Julie.
Subjects: Psychology
Keywords: pain-related fear; cognitive performance; headaches
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28.
Storer, Jennifer L.
Therapeutic Alliance with Adolescent Clients: The Role of Attachment Style and Parent-Adolescent Agreement Regarding Targets of Therapy and Problem Severity.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2010, Ohio University
► The therapeutic alliance is a common factor in psychotherapy that is associated…
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▼ The therapeutic alliance is a common factor in psychotherapy that is associated with positive treatment outcomes for adult, child, and adolescent clients receiving mental health services. Compared to research with adult therapy clients, little research has been conducted with adolescent clients examining factors associated with the therapeutic alliance. The current study investigated possible predictors of the therapeutic alliance with adolescent clients receiving outpatient services at two community mental health centers: the adolescent’s attachment to his or her parent, and the extent to which parents and adolescents agree regarding the adolescent’s presenting problems. Consistent with previous research, parent-adolescent agreement on presenting problems was low. Regression analyses indicated a significant main effect of attachment such that stronger attachments of the clients to their parents predicted stronger alliances with the therapist, as well as a significant interaction between attachment and agreement on presenting problems. Implications of these findings for enhancing the quality of the alliance with adolescent clients are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Owens, Julie Sarno.
Subjects: Behaviorial sciences; Mental health; Personal relationships; Psychology; Psychotherapy; Therapy
Keywords: adolescent; psychotherapy; alliance; parent; attachment; agreement; target complaints; discrepancy; relationship
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29.
Todorov, Boris K.
Determinants of Health Related Quality of Life among Adolescents with Migraine.
Degree: MS, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2009, Ohio University
► This study examined data from 63 adolescents with migraine (45 female) between…
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▼ This study examined data from 63 adolescents with migraine (45 female) between the ages of 11 and 17 (mean age=14.4) to compare the relative impact of migraine severity, associated symptom severity, internalizing symptoms and catastrophizing on health-related quality of life (HRQL). Participants kept a 4-week diary about their headaches and completed 3 different quality of life scales, a psychological assessment scale and a catastrophizing questionnaire. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that associated symptoms of migraine and internalizing symptoms predicted adolescent functioning. This is the first study of its kind designed specifically for adolescents with migraine. Its results suggest there is a need for further research exploring the impact of associated symptoms of migraine and internalizing on HRQL of adolescents.
Advisors/Committee Members: Holroyd, Kenneth A.
Subjects: Psychobiology
Keywords: adolescent migraine; quality of life; depression; catastrophizing
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30.
Tomasulo, Gregory C.
A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Abusive Experiences and Negative Outcomes.
Degree: PhD, Clinical Psychology (Arts and Sciences), 2010, Ohio University
► This study examines the role of psychological abuse as a mediator of…
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▼ This study examines the role of psychological abuse as a mediator of the association between physical abuse and women's mental and physical health. Additionally, the role of social support as a moderator of this relationship was examined. A sample of 73 women seeking shelter services completed measures of abuse, mental health, health habits, social support, and physical health. Results indicated psychological abuse fully accounted for the relationship between physical abuse and psychological symptomatology and between physical abuse and interpersonal functioning. These relationships were significantly affected by social support such that the strength of the relationships increased as social support increased. No such effects were found for the relationships between physical abuse and social role performance, or between physical abuse and physical health. Thus, findings support the hypothesis that psychological abuse mediates the relationship between physical abuse and psychological health.
Advisors/Committee Members: McNamara, John.
Subjects: Behaviorial sciences; Psychology
Keywords: physical abuse; psychological abuse; social support; women's health
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