Department: History ![[clear]](close-x.png "Remove this limiter")
58 matches in the database.
These are records: 1 - 30.
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1.
Anyanwu, Ogechi Emmanuel.
THE POLICIES AND POLITICS OF MASSIFICATION OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA, 1952-2000.
Degree: PhD, History, 2006, Bowling Green State University
► This study constitutes a history of the policies and politics surrounding the…
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▼ This study constitutes a history of the policies and politics surrounding the massification of university education in Nigeria between 1952 and 2000. The concept of massification as used in this study refers to a program of expansion of facilities and mass access to university education in post-independent Nigeria. In 1948, the British colonial administration in Nigeria established the first university, the University College of Ibadan (UCI). However, from 1948 through 1959, the British consistently ignored the growing demand for more access to university education. To address this problem, the Nigerian government set up the Ashby Commission to study the country’s higher education needs on the eve of independence. Following the report of the Commission, the Nigerian government realigned university education policies and vigorously embarked on policies of massification. This study shows that the policies and politics of massification were embarked upon largely in response to the critical needs for human resources, economic development, and national integration. Furthermore, it examines how the divergent and, sometimes, inconsistent interests of the pluralistic society of Nigeria, the politics of oil revenue and state creation, the ideologies of civilian/military governments and international forces shaped policy initiatives, shifts, and outcomes of massification. Between 1960 and 1983, successive civilian and military regimes controlled not only university development but also policies of expansion of facilities and access to university education for all Nigerians regardless of class, gender, ethnicity, and creed. However, the economic decline of 1983, the intervention of the military in governance, and the implementation of the IMF/World Bank-induced Structural Adjustment Program adversely affected the funding of universities. Consequently, universities facilities deteriorated as the establishment of private universities in the 1980s and 1990s became a welcome innovation. From 1959 to 2000, the number of universities increased from 1 to 45 while student enrolment concomitantly rose from 939 to 526,780. This study is not merely a history of how universities were founded in post-independence Nigeria but it is about how the formulation and implementation of official policies on human resource development, economic advancement, and national integration are linked to the politics and drama of massification of university education.
Advisors/Committee Members: Nwauwa, Apollos O.
Subjects: History, African
Keywords: Massification; Universities; Access; Quota; Economic Development; National Integration; Joint Admission and Matriculation Board; National Universities Commission; Ashby Commission; Free Education; Private Universities
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2.
Atkins, Elizabeth.
“The Prisoners Are Not Hard to Handle:” Cultural Views of German Prisoners of War and Their Captors in Camp Sharpe, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Degree: MA, History, 2008, Bowling Green State University
► This paper explores how perceived cultural and ethnic identities effected the interactions…
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▼ This paper explores how perceived cultural and ethnic identities effected the interactions between German prisoners of war and the citizens of Adams County, Pennsylvania during the Second World War. Newspapers articles, oral histories and government documents were analyzed to gauge the level of interaction between and the reception of German POWs who worked in the community as temporary labor relieve. The first chapter locates Camp Sharpe geographically within the history of Adams County and Pennsylvania, historically within the larger study of German prisoners of war in America and outlines the development of German culture within southern Pennsylvania. Chapter two provides a chronology of the creation and management of Camp Sharpe and the temporary work camp in Gettysburg. It also details the interactions between German prisoners of war and the citizens of Adams Country, showing that there was ample opportunity for German prisoners and Americans to communicate with each other due to the peculiar policies for prisoner of war labor. The last chapter examines the creation and maintenance of German culture and the existence and influences of several factors that could impact the formation of identity. By acknowledging these factors, this work will explore why German prisoners of war and the citizens of Gettysburg generally responded favorably to each others’ presence and try to account for the varying influences that caused both this reaction and less frequent negative responses.
Advisors/Committee Members: Griech-Polelle, Beth.
Subjects: American history; European history; History; Language; Military history
Keywords: World War II; homefront; prisoners of war; Gettysburg; German
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3.
Badenhop, Stephen W.
Federal Failures: The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Dispute.
Degree: MA, History, 2008, Bowling Green State University
► The Ohio-Michigan boundary dispute, that reached a climactic point in the mid…
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▼ The Ohio-Michigan boundary dispute, that reached a climactic point in the mid 1830s, was the product of congressional neglect and oversight. Congress through the establishment of the Northwest Ordinance, with its inflexible boundary lines, and the formation of the State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory, with an undefined boundary between the two, created a bitter jurisdictional boundary dispute between Ohio and Michigan. For over thirty years Congress failed to correct this terrible mistake while Ohio and Michigan continually pleaded for a resolution. The resulting "Toledo War," where Ohio and Michigan sought to remedy the boundary problem themselves through force, was the fruits of this congressional disregard. Only presidential intervention prevented bloodshed and the continuing threat of armed conflict finally forced Congress to address the issue. This longstanding failure of Congress to intercede, mediate and resolve the controversy almost resulted in an interstate war; the results of which can be firmly placed in the hands of Congress.
Advisors/Committee Members: Danziger, Jr., Edmund.
Subjects: American history
Keywords: Ohio-Michigan Boundary Dispute; Andrew Jackson; Robert Lucas; Stevens Mason; Ohio; Michigan; Northwest Ordinance; Territorial System
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4.
Baldwin, Maria T.
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, HUMAN RIGHTS and U.S POLICY.
Degree: PhD, History, 2006, Bowling Green State University
► This dissertation assesses Amnesty International’s ability to influence U.S. foreign policy through…
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▼ This dissertation assesses Amnesty International’s ability to influence U.S. foreign policy through an examination of its human rights campaigns in three different nations—Guatemala, the United States and the People’s Republic of China. While these nations are quite different from one another, according to Amnesty International they share an important characteristic; each nation has violated their citizens’ human rights. Sometimes the human rights violations, which provoked Amnesty International’s involvement occurred on a large scale; such as the “disappearances” connected with Guatemala’s long civil war or the imprisonment of political dissidents in the PRC. Other times the human rights violations that spurred Amnesty International’s involvement occurred on a smaller-scale but still undermined the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; such as the United States use of capital punishment. During the Guatemalan and Chinese campaigns Amnesty International attempted to influence the United States relations with these countries by pressuring U.S. policymakers to construct foreign policies that reflected a grave concern for institutionalized human rights abuse and demanded its end. Similarly during its campaign against the United States use of the death penalty Amnesty International attempted to make it a foreign policy liability for the United States. How effective Amnesty International has been in achieving these goals is the subject of this dissertation. This dissertation argues that Amnesty International has played an important, if often overlooked, role in shaping the environment in which foreign policy was made in the United States. While it would be difficult to argue that it was directly responsible for specific pieces of legislation this dissertation asserts that Amnesty International was instrumental in increasing U.S. policymakers’ sensitivity to human rights issues during the last quarter of the twentieth century. While this increased sensitivity did not always translate into domestic or foreign policies that fully respected the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the ability of Amnesty International, a non-governmental organization, to pressure U.S. policymakers and to change the policymaking environment needs to be studied.
Advisors/Committee Members: Hess, Gary R.
Keywords: Amnesty International, human rights, POCs, Guatemalan Civil War, PRC, death penalty
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5.
Bartman, Christi Scott.
Lawfare: Use of the Definition of Aggressive War by the Soviet and Russian Governments.
Degree: PhD, History, 2009, Bowling Green State University
► This dissertation seeks to contribute to the understanding of the definition of…
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▼ This dissertation seeks to contribute to the understanding of the definition of the terms aggression and aggressive war by tracing the political, legal and military use of the terms by the Soviet Union from that posed at the 1933 Convention for the Definition of Aggression to the definition posed by the Russian Federation to the International Criminal Court in 1999. One might ask why the Soviet Union so adamantly promoted a definition of aggression and aggressive war while, as many have noted, conducting military actions that appeared to violate the very definition they espoused in international treaties and conventions. This dissertation demonstrates that through the use of treaties the Soviet Union and Russian Federation practiced a program of lawfare long before the term became known. Lawfare, as used by the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, is the manipulation or exploitation of the international legal system to supplement military and political objectives. The Soviet Union and Russian Federation used these legal restrictions to supplement military strategy in an attempt, not to limit themselves, but to control other states legally, politically, and equally as important, publicly, through the use of propaganda.
Advisors/Committee Members: Rowney, Don.
Subjects: Law; Russian history
Keywords: lawfare; aggression; aggressive war; Soviet Union; Russian Federation
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6.
Bayless, Brittany N.
“The Show Windows of a State”: A Comparative Study on Classification of Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio State Parks.
Degree: MA, History, 2006, Bowling Green State University
► State parks constitute a valuable portion of the United States’ national, regional,…
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▼ State parks constitute a valuable portion of the United States’ national, regional, state, local, and private lands devoted to the conservation and preservation of nature and American culture. State parks also represent state values through their display of special natural, cultural, and historic characteristics. Thus, it is important to consider how citizens and policy makers value their natural areas at the state level. This study maintains that there are fifty different state park systems in the United States. Each system and park represents different ideals and attitudes toward the use of natural resources and unique wilderness areas. These sentiments convey state and public values of recreational areas. This thesis examines how the creation and organization of Maumee Bay State Park in Ohio, Indiana Dunes State Park, and William C. Sterling State Park in Michigan reflect different state and public sentiments toward the use of natural resources and wilderness areas. This study argues that each state government’s priorities, as transmitted through their representative Departments of Natural Resources (DNRs), shaped the histories of specific state parks. State DNRs hold notions of what a state park should be, how it should be administered, and what its obligations are to the public. These beliefs differ from state to state and are apparent in levels of park development such as landscape alteration, facility construction, and a range of recreational opportunities. To measure differences prevalent in these state parks, this study uses a developmental continuum to classify each of the three parks. This scale not only gauges state views of nature, but land use priorities conveyed by different DNR mission statements and goals. Ultimately, state parks can be classified under one of three levels of development established by this study’s state park development continuum. This classification presents the field of environmental history, which has been dominated by literature on national parks, with new, original work on state parks.
Advisors/Committee Members: Danziger, Edmund J.
Subjects: History, United States
Keywords: state parks; environment; united states history; michigan; indiana; ohio; parks; environmental history; department of natural resources
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7.
Becker, Elizabeth A.
Competing Discourses in Argentina's Dirty War: The Junta, The Madres de Plaza de Mayo, and León Gieco.
Degree: MA, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► This thesis attempts to define three discourses from the time period of…
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▼ This thesis attempts to define three discourses from the time period of the Argentine Dirty War. Where the Junta attempted to define Argentina in terms of who were, who were not, and who could be “good” Argentine citizens, their discourse was contested by several actors. The investigation focused on television and film propaganda presented by the Junta, the newsletters produced by the Madres de Plaza de Mayo, and songs by León Gieco. All sources were analyzed from discursive and performative perspectives. It was found that The Madres de Plaza de Mayo, an outspoken and reactionary human rights group, responded with a discourse of justice made applicable to all Argentines regardless of their conformity to the expectations and doctrines of the Junta. León Gieco, a musician of rock nacional, defined an “us” that included all Argentines and placed them in juxtaposition to the Junta. The results of the research indicated that the Madres and Gieco contested the Junta’s discourse and performance of exclusion with discourse and performance that served to represent all Argentines. Given these discourses of inclusion, a resistance was formed to the Junta, challenging the impression of a silent populace during that time
Advisors/Committee Members: Challú, Amílcar.
Subjects: Latin American history; Womens studies
Keywords: discourse; Leon Gieco; Madres de Plaza de Mayo; Mothers of the Disappeared; discourse analysis; Junta; Argentina; Dirty War
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8.
Beggs, Alvin D.
The Vietnam War Dissent of Ernest Gruening and Wayne Morse, 1964-1968.
Degree: PhD, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► On 2 August 1964, while patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin, the…
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▼ On 2 August 1964, while patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin, the U.S.S. Maddox was attacked by the North Vietnamese Navy. Then on 4 August both the U.S.S. Maddox and the U.S.S. C. Turner Joy were also allegedly attacked. These events were used by President Johnson to secure authority from the United States Senate, by a vote of 88-2, to take actions he deemed necessary to protect United States military personnel, national security interests, and United States allies. In this dissertation the Gulf of Tonkin incidents will be summarized, the ensuing Senate debates analyzed with a specific focus on the dissenting position of Senators Ernest Gruening (Democrat-Alaska) and Wayne Morse (Democrat-Oregon), the only members of Congress to vote against the resolution, their ceaseless effort to extricate the United States from Vietnam and finally attention given to the impact of the aforementioned on their Senatorial colleagues. There has been much written about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the Congressional debate; however, there has been little focus on the continued arguments of these two senators from 1964-1968, their attempts to bring equilibrium back to the Senates relationship with president and the impact they had on their Senate colleagues. This continuing debate over Vietnam deeply divided the Senate into three main groups who each held distinct opinions on the support they should give Johnson in relation to the issue. One group compromised of Hawks believed that the president should be given full support in taking whatever action he deemed necessary, even if it led to war. A strong response after all would discourage other enemies from attacking the United States. A second group believed that the president needed to be supported at this time, especially since the United States had been attacked. They also held the view that the United States foreign policy needed to be re-evaluated once the conflict was resolved. How far could the United States extend itself before it became spread too thin and thus ineffective? The third group, comprised of Gruening and Morse did not believe that the United States should be involved in Vietnam at all. Rationale for this position was not merely based on their belief that the United States had no real business medaling in the affairs of Vietnam, it was also rooted within a concern over the manner in which America had been led to war by President Lyndon Baines Johnson. Requesting and being granted the resolution according to these two senators gave the president a blank check and did two things. First, it altered the governance structure established by the Founding Fathers which was codified in the Constitution. Those who had written and ratified this document intended that Congress declare war and the Chief Executive guide the military once the country had become involved in one. Second, it altered the balance of power in favor of the president allowing him to take whatever actions he deemed necessary and provided Congress with little recourse to stop him. While the Senate finally ruled to support the president's request for the resolution and continued to fund the war once it had become Americanized, it was those who opposed the resolution and were overruled who made the most valid argument. The balance of power was altered and re-establishing that balance was extremely difficult to achieve.
Advisors/Committee Members: Hess, Gary.
Subjects: American history
Keywords: Ernest Gruening; Wayne Morse; Lyndon Baines Johnson; Gulf of Tonkin; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Vietnam War; Senate Debate
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9.
Beggs, Alvin Dwayne.
Ernest Gruening, Wayne Morse and the Senate Debate Over United States Participation in Vietnam 1965-1969 and Its Affect on United States Foreign Policy.
Degree: MA, History, 2005, Bowling Green State University
► On 2 August 1964, while patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin, the…
(more)
▼ On 2 August 1964, while patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin, the U.S.S. Maddox was attacked by the North Vietnamese Navy. Then on 4 August both the U.S.S. Maddox and the U.S.S. C. Turner Joy were also allegedly attacked. These events were used by President Johnson to secure authority from the United States Senate, by a vote of 88-2, to take actions he deemed necessary to protect United States military personnel, national security interests, and United States allies. In this thesis, the Gulf of Tonkin incidents will be summarized and the ensuing Senate debates analyzed with a specific focus on the dissenting position of Senators Ernest Gruening (Democrat-Alaska) and Wayne Morse (Democrat-Oregon), the only members of Congress to vote against the resolution. There has been much written about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the Congressional debate; however, there has been little focus on the continued arguments of these two senators from 1964-1968. This continuing debate over Vietnam deeply divided the Senate into three main groups who each held distinct opinions on the support they should give Johnson in relation to the issue. One group compromised of Hawks believed that the president should be given full support in taking whatever action he deemed necessary, even if it led to war. A strong response after all would discourage other enemies from attacking the United States. A second group believed that the president needed to be supported at this time, especially since the United States had been attacked. They also held the view that the United States foreign policy needed to be re-evaluated once the conflict was resolved. How far could the United States extend itself before it became spread too thin and thus ineffective? The third group did not believe that the United States should be involved in Vietnam at all. While the Senate finally ruled to support the president's request for the resolution and continued to fund the war once it had become Americanized, it was those who opposed the resolution and were overruled who made the most valid argument.
Advisors/Committee Members: Hess, Dr. Gary R.
Subjects: History, United States
Keywords: VIETNAM; GRUENING; Vietnamese; MORSE; North Vietnamese; Senators
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10.
Benge, Guy Jack Jr.
Partners in Crime: Federal Crime Control Policy and the States, 1894 – 1938.
Degree: PhD, History, 2006, Bowling Green State University
► The dramatic expansion of federal criminal law jurisdiction and policing responsibilities in…
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▼ The dramatic expansion of federal criminal law jurisdiction and policing responsibilities in recent times has raised questions regarding the historical origins of these developments and their impact upon the continuing efficacy of the nation’s federal system of government. This dissertation examines, within the context of federal criminal law enforcement and the evolving nature of crime, those social, economic, and legal forces and events that played a critical role in the growth of the states’ police powers and made federal collaboration an increasingly important factor in the suppression of crime. Since the founding of this nation, federal anti-crime legislation, which tended to be reactionary in its formulation, inconsistent in its development, and supplemental by design, implicitly embodied a policy that forbade the impairment of the powers of the states. This orientation remained a fundamental aspect of federal criminal jurisdiction until well after the New Deal, the central point of this thesis, and did not begin to change until the latter half of the century when the nation’s doctrinal ties to federalism and its faith in the importance of local police powers in the constitutional balance that defined the nation’s political structure were substantially weakened. The practices by which federal crime suppression policies were implemented, a factor that underscored the broad range of policing contexts with which the federal government came into contact, were used in this study as the primary means of documenting the tensions that arose between the nation’s federalist principles and those national experiences that encouraged a more bureaucratic and coordinated response to crime and the threat of disorder. This literature, supplemented by secondary source material, seriously questions whether federal criminal law could ever meet the foundational requirements or offer the breadth of vision that characterize those local and state systems through which justice historically has been dispensed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Sealander, Judith.
Keywords: federal crime control; federalism; 10th Amendment; policing; New Deal; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Herbert Hoover; Department of Justice; Homer S. Cummings; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Prohibition; Narcotics Enforcement; Crime; Crime Control; Mann Act
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11.
Bennett, Joy L.
From Hitler to Hollywood: Transnational Cinema in World War II.
Degree: MA, History, 2011, Bowling Green State University
► This is a comparative study between the film industries of Nazi Germany…
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▼ This is a comparative study between the film industries of Nazi Germany and the United States in World War II. I examine the governmental influence on the cinematic industries and how that affected the people. I also show that the Nazi government had more influence than is generally thought over the United States and the film industry in Hollywood. The émigrés that had to flee the Nazis brought new ideas to Hollywood, creating new genres of film. The use of Government documents, diaries, memoirs, films as well as secondary sources are the major sources. The government documents were obtained from the Motion Picture Artists Association Archive, and deal specifically with the Office of War Information. The OWI created rules for filmmaking in the war years and oversaw many productions, including Army training films. The diaries are those of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, and I include an appendix of statements he made regarding films. In looking at certain émigrés and stars in both Hollywood and Germany, I use autobiographies and biographies detailing the lives of the famous in the pertinent years. Many of the secondary sources are previously written works about the creation of cinema, Hollywood history and the German cinematic industry. I use many films to illustrate the ideas that were being expressed to the public, as well as entertaining the people. I specifically use the film Casablanca to illustrate the importance of the fleeing émigrés from Europe to the United States, and how so many of these actual émigrés being cast in the film made it stronger. The results of my study include that both governments were heavily involved in the cinema in the time of war, creating guidelines that must be followed, and heavily censoring everything. The Nazis copied Hollywood films and ideas after Germanizing them, and the Hollywood took exiled cinematic workers from Europe. The exiled actors, directors and writers brought a new creativity with them that gave birth to Film Noir and many other classic films. The addition of cinema's exiles helped to sustain and magnify the greatness of Hollywood cinema for many years.
Advisors/Committee Members: Griech-Polelle, Beth.
Subjects: American History; European History; History; Modern History
Keywords: History; Hitler; Hollywood; Transnational; Cinema; Movies; World War II; Germany; Nazis
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12.
Bilger, Kristie A.
The Women's Army Corps and Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service: A Fashioning of American Womanhood and Citizenship.
Degree: MA, History, 2009, Bowling Green State University
► The focus of the study was to theorize and answer the question…
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▼ The focus of the study was to theorize and answer the question of why existing fashion theory in the U.S., as well as abroad, has not tackled the question of American womanhood and citizenship as evidenced in the images of the WACs and WAVES during WWII. Thorough examination of original source materials from pamphlets, recruiting booklets, memoirs, magazine articles, books, case studies,editorials, letters, photos and scrapbooks, a study of fashion has shown historical connections between existing gender systems, social orders, and political ideologies in WWII America. The present study focused on how women's relationships to fashion transformed the evaluation of women's roles and status during WWII and what clothing and adornment meant concerning women in the armed forces. The research also examined the concept of the new woman, and explored how the U.S. government successfully constructed a female appearance that satisfied both public and private concerns.The ways in which women's roles and status changed during WWII was the result of the government promoting visual identity that typified traditional gender ideology and feelings of national belonging as women contributed to an American victory in the armed forces. An evaluation of fashion was important to see how life in WWII America changed in ways that no other sources of material culture could show. The use of original research material and its application contributes to and builds upon existing scholarship on WWII as well the development of the WACs (Women's Army Corps) and WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service). Not only is cultural and social history examined through the creation of WAC and WAVE uniforms but the social conditions, the political power shifts, as well as how the civilian population and female military personnel viewed themselves. Research shows design changes in uniforms of the WACs and WAVES by a number of interested parties successfully reconciled the initial discord which arose between female recruitment needs and the opinions and perceptions of the public, male recruits, and participant families. Resolving misconceptions regarding the roles and expectations of women during WWII between what was considered acceptable and the changing roles of women and gender in American fashion culture was key to the eventual success of having women assisting the war effort. The roles of women and gender in WWII America alongside American fashion culture were considered within the social, economic, political and cultural implications of the creation of the WACs and WAVES in the 20th century. The military and the families of those women enlisting fulfilled their wartime duty, yet remained feminine and acceptable both in the public and private cultural and social spheres, through the careful fashioning of American women serving their country in WAC and WAVE uniforms.
Advisors/Committee Members: Griech-Polelle, Beth.
Subjects: American history; Armed forces; Gender; History; Textile research; Womens studies
Keywords: WAC; WAAC; Women's Auxillary Corps; WAVE; Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service; women's military uniforms; American Womanhood; citizenship; military uniforms; apparel history; female citizenship
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13.
Bloom, Matthew D.
Creating Connections: Economic Development, Land Use, and the System of Cities in Northwest Ohio During the Nineteenth Century.
Degree: PhD, History, 2009, Bowling Green State University
► Examining how economics, geography, and politics interacted in the expansion and economic…
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▼ Examining how economics, geography, and politics interacted in the expansion and economic changes within the United States, this dissertation investigated the symbiotic relationships and their qualities among the economic transformations of an urban area and its surrounding hinterland throughout the nineteenth century. Specifically, it investigated how the economic and population changes within Toledo, Ohio, molded the development of agricultural hinterlands and how the condition and settlement of the surrounding rural areas shaped the economic changes of Toledo. The quality of transportation connections among Toledo and other nascent towns, market interactions among residents, and the relationships between land quality and usage provided for symbiotic economic development of urban areas and rural hinterlands. The ability to use certain transportation infrastructures, the condition of land, and the availability of natural resources determined the type, quantity, and strength of market connections among people, which influenced the amount and forms of economic change for the area. Conclusions of this study were drawn from analyzing census records, newspaper advertisements and editorials, agricultural reports, and business records and literature.This research introduced a new paradigm of regional economic change named the “subregional model” which included a hub, local economic centers, small villages and farms, and links of various qualities. The subregional model also contained an environmental character explaining economic change. Land conditions not only affected land use practices but also prompted policymakers to enact improvement plans supporting new market interactions among people. Integration and strength of connections provided generative economic development with cities on a subregional level extracting natural resources from the hinterland to stimulate urban expansion through new businesses and growing manufacturing establishments. The findings of this dissertation add to the understanding of economic changes through settlement, urban and rural development, and land use in United States history emphasizing connections whose number and quality greatly determined the pace and magnitude of economic change. Because most residents of the United States lived within systems of medium-sized economic centers surrounded by hinterlands, the study and interpretive analyses of places such as Toledo and northwest Ohio are fundamental to the understanding of the history of the United States.
Advisors/Committee Members: Schocket, Andrew M.
Subjects: American history; Economic history; History
Keywords: nineteenth century; urban; rural; development; settlement; economics; historical geography; policy history; Ohio; Toledo
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14.
Bosscher, Jonathan E.
The United States and Haiti, 1791-1863: A Racialized Foreign Policy and its Domestic Correlates.
Degree: MA, History, 2008, Bowling Green State University
► The Haitian Revolution represents a truly unique moment in world history. Between…
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▼ The Haitian Revolution represents a truly unique moment in world history. Between 1789 and 1804 a colony composed primarily of black plantation slaves overthrew their white masters and with them a well-established political and economic system. Founding a new state composed of and led by free blacks, the Haitian Revolution succeeded in this respect against all odds and the best efforts of the leading imperial powers. The largely reactionary policies of the United States which resulted from this event suggest a need for further investigation. The Haitian Revolution clearly touched a raw nerve in American domestic politics and society, bringing into view apparent divisions in these spheres on a range of topics, with race relations foremost among them. In the face of the Haitian Revolution, American foreign policy took a number of seemingly contradictory turns, ultimately resulting in the non-recognition of Haiti for years to come. Scholarship in this area has clearly revealed the influence of Southern slaveholders who succeeded in applying a racist ideology in order to effectively isolate Haiti from the United States. Despite various and compelling counter-interests, their proponents never mobilized extensively enough to pose a significant threat to the agenda of Southern conservatives until the outbreak of the Civil War. A study of the development of Haiti as an object of ideological and symbolic importance in American politics reveals the important role it played in fueling both sides of the increasingly sectional divide over race and the future of slavery in the United States. By tracing the evolution of U.S. policy and thought on Haiti, a new perspective on America's long and painful journey out of slavery is proposed; one that exists at the intersection of racial politics and the construction of foreign policy.
Advisors/Committee Members: Forsyth, Douglas.
Subjects: History; Political science
Keywords: United States; Haiti; foreign policy; race; politics
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15.
Brown, Kathryn M.
The Education of the Woman Citizen, 1917-1918.
Degree: MA, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► The intersection of the international suffrage movement and World War I created…
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▼ The intersection of the international suffrage movement and World War I created a unique opportunity to recast female citizenship. Nearly seven months after the United States officially entered the war, the passage of the New York State suffrage referendum redirected public discourse away from debates over women’s suffrage and towards their civic preparedness and citizenship. Analyzing women’s civics manuals published in the period after the New York victory, I argue that World War I sharply circumscribed the ways female citizenship could be articulated. Fears of sedition provided ammunition for the critiques of anti-suffragists who conflated radicalism, socialism, pacifism, and feminism with suffrage. In response, the manuals crafted an image of female citizenship which uncoupled feminism and suffrage and framed political participation as a maternal undertaking. Ultimately, the manuals cultivated a traditional female citizen in an effort to mitigate any association or sympathy women might have with radical thought. This thesis provides insight into the external pressures that encouraged women to maintain their pre-suffrage political approach.
Advisors/Committee Members: Ortiz, Stephen.
Subjects: History
Keywords: citizenship; women's suffrage; World War I; civics education
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16.
Caire, Matthew S.
Sin Maíz, No Hay País: Corn in Mexico under Neoliberalism, 1940-2008.
Degree: MA, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► In Mexican history, corn is far more than a culinary ingredient or…
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▼ In Mexican history, corn is far more than a culinary ingredient or farm product. Corn has been a cultural emblem and key component to the country’s national identity that throughout the twentieth-century the Mexican government embraced. However, since the adoption of neoliberal economic policies, which by necessity involves particular political policies, many Mexicans feel that corn’s significance in the country has changed. Over the last three decades public discontent with corn policies, which the public translates as anti-neoliberalism policies, has gradually grown. This thesis chronicles the growing discontent over corn policies and, more importantly, demonstrates how Mexican people have evolved to become agents for recentralizing corn in the country’s political, economic, and cultural discourses.
Advisors/Committee Members: Challú, Amílcar.
Subjects: Latin American history
Keywords: Mexico; corn; nationalism; identity; tortillas; neoliberalism; tortilla prices.
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17.
Carver, Michael M.
THE GORDIAN KNOT: AMERICAN AND BRITISH POLICY CONCERNING THE CYPRUS ISSUE: 1952-1974.
Degree: MA, History, 2006, Bowling Green State University
► This study examines the role of both the United States and Great…
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▼ This study examines the role of both the United States and Great Britain during a series of crises that plagued Cyprus from the mid 1950s until the 1974 invasion by Turkey that led to the takeover of approximately one-third of the island and its partition. Initially an ancient Greek colony, Cyprus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, which allowed the native peoples to take part in the island’s governance. But the idea of Cyprus’ reunification with the Greek mainland, known as enosis, remained a significant tenet to most Greek-Cypriots. The movement to make enosis a reality gained strength following the island’s occupation in 1878 by Great Britain. Cyprus was integrated into the British imperialist agenda until the end of the Second World War when American and Soviet hegemony supplanted European colonialism. Beginning in 1955, Cyprus became a battleground between British officials and terrorists of the pro-enosis EOKA group until 1959 when the independence of Cyprus was negotiated between Britain and the governments of Greece and Turkey. The United States remained largely absent during this period, but during the 1960s and 1970s came to play an increasingly assertive role whenever intercommunal fighting between the Greek and Turkish-Cypriot populations threatened to spill over into Greece and Turkey, and endanger the southeastern flank of NATO. The American policy in Cyprus was primarily to avert such a war from taking place, and not to broker a long lasting, an approach that frequently put the U.S. in conflict with Great Britain, which still retained two military bases on the island. Research for this study has relied heavily on recently declassified documents from both the U.S. and British governments and secondary materials that analyze the ongoing Cyprus issue from a number of different perspectives.
Advisors/Committee Members: Forsyth, Douglas.
Subjects: History, European
Keywords: CYPRUS; Makarios; Turkey; Kissinger; Greek; Greek-Cypriots
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18.
Carver, Michael M.
“A CORRECT AND PROGRESSIVE ROAD”: U.S.-TURKISH RELATIONS, 1945-1964.
Degree: PhD, History, 2011, Bowling Green State University
► This historical investigation of U.S.-Turkish relations from the end of World War…
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▼ This historical investigation of U.S.-Turkish relations from the end of World War II to 1964 provides a greater understanding of the challenges inherent in the formation and implementation of U.S. policy in Turkey at a time when the Turks embarked on multiparty politics and a determined campaign to become a modern and distinctly European nation through ambitious economic development programs. Washington proved instrumental in this endeavor, providing financial support through the Marshall Plan and subsequent aid programs, and political sponsorship of Turkey's membership in international organizations such as NATO and the EEC. U.S. policymakers encountered various quandaries as they forged bilateral relations with the Turks, specifically reconciling democratization with Turkey's development and participation in the containment of communism. The Turkish government under Adnan Menderes demonstrated its reliability as a U.S. ally, providing troops to fight in the Korean War and cooperating in the construction of NATO bases and the modernization of its military, but it came under increasing pressure from the political opposition when its economic policies failed to secure long-term economic growth and stability. Starting in the mid-1950s the Menderes government adopted increasingly authoritarian measures to control dissent, a problematic situation for Washington, as it desired greater Turkish democracy while at them same time did not wish to compromise the growing American military presence in Turkey. The U.S. solution to dealing with Turkey's political tensions was one of nonintervention and detachment, an approach that produced greater Turkish resentment and compromised Washington's ability to manage the frequent crises of the 1960s including 1960's coup and the 1964 Cyprus crisis.
Advisors/Committee Members: Forsyth, Douglas.
Subjects: History
Keywords: Turkey; U.S. Foreign Relation; EEC; UN; NATO
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19.
Childers, Rex A.
The Rationality of Nonconformity: the United States decision to refuse ratification of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
Degree: MA, History, 2008, Bowling Green State University
► On December 12, 1977, the U.S. signed a treaty offered through the…
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▼ On December 12, 1977, the U.S. signed a treaty offered through the ICRC entitled Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. This treaty drastically altered the relationship between individual behavior in warfare and combatant status. For the United States, the impact of domestic political tensions, the fresh and painful experience in Vietnam, and a continued emphasis on Détente all played parts in the decision to participate in the conference and sign the treaty. Signature during the Carter administration would not be followed by ratification, and would be rejected by subsequent administrations. Was this decision, continued through every administration to date, a simple outcome of a rogue nation exercising its sovereign right based upon its own ability to wage war, or is there more to the story? In this thesis, a new analysis of the political processes and environment surrounding the final treaty's outcomes is offered. The global tensions between superpowers are examined, emphasizing the United States response, in the context of its perceptions of the treaty's requirements. A broader coalition of actors, both state and non-state, would ultimately hold the key to the treaty's significance to conventional warfare. The Global South engaged the issue of lawful behavior in war with a distinct set of outcomes in mind. Their ability to gain agency, build effective coalitions addressing inequities in the asymmetry of warfare that had historically disadvantaged them, and then alter the outcomes of international humanitarian law through democratic practices, are placed in the context of rational choice theory. The logical and methodical approach used by these actors to deconstruct the central premise of conventional warfare distinctions between combatants and noncombatants, consistently the hallmark of advancing improvements in international humanitarian law, resulted in a treaty reversing advancements in civilian protections through a new set of dangerous behaviors made allowable for a new category of privileged combatants (organized resistance movements). The United State's options were limited, and a new and regressive standard for conventional warfare was instituted.
Advisors/Committee Members: Hess, Dr. Gary.
Subjects: American history; Armed forces; History; International law; International relations; Military history
Keywords: asymmetrical warfare; Carter; civilian; combatant; noncombatant; freedom fighter; geneva conventions; global north; global south; international humanitarian law; law of war; mercenary; national liberation movements; prisoner of war; protocol I
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20.
Cirelli, Gary.
Building the Absent Argument: The Impact of Anti-Communism on the Development of Marxist Historical Analysis within the Historical Profession of the United States, 1940-1960.
Degree: MA, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► This study poses the question as to why Marxism never developed in…
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▼ This study poses the question as to why Marxism never developed in the United States as a method of historical analysis until the mid-1960s. In this regard, the only publication attempting to fully address this question was Ian Tyrrell's book The Absent Marx: Class Analysis and Liberal History in Twentieth-Century America, in which he argued that the lack of Marxist historical analysis is only understood after one examines the internal development of the profession. This internalist argument is incomplete, however, because it downplays the important impact external factors could have had on the development of Marxism within the profession. Keeping this in mind, the purpose of this study is to construct a new argument that takes into account both the internal and external pressures faced by historians practicing Marxism preceding the 1960s. With Tyrrell as a launching pad, it first uses extensive secondary source material in order to construct a framework that takes into account the political and social climate prior to 1960. Highlighting the fact that Marxism was synonymous with Communism in the minds of many, it then examines the ways in which the government tried to suppress Communism and the impact this had on the academy. It is revealed that the government, with the help of academic officials, effectively rooted out Communist scholars from the academy and as a result kept Marxism on the fringes of academic life. Using primary source documents, it ends with a case study focused on American historian Herbert M. Morais, through which it is shown not only that Morais was forced out of the academy because of his association with the Communist Party, but also that he was an early practitioner of Marxist historical analysis. The findings of this study show that it was a combination of both internal and external pressures that contributed to the failure of Marxism to take hold as a valued method of analysis within the historical profession of the United States. Moreover, additional case studies are needed if we are to ever understand the full impact of these pressures. As a result, it is advised that historians use the framework presented in this study as a template from which to conduct research of their own, so that one day we will have a complete answer to the question as to why there was no Marxist historical analysis in the U.S. prior to the mid-1960s.
Advisors/Committee Members: Forsyth, Douglas.
Subjects: American history; History
Keywords: Anti-Communism; Marxism; American Marxism; U.S. Historical Profession; U.S. Academy; Red Scare; Universities; U.S. Historiography
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21.
Clark Wiltz, Meredith M.
REVISING CONSTITUTIONS: AMERICAN WOMEN AND JURY SERVICE FROM THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT.
Degree: MA, History, 2006, Bowling Green State University
► From 1865 to 1920, the United States underwent significant constitutional change, forging…
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▼ From 1865 to 1920, the United States underwent significant constitutional change, forging the legal framework in which race and sex classifications became integral parts of the Constitution and its interpretation. By analyzing congressional debates, Supreme Court decisions, and contemporaneous legal journal articles, this thesis investigates the implications of the Fourteenth and Nineteenth Amendments for women’s jury service rights and obligations. How and why did the federal government legitimize women’s exclusion from juries while simultaneously opposing racial discrimination in jury service selection? This thesis argues that the Fourteenth Amendment, the congressional debate concerning it, and the Court interpretations of it made sex and race antagonistic legal categories, as illustrated in discussions about jury service. In these jury service debates and policies, legislators and jurists relied on notions of gender difference to justify sex discrimination in jury selection as acceptable, benign, and necessary. In addition, the Reconstruction Amendments and their legacy focused the women’s rights movement on attaining suffrage, shaped the scope and language of the Nineteenth Amendment, and limited its effects on women's jury service eligibility.
Advisors/Committee Members: Wheeler, Leigh Ann.
Subjects: History, United States
Keywords: JURY; WOMEN; U.S. HISTORY; SEX DISCRIMINATION; RACE DISCRIMINATION; U.S. CONSTITUTION; FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT; NINETEENTH AMENDMENT
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22.
Cousineau, R Laurent.
Wars Without Risk: U.S. Humanitarian Interventions in the 1990s.
Degree: PhD, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► Wars Without Risk is an analysis of U.S. foreign policy under George…
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▼ Wars Without Risk is an analysis of U.S. foreign policy under George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton involving forced humanitarian military operations in Somalia and Haiti in the 1990s. The dissertation examines American post-Cold war foreign policy and the abrupt shift to involve U.S. armed forces in United Nations peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations to conduct limited humanitarian and nation-building projects. The focus of the study is on policy formulation and execution in two case studies of Somalia and Haiti.Wars Without Risk examines the fundamental flaws in the attempt to embrace assertive multilateralism (a neo-Wilsonian Progressive attempt to create world peace and stability through international force, collective security, international aid, and democratization) and to overextend the traditional democratization mandates of American foreign policy which inevitably led to failure, fraud, and waste. U.S. military might was haphazardly injected in ill-defined UN operations to save nations from themselves and to spread or “save” democracy in nations that were not strongly rooted in Western enlightenment foundations. Missions in Somalia and Haiti were launched as “feel good” humanitarian operations designed as attempts to rescue “failed states” but these emotionally-based operations had no chance of success in realistic terms because the root causes of poverty and conflict in targeted nations were too great to address through half-hearted international paternalism. Trapped by policies driven by empty rhetoric but lacking any validation in terms of national interests, Bush and Clinton weren’t willing to take serious risks in order to fulfill their overly idealistic mandates over unwilling or unmotivated populations. The operations in Somalia and Haiti were poorly conceived and lacked and real public support at home, thus perpetuating the need of policymakers to focus on crafting political theater and positive imagery over generating viable strategies to accomplish these missions. Both interventions in Somalia and Haiti were initiated and executed on the basis of their promise of producing risk-free operations for policies built upon flimsy foundations of empty rhetoric, internationalism, idealism, and the desire to create positive imagery for the U.S. role in the post-Cold War world and for the presidents that conducted humanitarian operations.
Advisors/Committee Members: Hess, Gary.
Subjects: History; Military history
Keywords: foreign policy, peacekeeping, Somalia, Haiti, Bush, Clinton, assertive multilateralism
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23.
Dutridge-Corp, Elizabeth Anne.
Reconciling the Past: H.R. 121 and the Japanese Textbook Controversy.
Degree: MA, History, 2009, Bowling Green State University
► The Japanese history textbook controversy emerged as an international affair in 1982.…
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▼ The Japanese history textbook controversy emerged as an international affair in 1982. The controversy, which focuses primarily on conservative textbooks, concerns itself with events and issues from Japan's World War II past. The "comfort women" issue is one such topic which protestors argue fail to be recognized in textbooks, thus sparking debate over whether Japan has been able to recognize its responsibility for its past deeds. On 30 July 2007, the U.S. House of Representatives passed House Resolution 121 (H.R.121), a non-binding resolution calling upon the Government of Japan to “formally acknowledge, apologize, and accept historical responsibility” for the Imperial Armed Forces' involvement in the “enslavement and trafficking” of “comfort women” during the Pacific War/World War II. Representative Michael Honda, a Democratic Congressman from the Fifteenth District of California, was the sponsor of this resolution. Supporting him and this resolution were 167 congressmen who were in favor of a formal apology from then Prime Minister of Japan, Shinzō Abe. But with World War II and the U.S. Occupation of Japan more than sixty years in the past, why, in 2007, was the U.S. calling for an “unambiguous” apology? H.R. 121, and the resolutions that came before it, were an American response to the “memory problem” in Japan concerning its war responsibility and apologies. While H.R. 121 was initiated over a matter of human rights, this thesis will argue that H.R. 121 serves as a formal U.S. demand for an apology from the Government of Japan for its wartime past, citing recent history textbooks as proof that Japan has yet to offer such an apology.
Advisors/Committee Members: Grunden, Dr. Walter.
Subjects: American history; American studies; Education; Education history; History; International relations; Social studies education
Keywords: textbook controversy, United States, Japan, history textbooks, H.R. 121, comfort women
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24.
Eberts, Carolyn.
The Sanger Brand: The Relationship of Margaret Sanger and the Pre-War Japanese Birth Control Movement.
Degree: MA, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► Margaret Sanger, one of the best known promoters of birth control in…
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▼ Margaret Sanger, one of the best known promoters of birth control in the first half of the twentieth century, only visited Japan twice in the pre-war era. However, riding on the heels of a tradition of foreign visitors and receiving a vast amount of media coverage, the first trip in particular generated a great deal of interest not only in birth control but also in Sanger. In subsequent years, until the beginning of World War II, Sanger's name took on a life of its own. Frequently mentioned in newspapers to catch the audience's attention and strengthen the author's credibility, Sanger's name also was used to sell contraceptives. In addition, she was called on for her opinion and endorsement, including for a brand of pessaries that would have great importance for the birth control movement in the United States vs. One Package case. Still, though feted after the war and given great honors, including medals and the right to address the Japanese Diet, Sanger's fame ultimately overshadowed her ultimate importance to the Japanese birth control movement. Due to traditional and developing attitudes towards family, abortion, and the nation, many Japanese eschewed Sanger's general message in the pre-war era. As a result, Sanger's real significance to the birth control movement in Japan in this era was not to be located in the terrain of the substance or influence of her message, but rather in the crass reduction of her name and image to a “brand” that could be exploited by journalists, doctors, and merchants for their own arguments and personal gain.
Advisors/Committee Members: Grunden, Walter.
Subjects: History; Womens studies
Keywords: birth control; Japanese birth control; birth control movement; Margaret Sanger; Koyama Sakae; Ishimoto Shizue; family limitation
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25.
Eisel, Christine.
"Several Unhandsome Words": The Politics of Gossip in Early Virginia.
Degree: PhD, History, 2012, Bowling Green State University
► This dissertation demonstrates how women’s gossip in influenced colonial Virginia’s legal and…
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▼ This dissertation demonstrates how women’s gossip in influenced colonial Virginia’s legal and political culture. The scandalous stories reported in women’s gossip form the foundation of this study that examines who gossiped, the content of their gossip, and how their gossip helped shape the colonial legal system. Focusing on the individuals involved and recreating their lives as completely as possible allows for a comparison of distinct county cultures. Reactionary in nature, Virginia lawmakers were influenced by both English cultural values and actual events within their immediate communities. The local county courts responded to women’s gossip in discretionary ways. The more intimate relations and immediate concerns within local communities could trump colonial-level interests. This examination of Accomack and York county court records from the 1630s through 1680, supported through an analysis of various colonial records, family histories, and popular culture, shows that gender and law intersected in the following ways. 1.Status was a central organizing force in the lives of early Virginians. Englishmen punished women who gossiped according to the status of their husbands and to the status of the objects of their gossip. 2.English women used their gossip as a substitute for a formal political voice. 3.Englishmen considered women’s gossip disorderly, even dangerous, because it threatened their efforts at maintaining order. At the same time, they treated gossips as useful tools for maintaining community control. This study helps us understand how gendered ideals were both enforced and challenged at the county and colony level. It joins with other studies of early Virginia in illustrating how women were critical to the transformation of Virginia from a trading outpost governed by martial law to a diverse, profitable, and ordered colony within the English empire.
Advisors/Committee Members: Herndon, Ruth Wallis.
Subjects: History
Keywords: gossip; Virginia; Accomack County; York County; seventeenth century; women; gender
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26.
Fanning, Soren I.
Institutions of Integration: The Incorporation of Frontiers in Modern Democracies, 1864-1912.
Degree: PhD, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► The purpose of this study was to compare the cultural and political…
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▼ The purpose of this study was to compare the cultural and political incorporation of the western frontiers of Canada and the United States in the late nineteenth century. The work examined the process of territorial integration (the transplantation of cultural and national identity from the state core into the peripheral frontier) in two geographically similar yet politically divergent democracies in the late nineteenth century. To accomplish this, the perspectives of both state authorities and frontier residents were explored through the use of personal memoirs, newspaper articles and editorials, formal reports from state agents, as well as official governmental records and legislative debates. Documents reveal that while law enforcement institutions were frequently chosen by the government to accomplish the task of cultural colonization, in every case the de facto objectives of these institutions transformed from enforcing the will of the national core to advocating for the needs of frontier residents. Since national identity in the late nineteenth century was based almost exclusively on a single ethnic identity, that of Anglo-Saxon Protestants, national governments could not afford to alienate these settlers politically. Therefore, the government consciously catered to the desires of its white Protestant settlers, even when conforming to popular dictates meant overriding the advice and judgment of law enforcement institutions. In the power relationship between the core and frontier, frontier residents occupied a greater position of power and agency. The historical differences between the United States and Canada, however, along with divergent geographic constraints, led the two countries to create two starkly different methods of accomplishing the same task.
Advisors/Committee Members: Trimmer, Tiffany.
Subjects: History
Keywords: American History; Canadian History; Comparative History; Mounted Police; Montana; Alaska
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27.
Faykosh, Joseph D.
The Front Porch of the American People: James Cox and the Presidential Election of 1920.
Degree: MA, History, 2009, Bowling Green State University
► This work will focus on the presidential election of 1920 and the…
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▼ This work will focus on the presidential election of 1920 and the campaign of James M. Cox. In it, I argue that the campaign was not simply a referendum on the League of Nations or Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Instead, Cox's campaign inadvertently changed the way presidential campaigns were conducted and how candidates addressed the issues. The first chapter will examine the political issues that impacted this presidential election, dispelling the notion that the election was simply a single issue referendum on World War I, prohibition, the League of Nations, or the progressive movement. While the final chapter will discuss how Cox responded to the various issues, this chapter will be important in demonstrating the extremely difficult political climate in which Governor Cox campaigned. The second chapter will describe the changing political geography and the decline of partisan politics. Included in this chapter is a discussion of the importance of both candidates emerging from the state of Ohio and how this particular election marked the end of party machines dominating the nomination process. The third chapter will examine the Cox campaign in contrast with that of Harding. This chapter will reveal the myriad ways that Cox attempted to adapt his campaign to fit the issues and changing political landscape. Here, it will be demonstrated how the campaign and election marked the blending of the two eras, the effects of which are still felt today.While other books provide the reader a greater sense of Warren Harding as a candidate and the way his campaigned negotiated the issues, Harding's perspective is not dominant in my work. Instead, Harding's campaign will serve as the constant and Cox's as the variable. Harding added to the history of presidential campaigns primarily in the hiring of an advertising agent and in his savvy use of celebrity endorsements. But, his campaign largely kept him on his front porch in Marion, Ohio, borrowing heavily from the McKinley model. Cox's campaign would mimic, in many ways, the William Jennings Bryan speaking tours. But Cox's campaign also covered a great many more issues than Harding's, and he reached more states throughout the country to present the first truly national presidential campaign. It was Cox's campaign, and not Harding's, that was more in accordance with what voters came to expect of their candidates. Thus, it was Cox's campaign that would serve as the model for the future, while Harding's front-porch has been relegated to the nostalgia of the 1920s.
Advisors/Committee Members: Ortiz, Stephen.
Subjects: History; Political science
Keywords: Harding; Cox; James Cox; Warren Harding; 1920; presidential election; campaign; campaign techniques; prohibition; League of Nations
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28.
Fiely, Megan Elisabeth.
“Within a Framework of Limitations”: Marianne Strengell’s Work as an Educator, Weaver, and Designer.
Degree: MA, History, 2006, Bowling Green State University
► Marianne Strengell overcame sexual stereotypes and established herself as a notable 20th…
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▼ Marianne Strengell overcame sexual stereotypes and established herself as a notable 20th century designer. The study considers Strengell’s role as an educator at Cranbrook, innovator in cottage industry development, and active participant in design for architects and industry. Emigrating from Finland to the Detroit area in 1937, Strengell served as weaving instructor at Cranbrook Academy of Arts in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where she inspired numerous Cranbrook weavers who shaped textile design in America and abroad. Strengell pursued various projects outside of the Academy, including the development of a cottage industry in the Philippines. During the 1940s and 1950s Strengell worked with several architects and industrial designers and designed woven car upholstery fabrics. Research methods for this thesis included archival research at Cranbrook Archives, as well as readings in published books, articles, and reports on related topics: woman designers in the United States, Scandinavian immigrants, and Cranbrook artists.
Advisors/Committee Members: Forsyth, Douglas J.
Keywords: Cranbrook Academy of Arts; Finnish Immigrants; Industrial Design; Textile Design; Woman Artists; Marianne Strengell; Phillipine Cottage Industry; Art Education; Immigration; Feminist History; Art History
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29.
Filler, Jonathan.
Arguing In an Age of Unreason: Elias Boudinot, Cherokee Factionalism, and the Treaty Of New Echota.
Degree: MA, History, 2010, Bowling Green State University
► Elias Boudinot (1804 - 1839), editor of the Cherokee Phoenix and a…
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▼ Elias Boudinot (1804 - 1839), editor of the Cherokee Phoenix and a Cherokee leader during his people's political fight to remain a sovereign nation during the first third of the nineteenth century, remains a controversial figure in American history. Throughout most of his life, Boudinot, a Christian who was educated by Eastern missionaries, was a staunch opponent of the Indian removal movement. In 1835, however, Boudinot and a group of unauthorized “Treaty Party” men signed the Treaty of New Echota against the wishes of the majority of Cherokees - a treaty that sold the Cherokees' land to the United States and obligated them to emigrate from their homeland. For his part in the treaty, Boudinot was assassinated by a group of Cherokees. He has been remembered variously as a patriot and a traitor, but even some historians sympathetic to his position share common ground with his detractors in implying that Boudinot suffered from poor or corrupt judgment. This thesis makes the case for Boudinot's “rational mind.” It draws on his published writings - a speech from 1826, personal letters, Cherokee Phoenix editorials, and an 1837 “apologia” - to trace the evolution of Boudinot's ideas concerning removal. It focuses on three distinct periods in Boudinot's life: early life, his tenure as editor of the Cherokee Phoenix, and the years following his shift to treaty advocacy. From his early letters as a student at the Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut, through his Cherokee Phoenix editorials to his final published work, Boudinot's writings demonstrate his very rational mind. In 1832, convinced that Andrew Jackson would not uphold a decision by the Supreme Court that recognized Cherokee sovereignty, Boudinot determined that the Cherokees safety and progress in “civilization” lay in making the best deal possible with the United States and emigrating from their ancient homeland. This thesis shows that, like his earlier actions as an opponent of the removal movement, Boudinot's decision to sign the Treaty of New Echota was based on sound reasoning and a desire to “benefit the Cherokees.”
Advisors/Committee Members: Danziger, Edmund.
Subjects: Native Americans
Keywords: Elias Boudinot; The Treaty of New Echota; The Cherokee Removal; Christian Native Americans; The Treaty Party; John Ross; John Ridge; Major Ridge; nineteenth century Native American history; Cherokee history; Cherokee leaders; the Cherokee Phoenix
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30.
Flores, Norma Lisa.
When Fear is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919.
Degree: PhD, History, 2012, Bowling Green State University
► Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars…
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▼ Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context. This background also underscores the problems between Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire that resulted in the two Balkan Wars and the eventual Great War. By this point in time, 1914-1918, the structure of the Old World was shattered beyond repair and the social problems of the pre-war period were erupting throughout the west as ancient regimes collapsed, borders were redrawn, and new republics emerged. For nations like Germany, a Bolshevik revolution was thought probable since the state had been weakened during the war years. While Germany actually came closer to succumbing to the ideals of bolshevism, both the Weimar Republic and the United States government used this time as a means of further restricting civil liberties in an effort to rid the nation of radicalism and preserve the authority of the national executive. Therefore, instead of peace after the Great War, surveillance states soon emerged as nations rushed to eradicate all forms of foreignism from the national environment.
Advisors/Committee Members: Griech-Polelle, Beth.
Subjects: History
Keywords: Spartacist Uprising; Palmer Raids; socialism; the Great War; the Balkan Wars; Weimar Republic; 1919 Revolutions
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